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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD

op? x4 Zeal egy

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~ JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EDITED with the assistance of

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S.,

|
EB. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., | F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.
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J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S.
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Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary.

CONTENTS.
LEPIDOPTERA AT NEVACHE, HAUTES-ALPES, FROM JULY 28-SEPTEMBER
&, 1938, Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F-R.E.S. 2.0... licccccccccccceceeneecctnesacercnadencnaneneceneees 41
A NOTE ON SATURNIA PAVONITA, L., P. BoM. AWGN oc... cdic ee etele cutee sasedes 4
TWO NEW ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BEETLES, Horace Donisthorpe,
se UR PT EAE EES Soe A at LAS OR LG 7S )iewa aa sets euee daey a Mase avecé oyteqeausbees 4 4
SOME ACULEATA OF EASTON, T. Fred M@rrine? .......cocccc cic cccccsee eset ede neeeteesnnes 7

_ COLLECTING NOTES :—Caloptilia pyrenaeella, Chretien 1908, T. Bainbrigge
ihe Fletcher; Drepana binaria : Partial Second and Third Generations, (Capt.)
C. Q. Parsons; Psychoda compar, Eaton, at Heston, Middlesex, Horace
Donisthorpe; Some Notes on the Larva of Trichoptilus paludum, Zell.,
S. C. S. Brown; Coleoptera of Easton, T. F. Marriner; Spilosoma urticae,
erst) CUMDCTEANG Peek ne Gunn ceca ones prea rar aten ay yak Ee oie Joss sada clea urae - Si

BeeTUeIOD WOTES 03s ORE A aa ee agen ite al 141

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Che Entonwlogist's Record

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LEPIDOPTERA AT NEVACHE, HAUTES-ALPES, FROM JULY 28-

SEPTEMBER 4, 1938.
By Wm. Fassnipce, M.A., F.R.E.S.

In the Entomologist’s Record, Vol. 36, pp. 55 et seq., 1924, will be
found an account of my first entomological visit to the French Alps,
and indeed my first visit to a high alpine locality. The present short
article is intended to add to, or correct, those early notes and impres-
sions, which have also been added to by a well-known French entomo-
l6gist in an article entitled ‘‘Seconde étude sur Névache (Hautes-Alpes)”’’
by G. Praviel in L’Amateur de Papillons, Vol. VI, pp. 222-et seq. (1938).
It should be stated at the outset that according to all reports 1938 was
a very bad season for Lepidoptera both in England and France, where
abnormal weather caused unusual scarcity and closed the season much
earlier than usual. Fresh snow lay on the higher mountains at the end
of August and a heavy fall was reported in the village itself in mid-
September. Cold rain and wind ended all insect activity on the high
pastures by the third week in August, while in the valley at 5000 feet
the nights were too cold for lamping, and by day, even when the sun
shone, comparatively few insects were to be seen. The difference be-
tween this season’s scarcity and the wonderful abundance of 1923 was
very marked, especially among the butterflies, but there was enough
work to be done among the Micros, so that we were kept fully occupied
and brought home nearly 1600 set insects.

One of the best hunting grounds in the neighbourhood is the Col des
Thures (7000 feet), which is now a national park and nature reserve,
where chamois may frequently be seen. Here during the first fortnight
in August insects were really abundant, among them Heodes virgaureae,
L., H. chryseis, Berg., var. euwrybia, Ochs., Erebia mnestra, Hb., Meli-
taea varia, Meyer-Durr, Psodos quadrifasciaria, Sulz., Omia cymbal-
ariae, Hb., Plusia. hochenwarthi, Hoch., Pyrausta aerealis, Hb., P.
uliginosalis, Steph., P. alpinalis, Schiff., Titanio schrankiana, Hoch.,
T. phrygialis, Hb. Beside the steep track leading up the gorge to the
Col, in the shade of huge pines, were found mines of a Leucoptera species
plentiful in the lower leaves of Onobrychis sativum. They produced in
the Spring of this year L. onobrychidella, Klimesch, new to France and
very recently discovered by Herr Klimesch in Austria. (See Zeitschrift
des Oesterreichischen Entomologen-Vereines, Wien, 22 Jahrgang 1937,
pp. 4-6.) On the slanting track across the screes leading to the Italian
frontier Erebia scipio, Boisd., flew freely, but as usual in my experience,
it was very hard to catch. Along the same track were plenty of Helio-

. thela praegalliensis, Frey, very hard to see and still harder to net. Some

confusion exists as to the distinction between this insect and H. atralis,

2 ‘ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

Hb., but Mr W. Parkinson Curtis, who has examined Frey’s insect in
the British Museum, states that our specimens from the High Alps cor-
respond to H. praegalliensis, Frey, while he refers the dingier insect
taken rarely at much lower levels to H. atralis, Hb. On the other hand,
Monsieur Leon Lhomme refers both forms to H. atralis, Hb. The food
plant appears to be still unknown, but from observations made in this
locality the insect seems to be attached to dwarf goldenrod, and could
not be found except in close proximity to that plant.

The meadows along the Clarée up to and beyond the Chalets de Laval,
8.5 kms. from Névache, are also an excellent hunting ground. LHrebia
pharte, Hb., was rare there this year and so was Coenonympha philea,
Hb., var. satyrion, Esp., but other common species were in fair num-
bers and one rare Crambus, viz., C. rostellus, de la Harpe, occurred
there very locally, at about 6000 feet. This species was. also taken in
another restricted locality up to the Col du Vallon at about 6500 feet,
among a grass identified by Monsieur Leon Lhomme as Nardus stricta,
L. Unfortunately the whole of the upper part of the Col du Vallon is
now given over to sheep and there were literally no Lepidoptera left
there. We could and did hunt for miles without seeing more than one
Lepidopteron per acre where in former years there flew,in more or less
abundance Melitaea cynthia, Hb., Oeneis aello, Hb., Plebewus pheretes,
Hb., and many other high mountain species.

As is well known, the Italian frontier has not been easy of access for
some time. It is a pleasant walk from Névache to the frontier block-
house guarding the Col de |’Echelle, and there is good hunting on the
French side. We only once passed the frontier after some formalities,
and looked down into the deep Vallée Etroite towards Bardonnéche.
Two affable frontier guards accompanied us through the tangle of barbed
wire, past the extensive works, where large numbers of men were busy,
and brought us safely back to the Krench side. Soon after this the
frontier was closed to the French and Italians and we did not bother to
go over again, though on several occasions we went over the frontier in
other places without seeing any guards, in spite of the lurid stories we
heard of their activities. The state of affairs on the frontier was a sad
contrast with the easy freedom of 1923, when we passed and repassed
with no more than a nod to the corporal of Bersaglieri, and never saw
another soul. Here may be taken Zygaena hilaris, Ochs., and Z. pur-
puralis, Briinnich, among other insects.

Another good hunting ground close to the village lies on either side
of the Clarée as far as the cascade, where further progress along the
torrent is blocked. Here on thistles among the corn were countless
Heodes virgaureae, L., with occasional nicely marked females, LE.
neoridas, Boisd., Plusia ain, Hoch., and P. bractea, S. V., rarely. On
a low growing shrub of some Prunus species were found innumerable
mines of a Leucoptera species, since bred and found to be L. scitella,
Zell., together with small larvae of Aporia crataegi, L., while the bushes
of Viburnum lantana yielded pupae of Peronea logiana, Schiff., the
imagines from which are much larger and brighter than English speci-
mens. On the right bank of the Clarée the wet pastures yielded Argyn-
nis amathusia, Esp., and A. ino, Rott., and the seed heads of Veratrum
alba were many of them full of larvae of Hupithecia veratraria, H.S.,.
and E. fenestrata, Mill., with an odd larva of some other pug.

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LEPIDOPTERA AT NEVACHE, HAUTES-ALPES. 3

Perhaps the best locality within easy walk of the village lies down
stream on the right bank, under the Fort de l’Olive, between Névache
and Plampinet, where there are clearings among the pines and aspens
with flowers innumerable. Thecla betulae, L., flies here in plenty, and
we took occasionally Melasina lugubris, Hb. In the willows by the tor-
rent were found in plenty the larvae of EHarias chlorana, L., and less
commonly those of Peronea hastiana, L., which latter yielded forms
larger and more striking than southern English ones. Here we found
in real abundance on 18th August a Crambus that I did not recognise,
flying freely in the afternoon among long grass in rough dry fields and
open spaces. By good fortune M. Leon Lhomme, to whom some were
sent, was able to identify it at once as C. polielius, Tr., included doubt-
fully in the French list on the strength of a single capture recorded by
Sand from Saint-Florent (Cher). The females are very distinct from
the males, yet we found them hard to get and not easy to distinguish
in the field. However, by sweeping among the long grass we found that
the males would all fly out of the open net while the females would sit
quietly on the gauze to be boxed with ease. The species was so abun-
dant that my wife and I were able to catch and box one hundred and
four specimens in thirty minutes. Later in the month males came freely
to light on the slopes above the village and even into our bedroom.
Among the shrubby aspens in this locality the mines of Inthocolletis
tremulae, Zell., occurred commonly on the very lowest leaves and in
very sheltered spots.

The slopes behind the village facing south were also very productive.
Here flew in numbers the second brood of M. didyma, Ochs., with many
females very much suffused darker, but no aberrations that we could
find. In fact, the only aberration seen of any species was a streaked
underside of Polyommatus eros, Ochs., found stuck on the mud at a
weep by the roadside. Z. fausta, L., and Z. carniolica, Scop., were very
abundant on these slopes, and towards the late afternoon there flew
freely Epischnia ampliatella, Hein., Selagia spadicella, Hb., and Cram-
bus lithargyrella, Hb. Here, too, among the seeds of Verbascuwm were
found the larvae of Pyrausta repandalis, Schiff., which for the first
time I succeeded in rearing through the winter. The larvae are said
to feed again in the Spring after hibernation, but I have never ob-
served this. My larvae of this species have always remained unchanged
in their cocoons throughout the winter, pupating in May or June.
Orobena sophialis, Fb., was also common here, but as usual we found it
difficult to get specimens in good condition. There are masses of red
Valerian on the slopes, and many species of day-flying Lepidoptera fre-
quent the flowers, which after dark are even more attractive to many
Noctuidae, especially of the genus Plusia.

The weather this season in the mountains was unusually unfavour-
able for lamping, being on the whole cold, windy and rainy. Very few
even moderately good nights were experienced, and the moon spoiled
some of these. Geometers were plentiful, as also were Micros, but
Noctuidae were very scarce indeed. Among the species taken at light
were Ilema lutarella, L., Phragmatobia maculosa, Gerning, Huxoa
grisescens, Fb., E. simplonia, Geyer, E. denticulosa, Esp., E. vitta,
Esp., HE. signifera, Schiff., H. celsicola, Bell., Agrotis rectangula, var.
andereggi, Boisd., A. renigera, Hb., Miselia tephroleuca, Boisd., Bryo-

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

phila galathea, Mili., Athetis terrea, Frr., Calamia virens, L., Phyto-
metra festucae, L., P. v. argenteum, Esp., P. bractea, Schiff., and P.
deaurata, Esp.

This unfavourable weather, together with a frontier mobilisation,
drove us home to England some few days before we had intended. Diffi-
culties of identification have made it impossible to do more than lay
the foundations of a list of the Microlepidoptera of Névache, but it is
hoped that in due course all the records will be published in the Second
Part of Monsieur Lhomme’s ‘‘ Catalogue des Lépidopteres de France et
de Belgique,’’ now in course of preparation. At any rate we spent a
very pleasant holiday, for the village grows every year more civilised,
and we hope that when peace returns again to western Europe we may
spend the yet richer months of June and July among these well-
remembered mountains, so rich in rare plants and insects.

4 Bassett Crescent West, Southampton.

A NOTE ON SATURNIA PAVONIA, L.
By P. B. M. Awan.

A few summers ago J reared some two dozen larvae of Saturnia
pavonia, L., from the egg, and on the following 1st February I brought
a dozen cocoons into a room in which the temperature was usually about
58° F. by day, falling to 50° F. at night.

On 25th February the first moth, a female, emerged at 11.50 p.m.,
and moths continued to emerge until 6th March. It took this female
six minutes to get out of her cocoon, from the time when her head ap-
peared until she was free. She did not pull herself out but held on to
a stalk, her body working itself upwards and out of the neck of the
cocoon by peristaltic contractions of the abdominal somites, the moth
resting for a moment or two after each ‘‘ wave ’’ of contractions. When
free she crawled rapidly to the top of the stalk to which her cocoon was
attached, waved her legs about for a few moments as though she would
climb higher, and after one minute came to rest. Four minutes later
her wings began to expand, and after 55 minutes they were fully ex-
panded. During wing expansion there was no perceptible movement of
the body: so far as I could see, watching through a lens, the insect was
absolutely motionless. The forewings began to expand first.

The next moth which emerged, a male, did things much more quickly.
He was free of the cocoon at 11.53:p.m., and by 12.5 a.m. [0.5 a.m.] his
wings were fully expanded.

On the last day of February there were snowstorms, with a hard frost
in the night of 28th February-lst March. Three moths emerged on the
28th (2 dd at 11.30 a.m. and noon; 1 9 at 4 p.m.), and towards mid-
night another male began to emerge; but the temperature of the room
falling sharply to 40° F. when an electric stove was switched off, he
stuck in the neck of his cocoon. Next morning I cut him out and put
him on the mantelpiece; he was very feeble and covered with meconium;
but the following evening, being nearly baked over the electric fire, he
became vigorously active at 11 p.m.; though of course it was then too
late for him to expand his wings.

A NOTE ON SATURNIA PAVONTIA, L. 5

By the way, a number of the males which emerged in my room be-
came active late at night. In a state of nature, do male S. pavonia fly
by night as well as by day? On the 5th June 1937 my friend, Mr Clifford
Craufurd, caught at midnight a male Fox Moth which flew to his lamp.
Other entomologists may have had the same experience, but neither he
nor I have seen it recorded in print. Barrett makes no mention of the
male pavonia flying by night, and of M. rubi he remarks ‘‘ the male
appears to fly only in the daytime.”’ If any readers of this paper have
taken male pavonia during the hours of darkness I shall be grateful if
they will let me know.

It was easy to show that with S. pavonia temperature controls (1)
eclosion from the pupa case, (2) emergence from the cocoon, (3) the vas-
cular pressure on the blood which brings about wing expansion. I found
that by altering the temperature sharply it was possible to produce
partial crippling, and that this artificial crippling invariably affected
the hindwings.

Everyone who has bred S. pavonia under observation will have noticed
that eclosion is always preceded by a certain ‘“ ratthng about ”’
of the pupa in the cocoon (though this ‘‘ rattling ’’? does not always prog-
nosticate immediately impending emergence; for example, some of my
pupae which “‘ rattled ’’ on 14th February did not emerge until the 26th,
and they were silent between the 15th and the 25th). What is the signi-
ficance of this rattling about of the pupa in the cocoon? While some of
them rattled a week and more before the moths emerged, all of them—
so far as [ could tell—-rattied at one time or another before they emerged.
A few never rattled at all, and these pupae were found later to be dead.
Is the movement essential to eclosion? If so, its performance some days
before eclosion took place with my pupae might possibly have been due
to the fact that these particular specimens were ready to emerge but
that the temperature was too low, or that some essential factor was
lacking.

In an attempt to solve this problem, on March 20th (no emergences
having occurred since March 6th) I cut the tops off six of the cocoons,
to see whether this would have any effect on the movements of the pupae
or of eclosion. The pupae in these cocoons were lively.

On the same date (March 20th) I brought into my room the second
dozen cocoons. Moths began to emerge from this second batch on April
5th, and the last two left their cocoons on April 22nd.

ans of the six pupae in cocoons with the tops sliced off ever gave
rise to a moth. On September 5th (they being then 123 months old)
they were all alive; but by November 12th one had died. On the Ist
March following (they being then about 183 months old) they were still
alive; but on March 12th all were dead except one. This was obviously
due to my mismanagement, as they had been in a warm room for more
than a year and were dried up.

On March 12th T found in a larva cage an unopened cocoon contain-
ing a dead pupa. So I sliced the cocoon in half transversely with a
razor, removed the dead pupa, put my surviving pupa inside the cocoon,
and glued the two halves of the latter together.

The following evening, the temperature in the room rising to 62° F.,
the pupa started to ‘ rattle.’ Next afternoon (March 13th) it rattled
for an hour; but thereafter it was silent, and a week later I cut the

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

cocoon open again and found that the moth, a female, had freed her
abdomen of the pupa case but had been unable to push off the fused
thoracic appendanges and had died.

Now, although I had failed to find out why the pupa “ rattled,”’
T obtained what may possibly be a clue by watching the six pupae when
they ‘‘ rattled ’’ in their truncated cocoons. I noticed that the move-
ment was not a lateral one, i.¢., from one side of the cocoon to the other,
but a ‘“‘ jump *’ upwards and a fall back. This ‘‘ jump ”’ was apparently
effected by flexing the abdominal somites and then extending them
sharply. But further observation showed that there was more in it than
that. The cremaster of S. pavonia is interesting. It consists of about
30 bristles, varying slightly in length and thickness, which are spread out
roughly fanwise. The inside of the cocoon is extremely hard and so
glossy as to have the appearance of being varnished. But although
slippery it is not smooth in the sense of being flat: its surface is uneven
and irregular. So ihat if the pupa curved its abdominal segments until
the cremaster was ‘‘ spiked against’’ the side of the cocoon (the un-
evenness giving the cremaster a purchase), with the dorsal surface of
the thorax resting against the opposite wall, then straightened itself
out sharply, the pupa would be forced upwards on the glossy surface of
the cocoon. This, so far as I have been able to observe, is what actually
happens when the pupa “ rattles ’’ in its cocoon.

But what have these movements to do with eclosion? Moreover, the
pupa is able to make them whether its cocoon be intact or truncated.
The only solution I can suggest is this-—and do please bear in mind that
it is no more than a suggestion :— ;

When the pupa ‘‘ jumps’’ upwards its anterior end is momentarily
wedged in the bottle-necked upper part of the cocoon. This momentary
wedging enables the imago to obtain some kind of purchase for the mak-
ing of a muscular effort which splits the pupa case along two lines of cleav-
age, a transverse cne hetween the 3rd thoracic and Ist abdominal seg-
ments, continued posteriorly and ventrally along the inner margins of
the wings, and a longitudinal one along the middle of the three thoracic
segments. Then, as the pupa falls back to the wider bottom of the
cocoon, the moth pushes from itself the fused appendages and thoracic
segments, and emerges. If the top of the cocoon be sliced off, the pupa
is unable to obtain that momentary wedging which enables the imago
to split the case.

On the other hand, since a violent muscular effort by an insect is
usually followed by a period of rest, it may be that the ‘jumping ’’
effects the rupture of the pupa case along the line of one cleavage only,
the second rupture being made some time later while the insect is lying
at the bottom of the cocoon. If the temperature fell immediately after
the first rupture was made, the insect might lie inert until the requisite
degree of warmth urged it to effect ihe second rupture, which is made
immediately prior to emergence from the cocoon. This part of the
problem could be solved by opening a cocoon immediately after the first
‘‘ rattling ’’ has been heard, and examining the pupa.

S. pavonia is not common in my district and I have no more pupae
with which to experiment further. Will some reader of this paper con-
tinue these observations? The simplest way would-be to watch the pupa
closely in its cocoon, by the expedient of cutting windows in opposite

‘

~~

NEW ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BEETLES—ACULEATA OF EASTON. (

sides of a pavonia cocoon with a razor and glueing cellophane over the
apertures. It would also be interesting to see whether any emergences
took place among a dozen or more pupae after their cremasters had been
snipped off, the pupae being replaced in the opened cocoons and these
sealed again.

Does anybody know whether the double spiked cremaster of certain
species which pupate in the ground plays a part in eclosion?

TWO NEW ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BEETLES.
By Horace DonistHorpr, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.

Cryptophagus dentatus, Hbst., ab. flavus-clavatus, n. ab.

This specimen agrees very well in size, structure, puncturation, and
pubescence with the typical form, but the three-jointed club on both
antennae is clear yellow in colour.

It came out of a piece of hawthorn stump from a hedge at Heston,
Middlesex, on 7th May 1939. I kept pieces of the wood (and have still
got them at the Museum), but no further specimens emerged; but a
specimen of Agriotes sobrinus, Hbst., did so and larvae of Hedobia im-
perialis, L., are present (teste Blair). As it is such a striking looking
insect and as the antennae are absolutely uniform, it seems to be worthy
of a name. Type in coll. Donisthorpe in B.M.

Hydraena nigrita, Germ., ab. pallida, n. ab.

In the typical form the insect is jet black with red legs; but in
pallida it is lighter or darker brown, the head being darker. Some
specimens have the thorax lighter; but no black forms were found with
pallida. H. nigrita is common in various streams in the Windsor Forest
area, but the ab. only occurred in one stream. It was taken on 20th
and 27th July and Ist August 1939, some 30 specimens having been
taken. I thought at first it might be a different species as the punctura-
tion of the head and thorax is perhaps a little more sparse, but Mr
Balfour-Browne, junior, who kindly dissected a male, tells me that the
genitalia of the two forms are identical. Type and cotypes in coll.
Donisthorpe in B.M.

SOME ACULEATA OF EASTON.
T. Frep MARRINER.

Though I have not devoted much time to the especial search for Bees,
etc., I find I have accumulated a fairly representative collection of the
Order in this Easton area of Cumberland, and these may prove of in-
terest in adding new localities for most of the species observed, and
taken. Of the Vespidae, Vespa vulgaris, L., is too common in some
parts but varies, and has been seldom seen in others. V. germanica, F.,
I have only come across once. IV’. sylvestris, Scop., is fairly common in
every portion of the area, while V. rufa, L., like V. germanica, is scarce
around Easton. I got two specimens of Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) parie-
tum, L., in my garden in 1936, the only ones [ have seen. Halictus
rubicundus, Chr., has not been uncommon on some of our hedgebanks.

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

66)

lt was especially common in September 1939 and along with it I got
Sphecodes monilicornis, Kirby. Sphecodes ferruginatus, Schk., seems
a scarce item here. Halictus calceatus, Scop., was plentiful in June
1936 and again in 1939. H. tumulorum, L., was fairly common on
various flower heads on the road verges in August 1939.

I have got five species of Andrena, of which A. albicans, Kirby, has
been the commonest. A. jucobi, Perk., is fairly common in the early
summer. A. clarkella, Kirby, was not uncommon in May 1939, and
occasionally with it Nomada borealis, Zett. J got a single specimen of
A. nigriceps, Kirby, a 2, on ragwort in August 1936. A. albicrus,
Kirby, was fairly common in my garden in July 1939, and Nomada
marshamella, Kirby, was not rare.

Of the Apidae, Osmia rufa, L., was not uncommon in June 1939.
Megachile willughbiella, Kirby, appears on my rose bushes each year,
usually in numbers in August. I took a single specimen of Psithyrus
vestalis, Fourc., near Longtown in August 1935.

There are, so far, nine species of Bombus. B. muscorum, L., is
fairly common everywhere I have collected here. B. agrorum, F., has
often occurred in my garden. B. hortorum, L., has not been commonly
noted until August and September 1939, when it turned up in great
numbers on a Chinese plant, Senecio tangeticus, in my garden. B.
jonellus, Kirby. This small Bombus has always been considered rare in
Cumberland, and I was surprised to find it in numbers in my garden
here in 1936 and in 1939. B. pratorum not uncommon on bramble and
wild raspsberry on my hen run here. B. lapponicus, F., has only twice
occurred to me near Easton. 3B. ruderarius, Miill., I have seen rarely
and only in Bolton Fell and Bewcastle areas. B. lapidarius, L., usually
fairly plentiful. B. lucorum, L., quite common. Apis mellifica, L.,
not wild here but as there are a number of beekeepers, their stocks in-
vade the whole area.

Of the Formicidae I have taken the following, and a special search
will probably add to the number. Formica fusca, L., is common among
the rotting tree stumps on my hen run, the remains of a wood cut
down long ago. Donisthorpea nigra, L., is not uncommon.

Myrmicidae. Leptothorax acervorum, F., common under stones on
some wide road verges.

COLLECTING NOTES.

CALOPTILIA PYRENAEELLA, CHRETIEN 1908.—In the Entomologist,
LXVI, 230 (X. 1938) Mr L. T. Ford recorded that he bred specimens
of this species from ‘‘ cones ’’ on maple-leaves collected in the Isle of
Wight on 9.vi.1933, the moths emerging 2-4.vii, When this note ap-
peared, I was unable to trace any description of this species in Rebel’s
Cat. Pal, Lep., Meyrick’s Oat. Gracil. or Wytsm. Gen. Ins. or in the
Zoological Record and it was only when going over Chrétien’s papers in
Le Naturaliste that I came across it. Chrétien described this species
as Gracilaria pyrenaeella in Le Naturaliste, XXX [(2) XXIT], p. 246
(1.xi.1908), and, as his description of it is not readily accessible to
English Entomologists, it may be useful to give a translation, as fol-
lows :—

COLLECTING NOTES. 9

Expanse 10.5 mm. Forewing purplish-brown, dark violet or even
dark-blue, especially at 4 of the wing and beyond middle. The base
near dorsum is purplish-yellow; in the middle of the wing is a large
broad costal blotch of a beautiful clear golden-yellow, or egg-yellow,
brighter than in G. alchimiella. This blotch is clearly outlined on each
side; sometimes its lower extremity stops at the fold, sometimes it
crosses the fold, occasionally extending to dorsum. When it stops at
the fold, the blotch is trapeziform; when it extends across the fold,
which it does very rarely, it forms an obtuse angle, it is triangular ;
costally it is devoid of small black striae. Cilia purple-brown anteriorly,
twice cut by a darker line towards their extremity which is blackish,
and brown in their posterior part.

Hindwing dark brown, as well as the cilia.

Head and thorax grey or purplish-yellowish; face pale golden yellow
or gilded citron-yellow ; antennae ringed with yellowish-brown and dark
purplish-brown ; palpi yellowish, tinged purple beneath; abdomen dark
brown above, pale golden-yellow beneath; legs yellowish-grey.

Larva fusiform, elongated, very attenuated posteriorly; segmental
incisions well marked; white; warts indistinct; head small, white;
mouthparts ferruginous, ocelli indistinct; thoracic legs white; three
pairs of ventral prolegs.

It lives in May and June on Acer campestre [Common Maple] in the
same way as other Gracilaria larvae, mining at first, later on making
cones [and] twists, rolling the lobes of the leaves of which it eats out
the interior as far as the epidermis. It emerges from these cones by a
hole in the side and places its cocoon in a fold of the leaf, near the base
of the last cone in which it has lived. This cocoon is elongated, keeled
above and of white silk, firm.

Pupa yellowish-brown, very attenuated posteriorly; extremity of
sheaths free, as long as caudal spine; surface smooth on thorax, rough
on abdomen; nervures of wing-cases indistinct; spiracles sunken [‘‘ en
dépression ’’]; warts indistinct, [with] long pale hairs; posterior ex-
tremity of abdominal segments very slightly swollen [‘‘ en bourrelet
faible ’]; caudal spine short, broad, subeylindrical, naked, hardly
carunculated at tip.

The moth emerges in late June and July, doubtless the first brood;
its second breod has not been observed. It occurs in the Basses-
Pyrénées.

This new Gracilaria is near G. onustella, Hb., and oneratella, Zell. ;
as regards the shape of the yellow costal, blotch it agrees with both,
since this blotch is sometimes triangular, sometimes quadrangular; but
its colour is of a brighter purer yellow.

Note.—As he states that its larva feeds on Humulus lupulus, it is
evident that Chrétien’s ‘‘ onustella ’’ was the first brood of fidella,
Reutti, which has until recently been confused with the true onustella,
Hb.: this latter is a rare species, apparently confined to ‘Austria. See
Hering, Schmett. Mitteleurop., p. 62 (1932).—T. B. F.]

T. Barnsriece FLercHeR, Rodborough., Glos.; 14.xi.1939.
DREPANA BINARIA: PARTIAL SECOND AND THIRD GENERATIONS.—Five

pupae of this species were obtained from ova laid by a female I obtained
in May. Two moths emerged in August. The remaining pupae I placed

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

in a glass topped tin in September for the winter near an ever open
window in a room without a fire facing north-erst. On November 2nd
I happened to look at the tin and was surprised to see the wing cases
of one of the pupae had turned black; a moth hatched the following
day, the two last on November 9th.

Pupae I keep in this room almost always hatch at least a fortnight
later than those in a wild state, so the appearance of the moths could
not have been due to the warmth of the house.

October for the most part was unusually cold, the thermometer fre-
quently falling to 43°, but at the end of that month and in the be-
ginning of November a mild spell set in and it often registered 55°.
All five moths were as large as the spring brood.—(Capt.) C. Q. Parsons,
Torquay.

PsycHopA comMPAR, Eaton, at Herston, MippLesex.—For several
vears past I have observed a small Dipteron in my bathroom at Heston,
where it always haunts the washing basin, sitting on the wall above and
in the basin itself. I captured a few a year or so ago, and pinned
them (which I did not find an easy thing to do with these small and
delicate flies), but Dr Edwards told me it was not possible to name
dried specimens. Recently I collected specimens in spirit, and he tells
me it is Psychoda compar, Eaton; not a common species. My house is
a small modern one, the walls of the bathroom being covered with tiles,
the wash basin, Lath, etc., being porcelain, and the taps chromium
plated, and I could not think where the fly came from. It appears,
however, that their larvae breed in soap residue, etc., in the pipes. I
understand that a new species has recently been taken in Australia and
that the metamorphosis only takes four days from the egg to the
imago! ‘These creatures will remain in one spot for some time. I have
found one in the morning exactly where it was the night before. When
in the basin and a tap is turned on, as soon as the water touches the fly
it floats on the surface of the water and takes wing from it. Also if
gently submerged under the water it extricates itself and after flapping
the wings takes to flight.—Horacre DonisTHORPE.

Some NorTes on tHe Larva or TRICHOPTILUS PALUDUM, ZELL.—Few of
our resident Lepidoptera have their early stages less known than that
of Trichoptilus paludum, Zell. The moth is widely distributed and not
uncommon on boggy heaths, where its food-plant, Drosera, grows. On
account of the extremely small size of both the larva and its food-plant
and the difficulty of examining a peat-bog on one’s hands and knees,
the early stages are seldom looked for. The following notes on the breed-
ing of the larvae have been made in the hope that they may be of some
interest and help to those entomologists who would like to study the
larval habits of this very interesting little species.

During August 1937 I came across a small, isolated peat bog that had
become separated from the main heath at Parley, Dorset, by a metalled
road.

Several specimens of the ‘‘ plume” were flitting about over the
sphagnum, and it occurred to me that a close examination of the Drosera
in the Spring should produce some larvae. A visit to the spot in early
May found everything very wet and little sign of growth amongst the

CURRENT NOTES. 11

Drosera. = did not make a further search until the 15th of the month,
when I found the plants fully grown, and throwing up flowering spikes.
An examination of the Drosera soon showed that larvae had been at
work. A few of the smaller plants were dead, the heart of the plants
being eaten right out, and little piles of frass left in its place. Other
plants showed that pieces had been eaten out of the leaves, especially
along the stalk. The little green larvae with reddish tubercles exactly
matched the green leaves with their red tipped ‘‘hairs,’’? and if it were
not for the piles of green frass it would be extremely difficult to detect
the larvae. The favourite position of rest seemed to be along the stalk
of a leaf, which in many cases was about the width of a full-grown larva.
Others were found in-between the ‘“‘ hairs’ on the surface of the leaf.

The first larva pupated on the 2]st. Any dry upright object seems
to be suitable to the larvae for the purposes of pupation. Last year’s
dead flower stalk, a piece of paper, or the sides of the flower pot in which
they were reared, were the positions chosen by the larvae that I kept.—
S. C. 'S. Brown.

[Ref.—Chapman, Dr T. A., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1906, p. 133,
plt. vii.—Eps. |

CoLEOPTERA OF Easton.—In my notes of the Coleoptera of this Easton
area in the Entom. Record of September 1939 I expressed the hope that
I might find two further species of Carabus. Though I have not, per-
sonally succeeded in this, one of my farming friends, interested in my
efforts, brought to me a fine ¢ Carabus nitens which he had come
across in the Pennine area some three miles north of Bewcastle. Day
of Carlisle tells me he has taken the insect at Bewcastle, and I believe
the new find will be its furthest north in England. Sir T. Hudson
Beare took it at Moffat across the Border.—T. F. Marriner, Easton,
Longtown.

SPILOSOMA URTICAE, ESPER., IN CUMBERLAND.—An evacuee here
brought me the caterpillar of this species with a piece of the plant, a
kind of bogmint, on which he found it, in August 1939. He called it
a ‘“ red-headed woolly bear.’’ This insect has only been recorded doubt-
fully for Cumberland previously and very rare in Scotland. I visited
the boggy patch from which it came but found no further examples.—
T. F. Marriner, Easton, Longtown.

CURRENT NOTES.

In the Ent. Rund., vols. 55 and 56 (1938-9), Frhr. v. d. Goltz of
Coblentz has communicated a long article on the Genus Callerebia, a
group of species very closely related to those of the genus Hrebia. The
species are more eastern in their distribution than those of that genus.
Incidentally, we are informed by the writer that during the last few
years Dr Hone and his collectors have sent to the Royal Museum at
Bonn no less than 600,000 lepidoptera from the Thibet and Chinese
areas. There are about 1500 examples of Hrebia and Callerebia, of
_ which only 60 are Hrebia. A plate illustrating several new forms is
included.

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

Evening and night collecting, doubtless for a long period, will be
curtailed largely, if not completely. May we urge active entomologists
to turn their attention to breeding for varieties. A generation or two
even ago a few entomologists devoted a deal of attention to such work.
Species like Arctia caja, Spilosoma lutea (lubricipeda in part), Abraxas
grossulariata were especial favourites, and many striking forms were
produced by selective breeding, carefully arranged pairing and con-
tinuous breeding with strengthening pairings at intervals. A. caja was
an early subject and as far back as 1790 many striking forms had been
bred and figured (see Ernst & Engramelle, ‘‘ Papillons d’Europe ’’).
But records of the method of obtaining results and the numerical and
detailed reports of such breeding are few and far between. Of the won-
derful and marvellous results of Rayner’s work with A. grossulariata
we have no records whatever, so that the true history of the origin of
any specimen is a complete blank. In the case of S. lutea we have some
imperfect records, but not sufficient by far. Our pages during the past
year have contained some excellent articles on ‘‘Continuous Breeding,”’
by Dr B. D. Kettlewell, where many useful practical hints may be found.
The Geometers as a whole lend themselves for such experimental work
and many species are quite easy to breed. A perusal of our ‘‘ List of
British Geometers ’’ (see the cover of this magazine) will afford, by the
number of named forms attached to each species, good subjects for a
commencement. But, above all, careful, dated and detailed records
should be kept.

At last the S. London Entomological Society has found suitable
accommodation quite close to their old quarters near London Bridge, in
the Chapter House of Southwark Cathedral, St Thomas St., Borough.
In the early days of December, a few of the members were very active
in the ‘‘ moving in.’’ Cabinets and bookcases were placed so that the
hall for the ordinary meeting looked quite homely to the members when
they met on Saturday afternoon, 16th December, at 2.30 p.m. As it
will not be convenient for meetings to be held on Thursdays as before,
the next three will be on the second Saturday in January, February and
March, after which further arrangements will be made by the Council.

The issue of Lambillionea for October and November contains an
article with 3 plates on the ‘‘ Relation between aberrant ocelli in the
Saturniidae and the aberrant neuration,’’ by M. F. Bryk. The eo) ces
are Hudia (Saturnia) pavonia and Hiiegiies pyretorum.

In the same issue, Mr Bb. J. Lempke in reference to the recent state-
ment that as many as nine generations of Pieris rapae occur in S. Italy
in one season points out that this species is protandrous, that is that
the ds appear before the females and are quite ready to pair with the
Qs of a previous generation, and hence it is difficult to determine a
generation.

Skat Hoffmeyer has sent a copy of the article on the variation of
Cidaria (Hydriomena) ruberata written jointly with K. Groth. The
Danish language will be a stumbling block to many, but the coloured
plate of 30 figures with the 5 text figures and the references in the text
will give a deal of information to most.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. 5Y%\

1.0 \ “@&
\O ‘3

Brahm in Scriba’s Beitrage, III, 252, plt. 18, 1 (1793), r
this species and gave a figure much too large, stigmata much too pro-
minent and glaring, but recognisable.

Hiibner, Saml. Noct., 411 (1808), gave a figure in which the often
slightly lighter area atk) between the waved elbow line and the black
submarginal is prominently light with a pinkish tinge. I have never
seen a specimen like it or approaching it. It must be very rare.

Hb., J.c., 572 (1809-18), is of a much darker obscured red, more like
our average British examples.

Treit. said, Schm., V (2), 119 (1825), that the figure of Esper, Abbild.,
1V, 491, plt. 150, 5, as he, Esper, himself suggested was not the insect
of Borkhausen and Brahm, but was indeed a variety of swasa. There
fore it is possible that he (Esper), under his radica, plt. 151, has a true
leucographa (unless it be the following species, bella). In some ways
this radica shows the characteristics of leucographa, but is somewhat too
small. H.-S. called it bella. Werneburg called it zanthographa, which
in shape and size it is more like.

Dup., Hist. Nat. Sup., IIT, 440, plt. 39, 1 (1836), gave a figure in-
correct in colour and marking with antennae extremely pectinated. ¢.

Freyer, Neu. Beitr., VI, 5, plt. 483 (1845), gave a variegated figure
in which all usual features were exaggerated. He stated that Hiib., 411,
was quite incorrect, but 572 was good, and Esper’s figure, plt. 150, has
only the name which is this species.

Gn., Hist. Nat., V, 349 (1852), considered amicta, Donz. as in all
probability a Q of lewcographa. Stdgr., Cat., III ed., 153 (1901), listed
it as “ab. © obscura?” He placed leucographa and rubricosa in
Taeniocampa (1852).

Aurivillius removed all the species, carnea, hyperborea, and tecta
(carnica), for which the genus Pachnobia was established by Gn. (1852).

Splr., Schm. Eur., 1, 165, plt. 45, 12 (1905), gave a figure with area
between the waved line and the submargin well indicated by a different
shade of the reddish ground colour but not light pinkish as in Hiibner’s
fig. 411. He used the genus Sora, Heine.

South, M.B.J., I, 325, plt. 155, 4 (1907), gave a rather washed out
figure, presumably of a very worn specimen.

There is a good figure in Berge-Rebel, plt. 34, 9 (1909), except that
the second transverse line and the Sabina rained are emphasised too
strongly in white.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 60 (1909), recognised 3 forms only—
lepititii, Bdv., suffusa, Tutt, and rufa, Tutt. This figure is featureless
and poor, plt. 14b.

Culot, NV. et G., T (1), 94, plt. 15, f. 18 (1911), gave an excellent aver-
age ase.

Of the Variation Barrett says, l.c., V, 225 (1899) :—

‘Not very conspicuously variable, but isolated specimens show a
tendency to representations of the usually absent portions of the ordin-
ary pattern of markings; one in my own collection has a partial but dis-
tinct dull yellow basal line, and a more complete perpendicular and in-
dented first line composed of dusting of the same colour, but the reniform
stigma is only indicated by a yellowish margin; in other examples there

(206) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

is a yellow dot indicating the basal line, or the claviform stigma is faintly
suggested in the same colour. Among specimens reared at Hereford
are some in which the purple-red colour is very much blackened especi-
ally in the middle of the wings, with the stigmata either bright yellow
or very obscure; and one in which the forewings are pale brownish-pink
with the stigmata yellowish white and the hindwings white.”’

He reports specimens from Durham ‘‘ very dark purple-red with the
stigmata obscure.”’

And one “ of a dark red-brown without a trace of the stigmata.”’

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
leucographa, Schiff., Verz., 83 (1775).
[leucographa, Hb., Samml. Noct., 411 (1808): 572 (1809-18). ]
f. lepetitii, Bdv., Icones, p]t. 83, 2 (1832).
ab. amicta, Dnz., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., VIII, 527, plt. 8, 3 (1847).
ab. suffusa, Tutt, Brit. Noct. II, 130 (1892).
ab. rufa, Tutt, Le.
ab. tenebricosa, Reb., Berge Schm.-buch., 176 (1909).

Tutt dealt with (1) the leucographa, Hb., 411, the type form; (2) f.
lepetitii, Bdv., the red-brown form, with no trace of ochreous in
the stigmata; (3) ab. suffusa, the spread of the dark central shade over
the whole wing, a deep blackish-red; (4) ab. rufa, ground a bright red,
paler than the type, pale ochreous red.

ab. amicta, Donz., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1847), 527.

Fig.—plt. 8, f. 3.

Orie. Descrie.—-‘‘ Alis anticis fuscis, nitidis; maculis ordinariis sub-
notatis. Posticis cinereo-infuscatis. Thorax fusco; capite collareque
griseis.”’

‘¢ The forewings are of a smoky brown. The ordinary stigmata are
scarcely perceptible; the orbicular is lighter than the ground colour,
and the reniform more dark. The transverse lines are not apparent,
except the fourth, which is parallel to the terminal margin. On the costa
above the reniform is a somewhat large white spot, and towards the apex
three other smaller ones. The fringe is of a brownish red. The lower
wings are of a smoky reddish grey. The fringe is of the same colour but
lighter. Below, all the wings are of a smoky reddish. The reniform is
shown, and the hindwings have the discoidal well marked. The head
and collar are grey and the thorax brown.’’ Hyéres.

ab. tenebricosa, Rebel., Berge Schm.-buch., 176 (1909).
Orie. DEscrip.—‘‘ Deep red-brown with almost markingless forewings
and very dark hindwings.”’

Taeniocampa, Gn. (1839)? (1852) Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot,
etc. [Orthosia, Hb. (1821) Tr., Steph.; Monima, Hb. (1821) Mevyr.,
Hamp., Warr., Meyr.] munda, Schiff.

Hiibner, Verz., 228 (1821), established the genus Orthosia for the
species instabilis, Schiff. (donasa, Esp.); firma, Hb.; lota, L. (munda,
Hb.); munda, Schiff. (lota, Hb.); macilenta, Hb.; gracilis, Schiff.
{lepida, Bork.).

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (207)

He also, l.c., 229, established the genus Monima for the species
miniosa, Schiff.; and ambigua, Schiff. (pulverulenta, Esp.).

Steph., in his Sys. Cat., 1829, II, 70, dropped the latter genus and
included the two species in Orthosia. In his JIl., IT, 139, this author
divided Orthosia into two sections, the first including munda being
vernal species, the other section autumnal species.

Gn., the next reviser, Hist. Nat. Noct., I (V), 346 (1852), revised
Orthosia, retaining lota and macilenta of the original species and adding
others. He established the genus Taeniocampa, including gothica,
instabilis, munda, etc., and the two species miniosa and pulverulenta
(the original contents of Monima, Hb.).

Thus the genus Monima, having lost its original species content,
drops out of use as no longer a valid genus.

Tutt gave Esp., Abbild., III, 264, plt. 52, figs. 5 and 6, Bombyx
munda (1785) as the type, but omitted to trace back the name to Schiff.,
Verz.,. L, 7, p. 76 (1775), ‘‘ The garden pear noctua.”’

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 1384 (1892); Meyrick, Hand., 74 (1895); Barrett,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 217, plt. 212, 2 (1899); Stdgr., Cat., III ed., 202 (1901) ;
Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 416 (1905); Splr., Schm. EHur., I, 241, plt. 46,
10 (1906); South, M.B.I., I, 230, plt. 158, 11-12 (1907); Warr.-Stz., Pal.
Noct., I{1, 90, plt. 22c (1910); Culot, N. et. G., I (2), 67, plt. 50, 14-15
(1913); Meyr.. Rev. Hand., 145 (1928).

Ernst. & Engr., Pap. @Eur., VII, 1, fig. 396 (1790), gave very good
figures. 396c has an unusual feature in the large, staring orbicular
and reniform stigmata of a light grey.

Hsper, Abbild., III, 264, plt. 52, f. 5-6 (1785), gave two recognisable
but crude figures of munda, included among the Bombycid section.

Esper’s text to his plate 52, f. 6, described munda with two black
spots, but his figure showed six spots in pairs, a form which was sub-
sequently named geminatus by Haw. It will be noted that Bork.,
Naturg., IV, 705 (1798), renamed the munda, Esp. the two-spotted form,
the type form, as gémina. This must not be confused with geminatus,
Haw., which is six-spotted.,

Bork., Naturg. Schm., TV, 705, described an insect under the name
gemina, which is an undoubted munda. ‘‘ The forewings dull red-yellow,
powdered with numberless brown atoms and without marking; only two
deep black spots stand not far from the hind-margin arranged as a
colon.”

Hiib., Samml. Noct., 166 (1802), gave a good figure of the geminatus
form of munda under the name lota, an error, as 167 on the same plate,
an example of munda, was named lota. This Hb. corrected in his text.

Haw., Lep. Brit., 121 (1803), described two forms, geminatus and
bimaculatus, as two species of Bombyx. Most of the early authors
placed munda in Bombyx, following continental authorities.

Laspeyres, Ill. Mag., II, 93 (1803), said that Borkhausen had de-
scribed a form of munda under the name gemina on p. 705.

Treit. said, Schm., V (2), 210 (1825), that the Borkhausen gemina
was, without doubt, a variety of munda.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 111, plt. 80, f. 3 (1826), under the name /ota
- gave a good figure of the grey dove-coloured form of munda, ar error
copied from Hiibner’s plate.

(208) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1940

Freyer, Neu. Beitr., IV, 63, plt. 328 (1842), gave a good figure of
the geminatus form with two pairs of spots.

Spuler, Schm. Eur., I, 241, plt. 45, 10 (1906), gave a very large but
good figure.

South, M.B.I., I, 330, plt. 158, figs. 11-12 (1907), gave two very fair
figures, the form géminatus, Haw., with three pairs of spots, and 2m-
maculata, Stdgr., without the twin spots.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 90, plt. 22c (1910), gave six figures quite
good; typical ¢ and ©, ab. pallida, ab. immaculata, ab. grisea, and ab.
rufa. They treated gemina, geminatus, bimaculatus, and lota as
synonyms.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 67, plt. 50, figs. 14-15 (1913), gave two excel-
lent figures, 14 the six-spotted reddish geminatus, 15 bimaculatus.

Of the Variation Barrett says :—

‘¢ Its range of variation is not extensive. In ground colour from
the palest drab to reddish-drab, reddish-buff, smoky drab, and brownish-
drab; in some of the palest examples a dull brown or purplish-brown
angulated central shade is distinctly noticeable, while this marking—
usually absent—is more faintly visible, as a reddish shade, in some of
the more warmly coloured examples; the cloudy spot in the lower half
of the reniform stigma, often quite obliterated, exists much more fre-
quently of dull brown or leaden-brown to black, and occasionally is sup-
plemented by another spot, more squared but of the same size, between the
stigmata; but the most considerable variation is in the spots which lie
at the back of the subterminal line—the twin black spots, by which the
species is so readily recognised are occasionally not black but purplish
brown, as also is the costal streak above them, and may be found in
various paler shades till they become quite obliterated; in the opposite
direction, where these twin spots are deep black, there occur, especially
in western districts, examples in which one or two additional pairs,
smaller but usually deep black, are placed in the same line. He reports
one ‘ Very beautiful silvery drab specimen, with visible transverse lines
and reddish shading, which has four pairs of dots; from Pembroke.’ ”’

Another ‘‘ Of unusual size, although without additional subterminal
dots, is of a rich red buff approaching reddish-brown, with first and
second lines complete and rather broad, and, with a considerable central
shade, red-brown.’’

Another ‘‘ Equally strongly marked example has the first line brown
and conspicuous, the second composed of brown dashes, and the central
shade dark brown.’’

An Irish specimen ‘‘ Has the spaces in the discal cell, before and
between the stigmata, black, the latter united to the spot in the reni-
form which is also black, also a black spot at the base of the wing, but
the twin spots red-brown.”

Another from the New Forest ‘ is red-buff with deeper red trans-
verse lines, but no other markings.”’

Another ‘is of a rich yellowish-chestnut slightly clouded with
grey.’

SEeGIAl INDEX.

By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.

0
2,8"
VOL. LI. (mew series), 1939.

The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation.

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species.
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterish, those new

to Science with two asterisis.

COLEOPTERA. PAGE
PAGE Subcoccinella 24-punctata .................. 86
IMAL CLCR ANS. 222-0. ccecccesedenceeccereee 68 MO Se SADOWALIO so -ceccs eae ease cec eee das 86
Anisosticta 19-punctata ...........::.: 86 Synharmonia conglobata .................. 86
PSII Peek. 2 noe os sck a dusrbinpho-s apeop 86 GU WANRGAHOC ce ere sas ae 86
GU ALESIS! (DANG a) Ay ees n.0424---+ a5 86 Telmatophilus brevicollis .................. 68
TMSOTOMPA VA CIS hos orev nase ssjeoctioen's separ 68
Baris SCOLOMACCA™ -faccisscd ss sostectiees a suavter 68
Gerais SIADEALUS | ...ia2.deuese-t s+ -e0bees- 28 DIPTERA.
GiICIMGCWWOAC 7 2k. ccccen bebe ikes dogs ee eae 86, 130 APTS? Betis hea a ee 4
Cicindela campestris ................. 167, 168 | albipes, Therioplectes ...........0.0....0000- 55
ab. confluens = connecta ............ 167 **talpicola (montanus @:)e Sziladynus 53
UD AAG OUVLNVGLA, $522 d dese sac sdee 2 sds 167, 168 aTienmatas “POrpMyPOPSs sccccecse eee 129
SAME) UPR LA: ..--02. 40.2020. ce ddnende 167, 168 apricac; Pabanus. .:2-.3:ed eae: 50, 52
Claviger TONGICOFNIS. ............c.seeeeeeeees 68 aterrimus, Sziladynus .................. 52, 53
GReUIMNCIIOAG -).. 22... .c.0....avetis..” 86, 104, 106 atra Dasy rhampiMis) 44s eee se 50
Coccinella (Adalia) ............::00- Son i868 | atronetiia, Hilara | «....i:26.0ch sees 129
C. (A.) bipunctata oe Boa 188° i Wiylotns. Visit... sesphecrn nits: 54,. (55
PFO COLO? <=. 2... teesedce s Siewkeb «ee oghs 42 86 AuTripilus:, Szilagdynus) sscisdt..c 2th 52
dil A Ze teVG TIE IG eee tae eee eee Be ooee ace 105 HOViNIS. Lab aiUs) 54 eee 50, 52
SSE OUGLCA SEL ......cenesaces.ctyageee oes ace 85 bronmtius. Straloaie sto Ei spe, ae
PM O-MTSUULVA GA .2.. sceluchieb'sceaPoccsceaeeds 105 **cherbottae (quatuornotatus v.), Aty-
GC. hieroglyphica ................eccceeeeeeteee 86 lOuUS, Fier ptt aah Sone dese 54
CUEING .55...2:c0c00es severe teen each aeaws 86 cognata (glaucopis a@b.), Straba ........ 51
C. (Adonia) variegata ................-..: 86 | crabroniformis, ASiluS ...............0000000 48
HOP eEMOMAGUIALA ...5)......Joce-eees ode evs 86 Guspidatas*Buribiay (650250. ete: 2
(Oe) 21012 | a a ee eer ene Soe 86 Dasystipia! ii00.0.3.. ce eee. oe 51
CLEVE UIA UIC ZL 25 < nacivns clogs ces sae ddsceleens 86 GECORS, PIN DIS « S.5..c.ci ee oth ee ee 128
OS] U2 G12 1 een 86, 105 Gdentipess.. Eby GVO ta Gai. 2) cee cceaeseseesesceoes 172
DE SURG UMA EY, ont A vente cteubbizes 86 distinguendus, Sziladynus ................. 53
07a @2 gy a C0 CrP 6) 1) ee eee 86, 106 dita. Hexedontar vis cutee 5D
MEME MIVOLTIAL Ay mete cc ss eee Leh oo as eich 86 BM PUM ae! esssiet ee SAE Re: Pe: 55
GBs PPCMUEGUO eo e aes aes Heal ods en 24-28 86 erbert, Atylotast ue a et 54
a pat PHC tatcdl ,s..5.2-0.40c2r-cgss25e-° 86, 105, 106 SXGMNISAS SUPADAL, &. <cocendc ae I ee: 52
LS Mage) DULG SR ReReE ee Desc cr scce ARP oe eae tare 86 faleata/sOrellia’ sie ae neh oe 128
GF QDenuneta tay c:tcs. eerste es ee es 86 ferruginea, Coenomyia ...................... 5D
ee Sa VONALIA =. .2.. 4dwa tse ee tee 86 HaveolaseDEyomiza . 2..... 08 a. 42
Colydium elongatum ...............0...5..5. 68 flavipalpis, Thinophilus ..................... 128
= (a8 2 (STE Rd Coen nOeey mre eee eee Gi-) flavipenniss Pephritisy iis 214... 2 1
BEMiISetde .........i.22:-:tavadiaie tate corbeaet 130 imazuenteldi; Miyopitess (0s 129
MeTONS: (COCTULCUS 3. .ci:ic2siietees se aesnesos eer 68 tulvay Dasystipia, . 2c. 5D
Hippodamia variesatar vse: ...egeebsest 86 fulVicormis--SzZladyNUS. <..<c:20.0.0 ee do
@o= mamacu lata Gmieley 0. e-ehes-. tees 86 KUISCLDESN LSCALOPSEn 632. See ne 172
Ele leu CLA LAM). <. ceekd. ..Lickewkb st fesdsdies das 86 germanorum, Calliphora. ..................: 64
GY PS ASCITES A Peer aeetis boc core ner erent op 3a 86 Silas, vAiVvIOUUISy <A eR Te ARIS 39
erodes rotunadata © cccedcee ck + -ek ch ee 68 Slaueopis: Strabay. 2s Es 00, 51
Micrambe aubrooki _....j:cijsicniecsbeeetee 37 LUG OS there eee EE hs PAE Eee SEN 8d. 50
SANTOS ett ee ee heey Lite gk ee eg 37 SLACCIS HMO AIUUS ge seceenc eee oe cece tee ee ees 52
Vall 1 ghee SR EMMar OS ARBRE hea brie ere saaee 37 haematopoides, Therioplectes ............ 53
MY Stas ODIONGOSUMULA, jasade-beit.e. -se2-2- heer 106 *tharriettae, Sziladynus ............... 50 RM 52
Philonthus rectangulus .................... GSM veh Paes iL tae I A 50
SCAKADACOLGES: 2.2.4. ibe wedess se csseekt 146 hicsutus,: Glaucops Be 2UIBGas,.weMAls 53

2 SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
IMANISHACAMEMIDTCEA ene syrenseeeee ora oes 172
Vacca, (UMMA Paes cceceeecssee bone cesses 2
**1OWEL .AUVLOUUST cies act eetere eee eee 54, dd
la gmbris | Szila yaAs) oe sanecse-ceeoeeeeee 52. D3
nigricans (bromius v.), Straba ......... 51
Micans-> SzilaediymMust ws. ...sneeoeceeee ee eee 53
montanus, Sziladynus .................. 58) De
morgan “SzWladyMUs syceeeeee reser o ee 53
muhlfeldi, Sziladynus ....................... 53
OCH ODS rae ee ooo eh wales dacapss eM oe sehee ee oe ete 51
octomaculatum, Chrysotoxum .......... 132
peltatus, Platyehivws -.7- 22) 2..-..e- ee 129
TV AAI LA'S GS end sos eae eee oases eee 51
principalis, Poecilobothrus ............... 129
Dymastria Catia boumar se eees se. eaee ee ssee 25
TR EPUU IE CUS aS Os 8 OF Ve Sse sas aeneese edd soantbe 51
votundiventris, Subclytia .................. 131
**rubra (glaucopis ab.), Straba ......... ay
Tufibarbis, Eutolmus ......................... 129
Tupium, Sziladymus 2. .3.c..cc.cc02s 00> 5a.) a4
**simplex (bromius ab.), Straba ....... 51
SOlStblal is. UTA sd ees ie. sce stes decent ac 2
solstitialis, Sziladynus ..............0....... 53
Spuris,;-Chakarus Sees ees 129
Sthigmatelia, Aedalian 5 aes 129
ro LES 93 en ats Oe ea EL Sa eo ae 50
Stylata,- Hurtig, <csssccsrc ike [Re D
sudetica, Straba 34 icles: HUY BY
SZAAV MUS: tert OS Papel aE:
PaAbaMidae,- WS ...sis.c..4.00..0)- LOE WOO. Oe
tarsahis, .Platyehirus:>: .::.2060.0..0000.0. 129
tarsalis, Tephrochlamys ................... 172
trbialis. Choprisops- nce eo ede ete: 129

tigrina, Odontomyia ..........-......5...... 43
tropicus, Sziladynus
unicolor (pyrastri ab.), Catabomba .. 25

uralensis, ‘Calliphora’ A...00 8000.2... 64
venabulata (stylata ab.), Euribia ...2, 8
versicolor, Helophilus .............0.....0.... 128
viridula, Odentomyia ........2....00..600.... 43
Vittatus, HelopWhikws: icc oie es. 128
HYMENOPTERA.

acervorum, Leptothorax ............... ay 6
alpina (rufa v.), Formica .................. 6
@xsecta, HOrmica 22.0 A eee ee: 6
flavus, Acanthomyops ........................ 60
fuliginosus, Acanthomyops ............... 144
fusca, Formica ......... Oe 1G 160% 163, 1649168
laevinodis, Myrmica .......................... 6
Lebicornis. Moy rHlica ees. AL 6
mixtus, Acanthomyops ................ 60, 144
niger, Acanthomyops ............... 6, 60, 68
ROTM AE. ac sate ee eS Md ke LC aE 147
pratensiss FOrmica .....4edkiiekss Bet! 6
aUbrae, MOPTMNGA «Sets yee Boe co ee aed 6, 145
mumibarbis, MOPrmMiCa, ....2..:i2.hsbced fee on 5)
ruginodis, Myrmica ......... 5b, 60
ruginodis-laevinodis (laevinodis v.),

TAN AYELSIOTEIGE Sy Aa AR Ate OR MRER EMER oth Be Aira ar tte 6

sabuleti (scabrinodis v.), Myrmica ... 6

Sanfumea, Formicar ¢0.0..5.4....60.) 900% 6
scabrinodis, Myrmica .......................5 6
LAL EY, «pI 144

umbratus, Acanthomyops

LEPIDOPTERA.
PAGE
abactas Cato Cailamie 6... scsc.cccssre- trae e sneer 137
abmarginata (politata ab.), Sterrha 137
Ahsim thiata. BupRMe cia oe sacs 169
Absit Cue ulliat oes ee ee eee. eee 109
acanthodactyla, Platyptilia ............. ta
PECTS, CACTOMIUGKA preset cete ree ceec ee nccee eee 174
J\((010 112 Ree are tose ee eaCon eoneerbecalattansacconas 10
adippe = cydippe, Argynnis ............ 42
ACUIATEIX: “BWSR fs o.s2ecs fees see set eee 119
aegon ({argus), Plehbeims 2.22..0...20.02.- 4Q
AG aiar. Aw Oy TN Se Se ote oss een econ 9, 63
*talbida (humuli f.), Hepialus ... 82, 128
albipuncta, Sideridis, Leucania 12,
56, 107, 108
albovenosa:: ArsiloOnmenhe 4s n..e nites os 93
Albailar “INOLAS -o2cnkeo eee ee eee 9)
AICONY AE VeAeNay MERA See ene 22
alpina (quercus ssp.), Lasiocampa ... 145
AlpLUmM (OrkOM)s: MOMiae een ee eae 91
amanda: OCHEROLViay te eee ee ae 16
Amatidae (Syntomidae) ............... 27, 149
ambigua, Athetis, Caradrina 12, 108, 109
americana, Malacoderma ............ 95, 97
andalusica (barrettii), Dianthoecia,
Aarmo dia etic 108, 109, 110
andromedae; Hesperia 2 ic5 i iiis.. scenes 22
aAMOnTall ae SUMMA sssie2soscstea deter eae 108
ATU UVOP AR ViaINSSae easel ose ease ceae ene ee ee 42
antiquak: ORSylae ne ee eee 41
ADP OUANUS SD OMUDUS ses. cso eee tee eee 102
apollinaria {apollinus f.). Doritis ..... 102
apollo: Parnassvus cee; tee eee 78
aprilina:) AGviOpIS: ic: ceceeee eee ee eee 66
aquana:--Notocellay 23 eae 156
AECAS by CACM alee 20, 247 22
arefactas: ADHernmivesiarn sree ees eee eee 17
aretes Erebian s:c.3.:.. Se eee QI
APIO. “VCaAena. -eh ie Le 29 148
arnoldiana {sieversi a@b.), Odontosia .. 167
arsilacey (BreMbis: .2:.34-46..1d eee 42
assimilis (exulis f.), Crymodes ......... 63
astrarche (medon), Polyommatus ..... 133
atalanta, VaMesSa. ......2...¢.0) 5-86. 61, 162
atlantica (zonaria ssp.), Ithysia, Nys-
Sia Wl lecentierreis neconiaeaee eee eee 413
atmoriella, Argyresthia ...................-. 76
atomaria, Ematurga: oo: eee 42
attra, Bilastodacna. -:::.:.. 2A eee 115
atropos, Manduca, Acherontia ... 12.
108, 140
Augiades (OchlodeS) ...................5:00000 169
augur. NOCtuia: .2scsssess eee 91
aurofasciana, Argyroploce ............... 19
austeni, Chelenomorpha ............--...... 119
azuga (‘humuli wv.), Hepialus ........ S81, 82
badiata, Earophila, Anticlea ...... a6, 57
badiifasciata, Enargia ...................... 97
halcanica, ACoblaigntesncee tienes 96
baliodactyla, Alucita ............c............ Wa
balneorum, Hypenodes .............2.....655 17
barrettii = andalusica, Dianthoecia,
Harmodia 2. ee 108, 109, 110
hetulea; .<GeleeMiakcycue.. eee 19

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
BIGEUFISH PHARMOGIA | 2.060.050 eck ed 136
3 VOUS CIOS S O'51 (0) 27 eet ee ae ane eee eee 23
bifasciana=decrepitana, Argyroploce 76
**bifasciata (quercus ab.), Lasiocampa 165
TEC IGS (CEC Gee ea as hoe ee et Eee 25
Milamariae Selenia 2). Ae 61
bipumctaia, Dyspessa <2f.2.6)2.2.0.06).00. 135
bipunctidactyla, Platyptilia ............. Fi)
hboisduvaliella (farrella), Epischnia .. 63
borealis (festiva ssp.), Rhyacia, Noc-
(ELT So 5 saci Set ol ea na yA
brachydactylus, Pselnophorus ........ 77
Ma eh rer eaSha 2.560 220is see ee 173
hrewmidimear Lencania: .......08 ele 92
MGISEIs WeENEW EUS | ....025:. 20 102
britanniodactylus, Oxyptilus ............ 76
brunnea, Rhyacia, Noctua .......... at 173
bryoniae, Pieris (napi ssp.) ......... 21, 64
nucephaila. Phalera:-......0002...866. 0 els 40
cachoerunm., Cactoblastis® 2c 02.0. oes 130
caecigera, Perisomena ..................66... 44
enenm@sa, Laelia: ...........0 SWedsa Rete aqsedond ee 26
caerulea (festiva v.), Rhyacia, Noctua 30
c-album, Polygonia, Vanessa ...... 42, 162
al GnGes RP omtia ies it... SALA: 22
callunae (quercus f.). Lasiocampa ... 171
cHlodaecigla: Platyptilia. ......00....0.0.06. 77
Gamelina, Lophopteryx \.....0:...5..00)0.60. 40
camilla (sibilla), Limenitis .......... 91, 144
CRNA Ey IY 2 02 1 a 12, 93
capsincola = bicruris, Dianthoecia,
JIS TP TAYCNG URE) os an a4 eg On a 136
earaammes, Buchloé. .......0..0.5..060) ee 56
PP UEMUNEINEUTICSSA | 2.9.0.0: oS 61
carmeliias Odontosia. .).....05...... 40, 57, 167
CHintied:. Tele) ole) it ehhh ae a eae 84

carphodactylus, Oidaematophorus ... 77

carpinata, Nothopteryx, Lobophora,
Boa!

carpophaga = lepida, Dianthoecia,
LEIGIC UNICO) OIF Bi Soa ee a 90
SAWS OCSHOALIS one ORCS es. ae 146
cantihamiy Hesperia. 223 Wei elk 26
castaneae, Phragmatoecia ................ 92
castrensis, Malacosoma) 2:..:.0....000....8:. 143

catena (comma /f.), Urbicola, Pam-
JO) AY UTIG WSs Ne ok So ee eee CORR GLA 4Q
CS HLICEY CE HIS Ve On ORE ea ORL UR ONE Noo ra een nt i 10
CeRisyro has. Zeryiwthia, isi 102
CeSprgise Pheleran) ee Pe al wy a ike 169
chaonia, Drymonia ...... SNE ice URE os Q4
Charaeas, = Ceraptery x) cn26.. AS, 44
CIMGNTES > (Ch ys Se Ea Sie eS AR An Mee ety Ee 146
Copa Te Sab OR Ph Se a so IE eS 9
chiovaphyllana, Farias: ()23...0)002 40. 17
ehrysom. Plusia sc. (his 58, 109, 110
chrysorrhaea, Leucoma ...................1. AA
PIDYETPE 2, LEAD Oe en 8 A 45
metaria, Boarmia. .....cige560 48s 57
elise MEM TOGA. 0.5.2 elle. Re 22
clara (nipalensis ab.), Eusemia ......... 117
EiathratasChiasmia:. 6.250.001... .ceeeis. 93
Mehmenc:| Pararfe “ees 8...c0 ey 103
Py INOCHIAr you: eth Bate. REEL! 9

3
PAGE
coelata, Pseudomicronia ................... 166
coerniata,. EEyG@riemlenal ...2..ss2-4. oe 58
cosnetay ProcriS: 23.5200 44
Coleophoridae 2 ee 44, 115
CE U2 VS a Botts i BO ce SO eT a? 22, 96
Collie Anicolix Aha e.4. Set 176
comes, Triphaena ............ 36, 57, 90, 169
comma, Urbicola, Pamphila ............ 42
complanavelithosias Aine an ee 93
confiua (festiva f.), Noctua, Rhyacia,
2930, 1al 32a
**confluens (hecta ab.), Hepialus ...... 84
congener (festiva /7.), Noctua, Rhy-

ra I ake i WOM OBER ie EOE re ont 29, 35
GONneLwaAy. Cir phish. Ae eee ee ie 17
“*conjuncta (festiva ab.), Rhyacia,

INO CEILI A. Sey nc sho 3134
conspersa = nana, Dianthoecia, Har-

MAO Meas HS FSR RE: Be ae 89
conversaria (repandata ab.), Boarmia 63
COMVOLVNISS SPILT © 1s. Sees tesa dev cee: 108
corticana, VAFEYTOpPlOCce! Lees 158
COPY TA OOlOGasia Ves er a 173
erepuscilariay HGtroOpises:ses-.. eee 57
Enubrumy Coscia: 24.096 we eae D8
GJ GU COR NE Sawn e Oo Em REO AS LER Rt ar AAS i 95
CLOCEWS: \COlMISMES SB eh es. 3 Qo O61
cuculla, Notodonta, Lophopteryx ..... 12
cucullina = cuculla, Lophopteryx ... 24
Curtila, PylAeran ay... bee 4A
Gurvatulas, Drepaia,” Syeiee See hel 9 eee 166
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis ............... 42
cynthia... Melitaca o:... AIO ae 22
decolorata (hecta ab.), Hepialus ...... 84
decorata (hecta ab.), Hepialus .......... 85
decrepitana (bifasciana), Argyroploce 76
**defascia (quercus @ab.), Lasiocampa 165
delius (phoebe), Parnassius ......... 22, 50
**depicta (festiva ab.), Rhyacia, Noc-

UULAY pee RES os cos ee ERASE way 31
depuncta INoctual peers. Re ee 12
**depuncta (karghalica ab.), Euproc-

1A ne eh am OL a yon UN Ske a aeRO ee Rumd 165
derasa.. Tinyatisa, | eee he weet te Q7
deyrollei (cerisyi ssp.), Thais, Zeryn-

01 05 dase coal tae DE eR Ae ALO Soa eee ee 102
aichaeordes: YPheOsial 2) .5:3.2; as Q4
diducta (festiva f.), Noctua ............... 32
SdimorphasCallitomis 220 2A s! 149
ALP Stan MGA AOU RAL sos) ssn k ee eee: 20
dipsacea, Heliothis, Chloridea .......... 90
disparata (festiva 7.), Rhyacia. Noc-

ALD RUE, eh tines everett a Ban Pin Tes7! 32
adissolutiay Nenastias: sae ae! 93
aistinefa,, Husemias4 eis... HIN ee. 118
distinctata (pictata), Bapta ............... 5d
divergaria, Nychiodes .................. 17, 98
domestica (eburnata /.), Sterrha ...... 91
GOLMIS HeEGdes } <.. Ekle ES 22
dovrensis (ligea 7.), Erebia ................ 42
dromedarius, Notodonta ................... Q4
cubernard:, Syfanta seni c st 121
eburnata (contiguaria), Sterrha ....... 81
SRUGOR A RIN ACTa, . veMA /sdn dees 97

4 SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
elpenor, ChaerocamMPpa. ..........::...-eeseeee 90
Eiphiesia (02005... Reese ties 3. Bee 10
epiphron,. Brebia (22.2... eee a ete ees 21
erminea, Dicramura yes. -n--c.--eeeeaeete ae 79
BBTV TRANS ieee es eer oop eee nen nec nck erie. eee 169
euphemus, Lycaena ............... 205 212
euphrosyney, Brentbis grcfaets....23 42
exigua, Laphygma .... 12, 93, 107, 109, 110
expensa (nipalensis ssp.), Eusemia ... 117
extrema, @Papimostola <5... 42 0. eee 90
RUNS), | OMAN OM ES ices soee cine en ese aae ene iP fas:
Bea. ISCAMTOPUSE 2.2. 5545.-2e tence oe beeeeeeeee Q4
falcataria, DrepanMa’ 3.:..-21-.2t:0:.-- 165, 166
farrella = boisduvaliella, Epischnia 63
fascelina,. Dasychira ..:.210u0-1..gee 4A
fasciata. (Strophidia wetiseecess. 125. cseseceee 166
fasciata, (festiva f:), Noctua ...st:ca0. 31
fatwa! Satyrus feebeted. ..Reewles. ones Beene: 103
fergana (briseis ssp.), Satyrus .......... 102
festiva, Rhyacia, Noctua ... 29, 31, 32,

abu BY ait, al Sh
fingal (euphrosyne f.), Brenthis ....... 42
fissipuncta, Dyschorista ..................... 91
flammea, Meliamancicss.22..2: eteesseeess 93
flava (stramineola) (griseola ab.),
tH OSTA 5 05 sckoatewss cases spuahtncestae rere ae 91
flavago = ochracea, Ochria .............. 73
MAVACAPULSISDUNGTIA, “eon eeeeerreeesseee-eb 9
flavicornis, ~Polyploca) eis:2.-<.<2-teeeese eee 58
flAVOLaASCla tan) SRE Dice .ieccsiceh eae teesaaee 24
flexula, Gaspey Ula si isiteess.. tsetse 91
flina (hecta ab.), Hepialus :........2....... 84
foenella: HILCOSIM an <....R teeth ecko tees 4

formosana, Chelonomorpha 117, 119,

120%

formosana (beatrix ssp.), Eusemia .
AUSTIN: WO ROSLELE) As seeeece nee eek eeeaees
TUNEOTIS, (CLEUPTOPSIS sereneskce-.cctee tees ater
fuEcula. (CenUMaie cess stesshe senses tea Q3,
ULV, pl ANINA eoseeeeceen. wise ce esce ace sees eseee
fusconebulosus (velleda), Hepialus 83,
**oaedei (curvatula f.), Drepana ......
malactodactyia, Almcilia 22. iirc. sects
galathea, Melanargia, Satyrus ... 21,
SAMMI A ANE USHA sie aie teedet oe teeenecosenee 9,
envimia,. APAMVCA. ceceredereeeoercabceraeseeekeee
GeoMetridae vo. ccsksccstteeeesene se oe ese hee 26,
elabrariay. CleORaA ie csscte-fesecsees one eeee cee
*tolabrina (festiva f.), Noctua, Rhy-
5 hi be RAPE Sch ka nea PRP een See Pk 35).
elabroides (vaccinii f.), Conistra .......
SMACTAIIS SOLOW tect: soc ee kee secs ketones
globulariae =tenuicornis, Procris. 10,
godarti (lubricipeda ab.), Spilosoma
eonodacttyla,. Platyptilial i028... ane
eonostiema, Oxreyda «500.0 est 41,
OPM y ME TCDIA wace: BAe Shae ecosene eens
gothica, Taeniocampa ............ 57, 58,
gracilis, Taeniocampa ...... B6STD 7, 25S
Sraellsig PACOMbMA dees. accesso eee acetone
**oressitti (sperbius ssp.), Amata ......
grisea (festiva v.), Noctua, Rhyacia
Sriseaha Ss BUCOSMA! tiiihs levees. seen a
eriseata, Withosteme, .c5..tee tee keeeee teers

PAGE
eriseola, EathOSia, .....fssewces met. 91, 92
erossulariata, Abraxas ..b2ik0....2.5i08 1192
STOLIANA)) (HPALO LA hi ccssetesee en ecednandeecene 169
erotei (sieversi f.), Odontosia ............ 167
gysseleniella, Cedestis .............0..... 76
**hainani (nipalensis/.), Eusemia 117, 121
haworthi, Celaiena. yeaa. eeeee 12, 92
hecta,, Hepialus hesisiss....css ee eees 84, 8d
hela (selene )/.), Brenthis «tiie ave 42
helice (croceus: 7), Cobias ¢.:28...25.88 61
hellerella, Blastodacnme ...............sc04- 115
hellmanni, Tapinostola ..................... 93
helveticaria = intricata, Eupithecia 175
epIaTUMS(TAAe) |... 3. s.c Beat eseeeeete coe 10, 81
herrichi (palaeno ab. Q), Colias ...... 22
Hesperiidaec(inae) » 2435.. .0basie eas, 146
hethlandica (humuli 7.), Hepialus 12, 82
**hethlandica (festiva f.), Noctua,

PROV ACTA cise sncacacastteeee teeter sees anne 33, 34
hethlandica = thulensis .............. 62, 83
Mera: Pararee.... Aes ae beet 22
MITC ATIA, WY Cla nas cceneencactedeeteeoe 56he bu
hispidaria, Apocheima. ................. 58. 61
hispidus = oditis, Heliophobus ........ 109
hohenwartiana, Eucosma ........+.......... 159
humuli, Hepialus ... 12, 62, 81, 82, 838,

128, 144
Hydroecia = Apamea ......................65 4h
hylata, Melanargia, Satyrus ............ 102
hyperantus, Aphantopus, MHippar-

(GlOUIG MES e520 et eee Rk WEE mee mee 8 PS 5 21, 140
hyperboreus (fusconebulosus f.), Hepi-

QV xcs ssaacec s Sa ees see 83, 84
hy OSOLACSS MNS MMA: Boe ece sees seteee ates 28
hyrcana (briseis ssp.), Satyrus ......... 102
icarus, Polyommatus ............. 42, 44, 134
icterata (subfulvata), Eupithecia ...... 93
ignicola (festiva v.), Noctua, Rhyacia 30
immaculata = vernaria, Hemistola .. 175
immorata, Acidalia, Scopula ............ 12
impluviata = coerulata, Hydriomena 51
MM PUGS WeeuUCAMIA, «26.5 soles eee OI
incerta (instabilis), Taeniocampa ii
infernalis (falcataria v.), Drepana ... 166
instabilis, Taeniocampa. ....................- 66
**inversa (hecta ab.), Hepialus ......... 85
HOS VAMOCSSE con nctce cewann-ceeteeseneeee ce eeeee none Q1
irakana, Gavia _. ....cumessseecdscscces eee 136
mis, “Apatura. 6.0 eee eee cee eek 91
irregularis, Dianthoesia, Harmodia,

; 90, 92, 93, 110

iseriana, EHucosmiay (eh eee eee ee 158

isodactyla, Ptilophorus. ...........2.:2.5-+: a

**istriaca (ulmi v.), Exaereta .....::::..- 167

jankowskii, Zalissa ..................... 120, 124

japona, Chelonomorpha ............. 120, 129
**japonica (subflava ssp.), Seudyra

120, 1214

jasius, Charaxes: opes-ceetsereen sects t cee 146

Ua, Mim ON ameeceenesc sttee te see tee <2 63
**kansuana (japona ssp.), Chelono-

TNOMD NA xs desencss wens chee eect 119, 120, 121
karshalicas Himproectis’ 2etai-se1.-.-4-en 165
Jactama, -AMCYHS. s.c0ccc-2hee ee teete- css 112

SPECIAL INDEX. 5
PAGE PAGE
laidion (tullia v.), Coenonympha ...... 140 meticulosa, Phlogophora ............... 9, 56
(eal bimm: SWeweanta® :............5.% 12, 109, 110 THACLOMACE Yan VACALINAS .. ere ee eees eae 77
WEVDIDUICG. SD] 0G: Sl eee ee 22 IMT EEOMTAR A, cep R ISLE. APOE Reed aonst eens 166
lapponaria, Poecilopsis, Nyssia ... 56, 113 THUNPMIUS. . Cupido thet is Pe es. 63
IGS CeO eee ici cc AAPL UE CRM EM 79 MGINIOSA, Taeniocamipay secs to7....2.0:04: 56
larissa, Melanargia, Satyrus ............ 102 modestay WWASViCOUSA. i... .:conceccsssce. cs ences 138
Wateraselatia, Peronea. |........62)48.28h20- 19 VOMAG INA. MVNA TUNA ese ee estes Seeger eae 4A
**latefasciatus (fusconebulosus «aD.), monodactylus, Oidaematophorus ‘77, 93
PEAS) 52:8 Pee Ses Oe eae 83 monoglypha, Xylophasia ........... 108, 141
**latemarginatus (lupulinus aob.), multistrigaria, Calostigia .................. 56
TIES TVIGTUTE SS Yee Gen eae ee 84 muralis, Bryophila, Metachrotis ...... 108
lathamed)liia,(Chrysoclista® ~..0.2.......5.0.2 18 muricata, Sterrha, Acidalia ............. 93
VeGiisine MEISCHITA. Fs iio escde tebe: 118 muscerda, Pelosia, Lithosia .............. 92
lepida (carpophaga), Dianthoecia, DET S CULAR VAN MAE aii toate eet ce aoneecee 166
TSCA T5 (6 LG 1 See ee a 90 EVM OTO MC mw COM ASH has tete-cce tae eee 96
TEDORIMAR A CRONICEA.. o.5<. Jie ii ede cenectoee se 91 Nyaa UCOSINAN 2 2ah-cetere ae cess 157
nb AtBix. (GONOPtEPA iwi nec.. cee 9 MWAECVAN An. ACTOCIIUEA << .mcee nets atone 411
MERENEA MEOUMGA | 2555.0 2..cc..cbaees dott ee 56 nana, Dianthoecia, Harmodia .......... 89
mehenelia, “Solenobia. . ................de.0e+s8- 77 NADP, LUCTUS wae assesses she wh ees oF G4
lienigianus, Oidaematophorus .......... 7 WATCISSUSH SBT OM ae Ae, het eee eee ee eee 28
CUE 3 8 DIE NG Ee ee 42 nebulata (obliterata), Euchoeca ....... 58
EU ee 90 12 07010 2 roe ee eer 9 nehulosas, Aplectay <c2ec.icccenet oe ee - OL
WISE OACROMICEA .s.2500 24.08. eet ked de 12 neonympha,..Cavocalar ee. 42. .44s- sees 137
lithodactylus, Oidaematophorus ...... o **nigerrima (dimorpha f.), Callitomis 149
PMN EPG se 2.08 025008 ones So NALS 78 nicra, Aporophila. 2023: Nye LE 109
AA PAMIVATINOS , oo scoiescnncoceswedesensieeneten ee 9 **nigra (festiva f.). Rhyacia, Noctua
hwyornrvea: sDeilephila | ...0:) fet 108 33, 34
LEMME CAM ChOEMISM Lies dteet 22.8: 165 HUGPICANS 2 ASE OMS inseresseens tee co eee 8, 109
FONUCETAC. ZY SACU, ...955.28ilid4...b codes 173 nigricans (clathrata ab.), Chiasmia .. 93
**Lophosetia (Syncopacma) ............... 25 NUISrOCINCGiay POlba ys .s...- sesso eee aes 109
Reipee ANIMALES) | Relestiek tiled 9 nigromacularia, Methystria ............. 167
lubricipeda (menthastri), Spilosoma **nigrofasciaria (nigromacularia
A QUES ab). Methiystrra. 2. Set gee state 167
lunaedactyla, Marasmarcha ............. viel **nigrofasciata (karghalica ab.), Eu-
MET APPA OT OLIS 5.0.1. joe0deredces. aleisoodeoes 108 DE OCUUSY sete eee Ee ee at oe ae 165
lunosa; Omphaloscelis ...:.....---...0...6084 9 **nigrostriata (festiva ab.), Rhyacia,
MT PUMMNWS VEE PLALUS ©... sek. eke 84, 85 INO GUWAY 0 doecireccchius Be eenee Mee ee ee eae 34
lutarella = pallifrons, Lithosia ....... 107 miobe;,. APS y MMS, yee eae eee eetee eee 42
lutulenta, Aporophyla .................. 12, 173 nipalensis, Eusemia ..................2c.00-06 117
ILAWRWETTG Oe eee eent OBen Coc IA BEEBE eRe cee eRERE Q7 MUVEUS._ ACENLELODUS) soccete aateersee cee ee 76
by chimigdiss Amathesiiees.2. 04.68.6008 068 9 MOtMA a BRC DM OS. sAssaccncsetasscceon eens 56
nMraAChHAON. Papilio: Ru s3e... MISS 93 nubeculosa, Brachionycha ................ 57
machenia Amathesh i eaise35)...i ies 9 MUbwahiss. PyPawsta, ss. cee 34, 162
macrosema (distincta ssp.), Eusemia 118 MILD hAe -/ COLOCALAs .is5cnsacdearnedeactteee eoeensaee 9
**maculata (festiva f.), Noctua, Rhy- TRGUL] TRY CP ener dr Stee cn Aap a Jae eaaade acc eeieetecke aera 10
SIGHAHS ee ORE MO os Pee ee 33, 34 obductella, -SalebMial 25..26-0-2shtce- <c gee eee 107
MaAbwae, wHeSPeria: : fees. eee 91 ObehiscaneAerotisn ...5c-. cee eee ate 108
marenigrans (telmessia ssp.), Maniola 103 obliterata = nebulata, Euchoeca ..... 58
Mmaroimaria, MRynmiss?!). bees 61 obscura (cinerea ab.), Euxoa ............ 48
**marginepunctata (bipunctata ssp.), GUSOLEtAN ISEWIGAMEA. o..cussds0- ate Osean aa 90
DMSDESSa,.. 2h Ree ee es 135 obsoleta (festiva ab.), Rhyacia, Noc-
mardina (apollinus Q f.), Doritis ... 102 TEARS, cements ores AS TS 8 32, 33, 34
maritima, Chloridea, Heliothis ......... 95 obstipata (filuviata), Cidaria, Ortho-
MAMMA SCMLAs.oc.2554. eee. 99 WANA ee eID RPI ee 12
Mmasmmaiis. Eypena,...23 sees es 7 GCC A HUGO ap os. vate kee he eee 56, 57, 90
Maia. Melitae@ar avant. 2s 21 ocellatus, SmMerimbhusy 5...022.s 63
medon (astrarche),-Polyommatus .... 133 ocellana, Spilonota sateen te: 1414
MC MITS A EST EIIAY ciaccccacigcccs seed toe meee 22 O) CHTOMES i oaks Pee ae a ae one eh oh 169
Mmeclanops: MErebias ...0) kee aaa 22 ochracea (quercus ab.), Lasiocampa 165
miendica (festiva v.), Noctua, Rhyacia 30 | ochracea (flavago), Ochria, Gortyna
**menia, Amata, Syntomis ................ 152 Oat
menthastri = lubricipeda ........... AQSG3 ochreana = grotiana, Epagoge ........ 171
MET OWIIAMAL«. ISUCOSIMA) y.cc4....204.008eresees 156 ochrea-virgata (festiva v.), Rhyacia,
micsometia; (Gybosia .io.nele RN O1 CURTIS, PS ee Re ee ee a= eRe a ate 30, -31

MUU Aha aeseeonene se eee eas ve oceace ems 30, 32, 33, 36

6 j SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
ochrodactyla. \Platypuilita ies... wee 7 **nrimuloides (festiva f.), Rhyacia,
oditis (hispidus), Heliophobus .......... 409 Noctua w/t gee Er ci ei ae eS 33, 36
oleracea, Polia, Hadena, Mamestra .. 17 PAPORTIS, . Hstemetvangete i+. .2tnesaandglaaspamena ae eee 176
ophiogramma, APaMea |... ceeeeeeeeee 1g | profundaria, Argyroploce ............0. 68
optilete, Polyommatus ......000.0.0.0.. gq | pronuba, Triphaena ....-........- se 9
ania & eppeeae. Loses Bi **nseudoconfiua (festiva /f.). Noctua,

? PETE AIDE REL aE j Rbyacial 22%.. 8: HAS eee 309 72
*‘ornatus (fusconebulosus ab.), Hepi- Psenidomicromid tits isl... se 166
RUUIG Ie ea Mer ieee ep ty tone: Sane SU AEER oe es 83 pterodactyla, Stenoptilia eee tt A rit
**ornata (hecta ab.), Hepialus .......... 25 PLerophoridae -eeteist-s dest oad ceee eee 115
OLMITNOPUSHeCVAIMAn | eater ase aay. eee 9 pulchella, Utetheisa, Deiopeia .......... 176
*torkneyensis (festiva v.), Rhyacia, pulverulenta (cruda), Taeniocampa .. 61 —
IN@ CTU i acsceeasase estas ene ecco ee 3h pumilata, Gymnoscelis, Eupithecia .. 42
osteodactylus, Oidaematophorus ...... 77 punctidactyla, Platyptilia ................ 77
oxyacanthae, Miselia. .......................- 9 pusaria.. Cabera. .sh20.:3snccscee eee ee 147
PaAlaeno, Colas, Ws. messes ches «cheer Say 24 MUSIC A) TACOMA, 2.52. teeeeceeeeeee ee sceeee eee 17
Wales’ ABreMbOIS) scape ee eee oc eae eee 21 putrescens, Sideridis: y.272e See es 17
palescens (telmessia ssp.), Epinephele, putripenella = atra, Blastodacna .... 115
BUT INEM US ie) gece aoe see aememe anaes Meee ee wars 103 PY LALGACS ©. eis pndecs ak see ee ee 26
pallida (falcataria ab.), Drepana ...... 166 pymalinas | Caliyimaicny eescesss eee eee 91
pallida (‘semele ab.), Satyrus, Eu- DY LamMLCeay Anni Veaiy eee eee ee 9
TIMNEMIS Secs seee Bia She a OAS NE Ae aie SR ee 42 PYTAUSUIMAES! | icnccamsescd scat Reece eee eee 146
pallidactyla, Platyptilia .................. Wa pyritoides = derasa, Thyatira ......... Qi
pallifrons (lutarella), Lithosia ........: 107 quadras Oconishisicwee eee 12, O1
palpina, Pterostoma ..................... 40, 66 quadrata (festiva v.), Rhyacia, Noc-
paludellus, Calamotrophus ............... 93 1810 2 amined Rear ERI ORR ae LD aE ne 30
DANAUS ATCO DUUMUS este s-eeeeesceseees 76 quadripunctaria, Callimorpha .......... 135
Ba PMUONMMAC sso seseacs cee teteekes seeks Q7 quercus, Lasiocampa ...... 95, 97, 165, 171
parvidactylus, Oxyptilus .............0..... 76 rPEWOKOR NOL ARINVEYONGI. Seaschebps-oaedetsosen. c AG Als,
patricia (Ssieversi f.), Odontosia ......... 167 TA PAC WPLETIS (Rt ee eee 61
pedaria, Phigalig tates... Laealcoe 61 ratzburgiana, Eucosma ..................... 158
peltigera, Chloridea, Heliothis ... 12, 107 **reducta (lectrix ab.), Eusemia 119, 121
Melopead.. SAbYLUS. 2... plage hlas ole wcd thie 102 recularis, Acantholipes. ..............:.0:-- 17
pentadactyila,) Alucitay 2... 540.0 .cs kos T7 repandata, Boarmilay 230.0 -lsieee es 63
persica, Syntomis, Amata ................. 134 reticulata). Neuman. 5... eee 90
persica (icarus ssp.), Polyommatus ... 134 revayana, Sarrothripus ...............6-+... 9
WeLAasibs. TAyCRaAeCiA 5: .2620-025.kek soso 12 rhododactyla, Platyptilia ................. 76
phaeorrhaea, Nygmia .......................- AA Uy aCla Ue MEE ae. tse 16
phicomone, Colias chix oc Gs. ..RIAee 22 **roseoornata (humuli ab.), Hepialus 83
WHlaeass:. MCOMEeS. o..4 55. See ease tease ee 42 rosaecolana. Notoceliia, . 2.2.3.5. 127
PPV VGC ULI C ak hes a Soho edn Ua IR ce 130 Ubi) RN Waid. JNOCHUa: <eeeeece seen 30
PIV VOGES, ei os. xt he Ue EE ho CON as aut delat 10 rubiginata, Acidalia, Scopula ..... 92, 93
pictaria=distinctata, Bapta, Aleucis 55 rubigines. (OTLWOGaA sale. eee ee 39
DUAay (PV FACT aly a ners oc: cumeNel men bee a oe AA rubricosa, /Pachnobiaiiy2iyes-ee ae 57
pilosellae, Oxyptilus ....... Beak. Brienct ene: 7 rufata, Chesias .............. saaalc abe 57, 58
MAS GIES PONMUIUNS 9s Pereanesecetessnaaeseaaarss: 140 rufomaculata (humuli ab.), Hepialus 128
WUNETI SOLEMODI Ay uansaeteceencctek aoe = 77 **runfo-nigra (festiva f.), Rhyacia,
POUT AL SEAN SEE esse tente..scncesuaaacteees 138 Noctua: 3.08 2 See eee 33, 34
pirata (briseis @v:), Satyrus:.\.....4:2. 102 **pufo-obsoleta (festiva f.), Rhyacia, ©
NOUS TE PEA OLOMA Ser. crectascaccoeh chan athe atislcuoteeehene 8 Noctay si keen ee eee 33
pistacina = lychnidis, Amathes ....... 9) rufo-virgata (festiva v.), Rhyacia,
plumigera, Ptilophora ............ 12, 40, 109 NOGUUA A cass Sects See eee 30
plumularia, Lythria ......................... OF sacraria, Rhodometra ................:.:..25- 12
polaris (urticae ssp.), Aglais ............. 42 salicalis,. Mad@apa, 2.22:2-25ebetere. etsas-t se 12
WOMPATA eS POET MA inne ce teecs eeeth eons sanc-cee 137 Salicis! (StilipMoilay eaeeeeeaseseese eats eset AY
polygrammata, Cidaria ................0.... 13 satellitia, Scopelosoma °...............-...... 9
popularis, Neuromia ..................0.se0..65 109 satyrion, Coenonypha .......--......:...0- 21
populi(eta), Taeniocampa .................. 56 Sauicia, ASPOUMS 35. rece eects 9, 107
**nostnigra (adulatrix ab.), Eusemia sauteri (lectrix ssp.), Eusemia ... 118, 121
119, 124 scabriuscula, Dipterygia ................... 91
potatoria, Cosmotriche ................ 92, 93 schmidtii (phlaeas ab.), Heodes ........- 42
primulae = festiva, Rhyacia, Noctua 12 scolapacina, Xylophasia .............. 12, 94
primulae (festiva v.), Rhyacia, Noc- Se Opulence AC aes EE ee 79

**scotica (falcataria v.), Drepana ...... 165

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
sectinotis (adulatrix ab.), Eusemia ... 119
SECM NPA EM OGES: 25.082 oo ios cases exeiecesessees 9
SSSI. ALAS TLC ee eee ee Seer 42
semele, Satyrus, Eumenis ...... 42, 63, 92

semibrunnea, Xylina, Lithophane 9,
**semiclara (nipalensis ab.), Eusemia

fitien ies
semimarginata (quercus ab.), Lasio-

CETUS,» ccabe ee tne DUE ee eee ee 165
STERC) TAGE CE a ne ne ee Of
senex (lupulinus ab.), Hepialus ......... 84
septentrionalis (maritima ssp.), Chlo-

TAGES) TEEN H C1 Re 95
**septentrionalis (sperbius ssp.), Am-

SHAS ASS AUUC CT a eee as aa 151
sexalata (sexalisata), Mysticopteryx . 58
sichaea (fatua ssp.), Satyrus ............ 103
SLEVETSIy OUOMTOSLA is oscs.ccchenesscvsccee vooses 167
PS ShadvAe AMaAla, SYMtOMIS ....-.......0. 151
SEIAGIS MGC DINOEA o7.5.. 6... css. sc0ses--.2. 08; . 91
sinelinea (brevilinea ab.), Leucania .. 92
SIMMER VCUSS | Sy USO (61 (0) 0; ee 163
SOCVAM AR OP PSOMOMA. s.ccccsccciccesssaccocenee 4112
SHELTON LONI) 0 Gace ee Ui,
SPAR AMM NOMAGSTIA: .. 5.0 5ccsd.cceecseccenee 93
UD Ue CUMMINS Seyi ticks oss ca Lava swale ousences 10
Spiulodachyla. AVICGIGA ..0....c6..2.cc0042. occ 8s Titi
StADMISS oP ACTNOCAMIDA ......5.:.:-0.-scc--e02s 57
SSIETATING) 23. Sap oA eA SRS ee A 79
SOOM CA, NOCEUA | fo.....cceccseacceceees DL a\(0i7
stramineola = flava (griseola f.),

LL IVUOVG STE), Oe Sage ae OL
striata (nigricans v.), Euxoa, Agrotis 8
Psstilatae(pisi @b.), Hadena ............... 8
strigosa (hecta ab.), Hepialus ............ 85
SMA EA LONUR 05. .c.oscvacebercberdserscensaee 172
SUTIN ESUCE ENA: 2 ...c.ccc...0-scncensneeees 137
SUDMAVAee SCUGY TA) fi... ..c.s..0e-0c ees 120s At

subfulvata = icterata, Eupithecia ... 93
subrosea (humuli ¢ ab.), Hepialus ...
subrufa (festiva v.), Rhyacia, Noctua

QO aD
SISO Maes ANCHO Hise. hoe Sisesccess: 111
subsericeata, Acidalia, Sterrha ......... 91
suffumata, Lampropteryx ............ AG ae
SUIS ONGrOUIS | lacka aes ce ian 9
SurnaSamae NOVICE A .2:2.0 sects ene ee 127
eustisa. Amiata, Symtoms: .52. icc: exc: et 150
Suspecian, MD VSCHOriStay 2: ..c::ss8ss so eeeee 9
SVivamms, AUCIAGES 25. joeleesacccenccc 168, 169
syntomidae — Amatidae ................... i
SAV ICU (C17 CHG Vege Fee Keer Woh ie Hae at ere ee 17

syringaria, Hygrochroa, Pericallia .. 42
**szechuana (compta f.), Amata, Syn-

(CCOSEIVILS - a MN Raa a ae ae Site ara fon IL aa 192
taipeishanis (dubenardi ssp.), Syfania 121
**tatsienlouica (distincta ssp.), Eu-

StU AMER csi Sanh eae ee 118, 124
taurica (hylata f.), Satyrus, Melan-

SLA STE Oy eR es ee ean rene pee 102
telmessia, Epinephele, Eumenis ........ 103
tephradactylus, Oedaematophora ..... 77
tephrina (cinerea r.), Euxoa .............. 45
tetradactyla = tridactyla, Alucita .... 77

PAGE
**thibetana, Pseudomicronia ............ 166
UROLE AE TETUGIIS Hee sacts: en sees ec eae ee 21
thulei (festiva f.), Rhyacia, Noctua
12; 29° 32) 33; 34, 36
CHOSE LEM SIS es es, ee ees 62
thulensis (humuli ssp.), Hepialus 62,
81, 82, 88, 128
thuleus error for thulensis ............... 82
tiliae. DTM MIA 4.252.5-2.eesccssceee i
[ETH OGLE Wee a EY CD aM ete eae mn SO ail
trabealis, Emmelia, Agrophila .... 90, 92
**transversa (festiva ab.), Rhyacia,
ING GEE a ca nee ee eae eS Gt! Sener 31
tremula (dictaea), Pheosia ................. 2Q4
fee Dds NOLOMOMbAs e.ces ee 40, 66
CUT a Chysl ete AUC Te ease sores aoe 8 T7
CVITOML - HASTOCAMIP A! oi. 8) enceeseccae ss v
LELCulaL. Bryno ee oo ks Q4
trimaculata, Pseudomicronia ........... 166
LRIONES (SOEze) if... Ce Dia oe eee 22
triquetrelas Solenobia ois... fe. Tk
CLUETCTA AGO DIS (see Asean eae nee aes 107
tullia (typhon), Coenonympha .......... 140
HIE A GSU GAM Airs epee ences nee ee 90, 91
turphosalis;” Tholomiges :::.2.5..66:f...<..05< 91
typhon = tullia, Coenonympha ...... 140
RUDE VENACPEI Gre ceacce eer es stcneck nee 167
WOAnIHNS= Anainea) 21%. eee 90
ORCAS VEVa Reta, oc se ead cee 91
**unicolor (festiva f.), Rhyacia, Noc-
GUM cigars scene ens ean pn cleete eee ae oo, 34
**uniformis (humuli 7.), Hepialus 82, 83
unipuncta, Sideridis, Leucania ... 12, 109
AOU GOS (01 ak eee bri A pan Realy RN Oe a Oi 169
ICA MOAT AIG weet sceeae ce eee 42, 61, 140
**ussurica (I-nigrum ssp.), Arctornis 165
**ussurica (sieversi ssp.), Odontosia .. 167
VaACCrmim Orenodin. . i205 ete 9, 34
vallei (fusconebulosa r.), Hepialus 83, 84
BRC ATEISISE: Ty Wee ee Bir ats ea a aoa AL rR a tea 96
Waria. MGNTAC Adds) aha k ee meee 22
Velatas OChIOMeS isan eee. 168, 169
vernaria (chrysoprasaria) = imma-
culata, Hemistola, Euchloris ...... 75
versicolora, Endromis ...... GA a. iis 1akD)
VWeimista; GCalearinya: acct oicses oes odkccece a8
vilemani, Mimeusemia. ............-......... 120
Vinula’, Dieramagay 2820s 23, 56, 79
vitellina, Sideritis, Leucania ...... 12. 109
vithorioides (funebris ssp.), Cruriap-
SIS ee eea eee eine tn ee Ah iz ity, 121
Westwoodi (nipalensis f.), Eusemia
TAT TAS
“Se Voli shivers” Amraban or .65 flac. BEUS aan 150
WELESHIFeIY TeeUGOMMA else occ ekedec socks 135
WEiShirer” Syambouiis. co ee Oe 134
wolfenbergeri (maturna f.), Melitaea 21
xanthographa, Noctua, Rhyacia 9,
& 16, 56
ELIOT EOE ok saat acetone I ye cia 79
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia ................... 9
AGA. INOUOMORMEA Be ohcecees cst: 24, 66
7OMAaTa- TbbySias IN YSSIA estes cee 113
WORE RUN Vary gta watea ca vaal (ui le Road awe Soc 7

8 SPECIAL INDEX.
ORTHOPTERA. PAGE
PAGE nigro-rufus, HamaxXas ...............c eee 4h
ACPYGIUMN 52.2. ccccccncaseseste-oseeet rcineree ee ces 49 orientalis, Blatta “2.2 eecee-- - 87, 88
albipennis, ADLCEV SIMA, dooce taeck $5.00 174 panzeri, Ectobius Ruekren i ee 48
alhomarginatus, Chorthippus 48, 49. 7 | Pracmidae cucu
auricularia, Forficula ... 8, 44, 49, 87, 174 | punctatissima, Leptophyes .......... 49, 8&8
australasiae, Periplaneta .................. 143 Eiparias WaADIQULS, occ ee eccee eee 94, 95
bicolor, ‘Chorthippus —.....:....::.<. 48. 16, 87 TULUS. “GOUIPHOCEEUS oc.esc-scete meee 88
bicolor, Stenobothrus ...............:.+-+ 59 | Subulatum, Acrydium .................. 76, 87
g 2322 el el (0) 61112) Seni perenne are 44 thallassinum, Meconemia ........ 88, 89, 144
brachyptera, Metrioptera 59, 76, 113, 173 ventralis, OMOCEStUS*\.....--..fssseenweees 87
domesticus, Gryllulus ............ 88, 89, 113 Viridissimas "Petieoniay 2. oi iesrees are 88
dorsalis, ‘Chorthippus ..........0....--2..--. 49 | Viridulus, Omocestus ... 48, 76, 87, 143, 144
erised Platyelers ee ee ae 4g | Viridulus, Stenobothrus .................. 59
eriseo-aptera, Pholidoptera ............... 88 vittatus, Acrydium .................. 59, 76, 143
eryHotaipa, Gryllotalpa .........6.22....<. 88
HiATCUSs (Gatlip tas) en. eceaeeceteesee eer 94 RHYNCOTA.
Tesnei, POrnicula 1.3.5 .2....5..sncwe-oco pee 49 COTURUGAC. 255.5500 sce: ceceeacsneteeer ee eee eee 175
lineatus, Stenobothrus .................. 48, 87 eriseus, Elasmostethus .........c.000-ss0se0s 132
maculatus, Myrmeleotettix ... 48, 59, 87 MICTELODULCLA ’ cvcskesxuscecteo-stnccseceee sence tenes 160
WHeTALOria, TOCUSUA ...0--s- eos seme 95 LOMO GET, <5 i:i eo ce acaeareeeree eee ce 161
WMDINOD GAIA soe. ce oete se eres seeeee se ameoaee 87 Lipmarius, Ne@lGGS (os..c.<=-0..cadseestscemeee 160

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| GALL-CAUSING TRYPETIDAE, M. Niblett... PSE aCe citad ar as 13
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sicolor, Bkh., in the Inner Hebrides, Jack Heslop Harrison; Eumenis

semele, L., and Maniola jurtina on the Isles of Coll and Gunna, Inner
Hebrides, Id.; New Outer Hebridean Localities for Nyssia zonaria, Schiff.,

on the Isles of Lewis, Great Bernera, Little Bernera, Pabbay and Ber-
neray, Id.; The Occurrence of Acronicta euphorbiae, Fab., on the Isle of
Coll, Id.; Colias croceus in Hampshire, August 1939, H. G. Harris; A Few
Notes on a Melanic Form of Thecla w-album in Essex, (Miss) M. E. Miller;
Notes on the Eclosion of Agrotis ripae from the Pupa-case, C. Q. Parsons
(Capt.); New Records of Odonata, Sinclair Swanson; Pairing of Odynerus
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) GALL-CAUSING TRYPETIDAE.

By M. NIB.ert.

The Trypetidae are a family of Acalyptrate Muscids i there
‘are about 300 species known to occur in the Palaearctic Region. Of
these a comparatively small number are responsible for the production
of plant-galls. The galls are to be found in the flower-heads, the stems,
and upon the roots or root-stocks of plants of the Compositae, and I
propose to deal with them in that order, referring firstly to species
definitely known to occur in Britain, following with some remarks on
doubtful British species and species unrecorded here, which may pos-
sibly occur owing to their host-plants being indigenous.

Taking first the species causing galls in the flower-heads of Thistles,
we have Huribia stylata, Fab., and H. solstitialis, L., and perhaps I
had better at this point try and explain the great confusion which has
arisen in connection with the host-plant of the latter species, and
others with which it has been confounded. Ewribia solstitialis is the
causer of hard woody galls in the flower-heads of Cnicus lanceolatus,
Willd., and of those of Carduus nutans, L. The species which has for
many years been known in this country and on the Continent as sol-
stitialis and which makes galls in the flower-heads of Centaurea nigra,
L., is Euribia jaceana, Hering. Another species with which it has also
been confused, but perhaps in a lesser degree, is Huribia cuspidata, Mg.,
also a Centaurea species. It is also probable that E. stylata has been
mistaken for it at times. There is not a shadow of doubt that all
records of solstitialis ‘from Centaurea species are definitely wrong,
whether made in this country or on the Continent, it being confined
to Thistles.

E. solstitialis is apparently not uncommon in the Oxford district,
and a few odd specimens have been recorded from Cambridgeshire and
Hampshire; I have collected galled Thistle-heads from many localities
in Surrey, Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight, but none have yet
yielded this insect.

E. stylata galls may be found in the flower-heads of Carduus nutans,
Cnicus lanceolatus, and more rarely in those of Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm.
They may be found from late summer onwards, the fly emerging from
the beginning of June until early July; 2nd June and 11th July are
the earliest and latest dates I have had this insect emerge. Parasites
do not seem to attack this species to any great extent. T
have bred in all 264 specimens of stylata and only 26 Chalcids. In
addition I bred this year (1939). for the first time, Braconids from
stylata galls. The wing-markings of stylata are not very intense but
show a considerable amount of variation; Mr H. W. Andrews (1) has
pointed out some of the more constant types.

The larvae of Euribia cuspidata, Mg., inhabit hard galls in the
flower-heads of Centaurea scabiosa, L., which may be looked for from
August onwards. The only recorded locality for this species as far
as I have been able to ascertain is the Devil’s Ditch near Newmarket,
and from galled heads kindly collected there for me by Mr J. E. Collin
I had the fly emerge from 23rd June to 9th July. The percentage was
_ very low. I had about 100 galls and from these I only bred 30 speci-
mens of cuspidata; Chalcids emerged to the number of 131, and

14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1940

Braconids 3. I have had thousands of flower-heads of C. scabiosa
through my hands during the past few years from numerous localities
in Surrey, several in Kent and the Isle of Wight, but not one of them
has yielded this gall, but in August this year (1939) I was fortunate
in discovering a few galled flower-heads near Beachy Head, Eastbourne,
Sussex.

The galls of Hurtbia jaceana, Hering, occur in the flower-heads of
Centaurea nigra, L.; on the Continent Centaurea jacea, L., is, I be-
lieve, the more usual host plant. It is of very common occurrence in
the southern half of England, it is fairly plentiful in Ireland, not
quite so plentiful in Wales, but of its distribution in northern England
and Scotland I have no definite knowledge. The gall is very hard when
mature and varies in size according to the number of larvae occupying
the flower-head. There appears to be some difference between the in-
sects occurring here and those on the Continent, but it is rather
variable, and it would be necessary to compare long series from here
and abroad before one could decide whether there were definite and
permanent differences. The galls may be found from August onwards,
the majority of the flies emerging in the following June. I have had
a few emerge in May on several occasions and also at times as late
as 21st July. The larvae are frequently heavily parasitized by Chal-
cids, one species, Hurytoma curta, Wlk., being the cause of premature
pupation of the larva. I have bred in all 560 specimens of E. jaceana
during the past eleven years and from the same galls 260 Chalcids
emerged.

Myopites blotii, Breb., causes the formation of hard galls in the
flower-heads of Pulicuria dysenterica, L. There are Continental records
of it occurring on several species of Inula, but as far as I know there
are no British records of it on Inula. It appears to be confined to
coastal districts. J have searched large areas of Fleabane in Surrey,
Kent, and Hampshire, but have failed to find any galls. It occurs
in various parts of the Isle of Wight; I have had galls from Sandown,
Shalfleet, Yarmouth and Ningwood; they may be found from August
onwards, the flies emerging from the beginning of July to the beginning
of August.

The larvae of this species are attacked by Chalcids, but I have found
the number of blotii: emerging far in excess of that of the parasites.
From galled flower-heads of Inula crithmoides, L., I bred a number
of Trypetids which were thought to be Myopites longirostris, Lw. I
sent some of the flies to Dr Hering, who very kindly compared them
with the Loew type of longirostris in the Berlin Zoological Museum;
they proved not to be this species, but Myopites exima, Séguy.

Dr Hering stated: ‘‘ The true longirostris has very narrow fasciae;
the last fasciae at the apex of the wing are much narrower than the
hyaline interspaces.’’

Séguy’s description of this species is as follows:—Near (excepting
in the wings) to Myspites longirostris, it differs in the scutellum being
widely blackened at the base, in the mesopleura with black region more
extended, in the abdomen with the black lateral bands wider, project-
ing over the tergite, etc.—Length 3 mm.

From the galled flower-heads collected in early August the flies
emerged from 18th August to 16th September accompanied by a few

GALL-CAUSING TRYPETIDAE. 15

Chalcids. On 30th June and 24th July of the following year another
series of the flies emerged from the same galls.

Several Ichneumons emerged from these flower-heads in August,
but as there were also Lepidopterous larvae in them it is probable that
these were the hosts.

Myopites longirostris, Lw. (fravenfeldi, Sch.) has been recorded as
British; its larvae inhabit similar galls formed in the receptacle of the
flowers of Inula crithmoides and Pulicuria dysenterica. It may prove
that many specimens which have been recorded as longirostris may
turn out to be exima. Séguy refers to longirostris as a Southern Kuro-
pean species.

Sphenella marginata, Fall., causes a swelling of the flower-heads of
various species of Senecio, without producing a woody gall as in the
species previously mentioned. I have found these galls on Senecio
aquaticus, Hill., S. erucifolius, L., S. jacobaea, L., and S. vulgaris, L.
The swelling is more pronounced on the last mentioned species, or
perhaps more noticeable. The galled heads may be found in July,
August, and September. My experience is that the majority of the
flies emerge in August or early September, but I have had them emerge
as late as Ist October. I do not think that there is a second brood,
although there is that possibility in a favourable season. They hiber-
nate in the adult stage.

I have found this to be a rather local species, but usually plentiful
where it does occur. J have found its galls in 14 localities in Surrey,
including Woldingham, Boxhill, Epsom Downs, Bookham and Abrook
Commons; also in the Isle of Wight.

I have bred few Chalcids from this species, but the Braconid Micro-
bracon variator, Nees., has emerged in some numbers. ;

Noeéta pupillata, Fall., causes a considerable swelling of the flower-
heads of Hieracitum spp. This again is a rather local species; I have
found it in 7 localities in Surrey, and also in some numbers at Setley
Plain and Brockenhurst in Hampshire. The life-history of this species
is rather peculiar and requires more study to work it out fully. J have
collected galls in July with larvae only in them from which the flies
have emerged later in the month; others in August, the flies emerging
in September and the following May; again in September from which
they emerged in April; from October galls the flies emerged in Novem-
ber and May; and some found in November gave the flies in May. I
have found galls in August and October containing empty puparia, and
larvae, from which the insects emerged in May. Also galls with both |
larvae and pupae in them; from those found in July the flies came out
later in the month, while from those found in August they emerged in
August, September, and the following May. It would appear that at
times eggs are deposited in flowers already containing larvae, though
why this should be when there were plenty of untenanted flowers avail-
able [ fail to understand. I certainly think this species is double-
brooded, but the rather peculiar times of its emergences as I have just
described are, to say the least, curious. I have bred very few parasites
from pupillata galls; I have had 166 flies emerge, with 6 Chalcids and
1 Braconid, Microbracon. variator.

Of the stem-galling species Huribia cardui, L., is undoubtedly the
most well known, its galls upon the stems of Cnicus arvensis, Hoftm.,

16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1940

being a comparatively common object in Surrey, and no doubt in many
other districts, although correspondents in the Midlands have told me
that they have been unable to find this gall. There is an old Continen-
tal record of it occurring on the stem of C. lanceolatus. This may be
true but I fancy unique; I have searched regularly for years in locali-
ties where the galls are plentiful and both species of Thistles grow in
close proximity, but arvensis was the only species ever found with galls
on it. I have found these galls in some twenty odd localities but it
appears that Thistles growing in moist situations are more subject to
attack than those in drier. The flies emerge in May, June, and July,
the majority in June. J have not bred a great number of these flies
and Chalcids have emerged in about equal numbers. The galls may be
found from July onwards and when mature become very hard.

Campiglossa grandinata, Rond., causes a swelling of the stem of
Solidago virga-aurea, L. I have not yet succeeded in finding it and
know of no recent records of the insect having been taken.

Oxyna parietina, L., another stem-galling species, has not as far as
I am aware been recorded of recent years; the galls are recorded as
occuring upon the stems of Artemisia absinthium, L., A. campestris,
L., and A. vulgaris, L. The fly was recorded as having been taken by
Mr H. Audcent (2) in the Bristol district, also at Brockley Combe in
June 1921, and at Berrow in August 1924. Both the latter localities
are in Somerset.

There are three species of Trypetids recorded for Britain, which
cause galls on the roots or root-stock; none of these appear to be com-
mon.

The galls of Oxyna flavipennis, Lw., are more or less round in shape,
about 12 mm. in diameter and of the consistency of a potato. They
occur upon the roots of Achillea millefolium, L. I have found a few
during the past few years in the Epsom district, and Mr H. J. Burkill
has found them at Fetcham and Limpsfield. The fly was recorded as
occurring at St Merryn in Cornwall (8) in 1904 and 1911 in considerable
numbers; also at Hallen in Gloucestershire in 1929, and Moreton in
Somerset in 1933, in June and July respectively (2). I have had no
success in breeding this insect from the few galls I have found, the
only emergence being a Chalcid in June. JI am rather puzzled about
the emergence time of this insect. Several galls I found in November,
which had every appearance of being fresh galls of the year, had emerg-
ence holes in them and empty puparia inside, which makes it look as
though the fly emerged in the autumn and hibernated as an adult.

Oxyna nebulosa, Wied., I have never found, nor do I know of any
record of its galls. These occur upon the root-stock of Chrysanthemum
leucanthemumn, L. Mr Audcent (2) records the fly as having been taken
at Wells, in Somerset.

Ditricha guttularis, Mg., is another very elusive species. The gall
occurs upon the root or stem-base of Achillea millefolium, L. I found
upon one occasion what J thought was probably a gall of this species,
but no insect emerged from it. The fly has been recorded from several
localities in Somerset and Gloucestershire from 1921 to 1929 (2).

Tephritis formosa, Lw., has been recorded as a British species, but I
know of no recent record. The larvae inhabit slightly swollen flowers
of Sonchus oleraceus, L.

NEW GENERIC NAMES FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA. Wi

Tephritis conura, Lw., is another species of which I think there are
no recent records. It causes a gall in the flower-heads of Cnicus palus-
tris and C. lanceolatus.

There are several species of gall-causing Trypetidae found on the
Continent whose larvae inhabit plants indigenous to Britain, which '
may occur here and have perhaps been overlooked.

Euribia eriolepidis, Lw., is the cause of a hard gall in the flower-
head of Cnicus ertophorus, Roth.

Euribia stigma, Lw., is recorded as galling the flower-heads of An-
themis cotula, L., A. arvensis, L., and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum,
Ee

Tephritis dilacerata, Iw., causes a slight swelling of the flower-head
of Sonchius oleraceus, L.

Tephritis ruralis, Lw., is the cause of a hard gall in the flower-head
of Hieracium pilosella, L.

It is not a difficult matter to breed Trypetids from their galls; it is
of course advisable to take the galls when the larvae are well-grown,
if possible. Stem and root-galls should not be allowed to dry out en-
tirely, but with flower-head galls it does not seem to matter how dry
and hard they get; if the latter when collected are green or wet, it is
advisable to place them in a cardboard box or a paper bag, rather than
a tin or jar, for a time at least, otherwise there is a probability that
mildew will become a nuisance.

REFERENCES.

(1) Andrews, H. W. 1938. Entomologist’s Record.
(2) Audecent, H. 1938. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc.
(3) Collin, J. E. 1915. Entomologist’s Record.

NEW GENERIC NAMES FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA.
By T. Barnsriccre Fiercner, R.N., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

The publication of Dr Neave’s Nomenclator Zoologicus has brought
into prominence the cases of several Microlepidopterous genonyms,
which are invalid as being homonyms and some of which I had already
noted for execution. New generic names are required and are now
given, as follows :—

Cartericella (Gelechiadae) for Carterica, Meyrick, Wytsm. Gen. Ins.,
fase. 184, p. 223 (1926), type phthoneropa, Meyr., nec Carterica,
Thomson, Essai Class. Cerambyc., p. 19 (1860) (Coleoptera).

Clysiana (Phaloniadae) for Clysia, Hiibner, Verz., p. 409 (1826), type
ambiguella, Hb., nec Clysia, Leach, Journ, de Phys., Ixxxv, 69
(1817) (Crustacea).

Coloptilia (Geiechiadae) for Colopteryx, Hofmann, Iris, x, 239 (1897),
type conchylidella, Hofmann, nec Colopteryx, Ridgeway, Proc.

* U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 519 (1888) (Aves).

Cophomantella (Gelechiadae) for Cophomantis, Meyrick, Wytsm. Gen.
Ins., fasc. 184, p. 242 (1926), type elaphopis, Meyr., nec Copho-
mantis, Peters, Monats. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 650
(Amphibia).

18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1940

Cymatoplicella (Gelechiadae) for Cymatoplex, Meyrick, Wytsm. Gen.
Ins., fase. 184, p. 223 (1926), type aestuosa, Meyr., nec Cymato-
plex, Turner, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxxv, pp. 561, 576 (1910)
(Lep. Geom.).

Dactylethrella (Gelechiadae) for Dactylethra, Meyrick, Bombay N.H.
Soc. Jl., xvii, 153 (1906), type candida, Stainton, nec Dactylethra,
Brandt, Prodr. Anim. Mertens, i, 45 (1835) (Kchin.).

Dolophrosynella (Schreckensteiniadae) for Dolophrosyne, Durrant,
Novit. Zool., xxvi, 120-121 (1919), type balteata, Durrant, nec
Dolophrosyne, Prout, Novit. Zool., xxv, 403 (1918) (Lep.
_Dioptidae). 3

Eupolella (Gelechiadae) for Eupolis, Meyrick, Exot. Micr., 11, 625 (1923),
type stagnota, Wlsm., nec Eupolis, Cambridge, Proc. Dorset Field
Club, xxi, 26 (1900) (Arachn.).

Glaucostolella (Tineidae) for Glaucostola, Meyrick, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.,
xxill, 344 (1926), type oxyteles, Meyr., nec Glaucostola, Hampson,
Cat. Phal., 11, 87 (1901) (Lep. Arctiadae).

Hyperdasyseila (Diplosaridue) for MHyperdasys, Walsingham, Faun.
Hawaii, i, 640 (1907), type cryptogamiellus, Wlsm., nec Hyper-
aasys, Wutier, ANON. (6), watts? pp: = Thy 74 “CE801) ep:
Noctuidae).

Leucogoniella (Gelechiadae) for Leucogonia, Meyrick, Exot. Micr., 111,
504 (1929), type subsimella, Clemens, nec Leucogonia, Hampson.
Cat. Phal., ix, 446 (1910) (Lep. Phalaenoididae).

Nastocerella (Gelechiadae) for Nastoceras, Chrétien, Oberth. Et.
Lep. comp., xix, 364, figs. (1922), type coiluellum, Chrétien, nec
Nastoceras, Fairmaire, Ann, S.E. Belg., xli, 391 (1897) (Coleop-
tera).

Nesophylacella (Tineidae) for Nesophylax, Meyrick, Exot. Micr., iii, 320
(1926), type xanthoschema, Meyr., nec Nesophylax, Murphy, Amer.
Mus. Novit., No. 124, p. 5 (1924) (Aves).

Ocnophilella (Tineidae) for Ocnophila, Meyrick, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.,
xxii, 345 (1926), type autocrypta, Meyrick, nec Ocnophila,
Brunner, in Brunner and Redtenbacher, Ins.-Fam. Phasm., pp.
303, 309 (1907) (Phasmoida).

Orthochthella (Lyonetiadae) for Orthochtha, Meyrick, Exot. Mier., iii,
399 (1928), type hermatias, Meyrick, nec Orthochtha, Karsch,
Berlin Ent. Zts., xxxvi, 177 (note) (1891) (Orthoptera: Acrid.).

Palaeomystella (Cosmopterygidae) for Palaeomystis, Meyrick, Exot.
Micr., iv, 55 (1931), type chalcopeda, Meyrick, nec Palaeomystis,
Warren, Novit. Zool., 1, 379-380 (1894) (Lep. Geometr.).

Temeluchella (EKpermeniadae) for Temelucha, Meyrick, Ann. Transv.
Mus., 11, 25 (1909), type xeropa, Meyr., nec Temelucha, Forster,
Verh. Ver. Rheinlande, xxv, 148 (1868) (Hym. Ichneumon.).

Thalamarchella (Cryptophasidae) for Thalamarchis, Meyrick, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., xxix, 4385 (1904), type alveola, Felder, nec Thala-
marchis, Meyrick, T.E.S., 1897, 80-81 (1897) (Lep. Crambidae).

tTineitella (Tineidae?) for Tineites, Kawall, Bull. Soc. Mose., li, i,
171-172 (1876), type crystalli, Kawall, fossil ‘‘ in Bergkrystall,’’
nec Tineites, Germar, in Miinster, Beitr. Petref., v, 88 (1842)
(Ephemeroptera: Note.—Sherborn (Index Anim.) has this as
cc ihep.”):

COLLECTING NOTES. 19

I note that Gaphara (?Gelechiadae), Walker, Cat., xxix, 794 (1864),
type recitatella, Wlk., was praeoccupied by Gaphara, Walker, T.E.S.
(3), i, 96 (1862) (Noctuidae); but, as Gaphara recitatella remains un-
determined, it seems premature to rename Gaphara, Wik. 1864, as this
may prove to be a mere synonym.

Several other praeoccupied genonyms do not require to be renamed,
having already been sunk as synonyms of other names, and until such
are removed from synonymy it seems unnecessary to consider neonyms
for them: our lists are already over-full of unnecessary synonyms given
to replace invalid but unwanted names.

Other invalid names, bestowed by living authors, will doubtless be
renamed by them. Dr H. G. Amsel has informed me (in litt., 17.viii.39)
that he has renamed (?has published) as Chionellidea his genonym
Chionella, Amsel 1935, nec Jeffreys 1840.

In the above new names I have deliberately chosen names near to
those replaced and usually only differing in the termination—ella in
the case of Tineina, not to save myself trouble but to avoid unnecessary
cross-references to future workers.

Whilst every author has an undoubted right to bestow any name
that he pleases, I would suggest to the consideration of future workers
that it is undesirable to employ combinations, containing well-known
names, in groups other than those to which such well-known names be-
long. Cophomantis (doubly employed in Amphibia and Lepidoptera),
Hieromantis and Cuphomantis might be expected to belong to the Man-
todea, and Callicopris, already used in Microlepidoptera, might well
have been left for Coleoptera (Coprinae). Some other such names in
Microlepidoptera are Callicerastis, Syncerastis, Antipolistes, Leuco-
phasma, Microlimax and perhaps Argyrocorys and Lepidechidna.

COLLECTING NOTES.

NotrEs rrom Hastines, 1939.—I again spent my holiday at Hastings
(August 19-Sepntember 3) and as usual, owing to my indisposition, White
Rock Gardens’ Bowls Tournament was my daily venue. The weather
was all that could be desired, bright and warm. Instead of the abund-
ance of Colias croceus of 1938, not one was seen the whole of the time;
instead, another immigrant, P. cardui, was extremely abundant visit-
ing the various patches of purple Statices. Jt was not unusual to count
over a dozen at one time on a single patch about 2 feet square. There
were perhaps a score of such patches, so it can be judged the numbers
present. Only one P. atalanta was seen, a fair number of V. wurticae
and Pierids, The other cclour varieties of Statices were very little
visited; the purple var. was the chief attraction.—A. H. Hamm, 22
Southfield Road, Oxford.

MiAaNA VERSICOLOR, BKH., IN THE INNER HeEsBRiIpES.—I have just
noticed with some interest that Dr E. A. Cockayne has exhibited a
Forest of Dean specimen of Miana versicolor at the July meeting of the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. In July
1936, as already recorded in the Proceedings of the University of Durham
Philosophical Society (Vol. x, page 314), I was fortunate enough to

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1940

capture three specimens of the form pseudolatruncula, Heyd., at rush
flowers amongst scattered pines lying along the Arish Burn just east of
Inverarish, Isle of Raasay. Mr brother, Dr G. Heslop Harrison, was
good enough to make the preparations of the genitalia required for
these determinations. Odd examples of the same species have turned
up since on Raasay, but on other islands, both in the Inner and Outer
Hebrides, I have failed to detect the insect. It should, however, be
added that even the common M. strigilis has been markedly scarcer of
recent years.—JAcK Histor Harrison, Gavarnie, Birtley, Co. Durham.

EUMENIS SEMELE, L., AND MANIOLA JURTINA ON THE ISLES OF COLL AND
Gunna, InNeR Hesripes.—During the summer of last year, to assist
the researches connected with the Flora of the Inner and Outer Hebrides
now in preparation by the Department of Botany, King’s College, Uni-
versity of Durham, I camped for some time on Coll and Gunna, the
latter an island about a mile long lying between Tiree and Coli. Eu-
menis semele abounded on sand dunes, heaths and machair in both,
but slight differences were observable in the facies of the forms. On
Coll, the insect appeared in the sharply marked, bright-looking, some-
what large guise found on Barra, Vatersay, etc., whilst on Gunna,
although the colouration was much the same as in the Coll specimens.
the insects were distinctly smaller. On both islands they were accom-
panied by crowds of Maniola jurtina belonging to the var. splendida,
B.-Wht.—Jack Hestop Harrison, Gavarnie, Birtley, Co. Durham.

New Ovter HepripEAN LOCALITIES FOR NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF. ON
THE Is~tes or Lewis, Great BeERNERA, LitTLE BERNERA, PABBAY AND
BrerNerAy.—My father, Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison, and brother
have already reported various stations for this species on a series of
islands in the Inner and Outer Hebrides. This season therefore saw me
keen to emulate their success when [I spent early July on Lewis and
Harris and several small islands adjoining them. Of those visited, Great
Bernera and Little Bernera he west of Lewis, whilst Berneray and
Pabbay may be seen on the map between Harris and North Uist. My
brother has already reported Nyssia zonaria from Toe Head and Lusken-
tyre sand dunes, Harris, and from North Uist. I captured larvae on
all the islands named above on sand dunes and machair land. On Lewis,
the insect: was very common on the dunes at Valtos and Uig as well as
in similar stations on Great Bernera, Little Bernera, Berneray and
Pabbay, these colonies being the most northerly observed up to the pre-
sent in the British Isles and in Europe. It should be noted that up to
the present the whole of the Hebridean examples captured have belonged
to the very small, peculiarly marked race named atlantica by my father.
The present is a convenient occasion for stating that the records for
this visit for the Isle of Scalpay should be deleted.—Jack Hrstop Har-
RISON, Gavarnie, Birtley, Co. Durham.

THE OCCURRENCE OF ACRONICTA EUPHORBIAE, F'AB., ON THE ISLE OF
Coti.—-Late in August, whilst working Loch-a-Mhill Aird and its neigh-
bours on Coll for that rare American plant, the Pipe Wort, Hriocaulon
septangulare, I found larvae of the present species on heather on the
moorlands not far away. This is the first record of the species from
the Mid-Ebudes, although I have collected larvae on the Islands of

COLLECTING NOTES. 21

Raasay and South Rona.—Jack Hestop Harrison, Gavarnie, Birtley,
Co. Durham.

Cotas CROCEUS IN HampsutRre, Aveust 1939.—Three gd were seen
by me at Winchester at the end of August, and twelve by Major Bridges
at Southsea, including one var. helice. Forty fertile ova obtained from
2@ brought over from France failed to reach the pupa stage despite
the glorious weather in September.—H. G. Harris.

A Frew Notes on A Metanic Form or THECLA W-ALBUM IN EssEx.—
Bradwell-on-Sea is a small village situated on a point between the
mouth of the river Blackwater and the sea, and is noted for the Anglo-
Saxon church of St Peter’s-on-the-Wall, built on the site of the Roman
fort of Athona by Bishop Cedd, about 650-60 a.p.- In the summer of
1929, after the severe winter a few months before, while walking along
the sea wall near St Peter’s Church, we saw the tragic sight of hun-
dreds of skeletons of water fowl, and other birds of many different kinds,
which the spring tide had washed up to the bottom of the sea wall.
These birds had starved to death during the severe weather, owing to
the surf freezing over so that they could not obtain any food. ‘The
family who lived in the only cottage on that lonely coast told us that
they went out several times and broke the ice for the birds, but it was
of ne use, for the water froze over again too quickly. As in the case
of other parts of the Essex coast, there is a wide stretch of mud, inter-
sected by channels of water between the shore and the sea, and here the —
birds feed.

Several years ago, in 1935, while visiting Bradwell, I saw a smal!
dark butterfly fly past me very quickly, and then another, and, having
no net with me, could not catch one to see to what species they belonged,
but a little later I saw several at rest upon thistles, etc., and they
proved to be 7. w-album, but rather smaller and much darker than the
specimens which IT have in my cabinet from Hazeleigh, Essex, bred by
the late Rev. G. H. Raynor, and also some specimens from Lincolnshire.
The next year, 1936, I did not visit the spot, but in 1937 I did so, and
saw them in abundance, some in good condition, and some rather worn.
At one sweep of the net I took five specimens, and all these were dark
in colour as in the first year. In 1938 (a very erratic season regarding
weather) they were very scarce; I only saw three or four, but these
were all dark in colour as before. Tast year, 1939, they were rather
more plentiful, but still somewhat scarce, and all were dark ones. For
four years (five years since the first one was seen) I have been watching
them, and have come to the conclusion that they are a colony of very
dark colour, almost black, instead of the usual olive brown. It is very
interesting, because it seems to illustrate the late Mr J. W. Tutt’s
theory in his ‘‘ Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera ”’
that a humid atmosphere is chiefly the cause of melanism in lepidoptera.
The position where these insects exist is a very bleak one, and fully ex-
posed to the N.E. and E. winds, and the sea hes on one side, East, and
a wide river runs inland aleng the North side. People who live there
say that they have a lot of fogs and it is very cold in winter, yet these
‘little butterflies may have existed there for a very long time for them
to have established such a change in colour. I have never yet seen a

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1940

specimen of the olive brown colour there. All are dark, almost black,
with the usual markings, but rather smaller in size.—(Miss) M. E.
MiER, ‘“‘ The Croft,’’ Rainsford Lane, Chelmsford.

Notes ON THE EcCLOSION OF AGROTIS RIPAE FROM THE Pupa-CasE.—
The following remarks on A. ripae may tend to confirm Mr Allan’s sug-
gestion of the use of the bottle-neck in the cocoon of Saturnia pavonia
in splitting the pupa-case, if anyone thinks confirmation is necessary.
Early in May I have been unable to suppress my curiosity to see how
my larvae of A. ripae have fared, and so removed the sand, placing the
pupae on the surface. A large number of the moths were cripples.
Sometimes I would see a moth, which had managed to shake the pupa-
case off its legs and body, but could not remove the parts adhering to
its wings and thorax, when I would try to assist it with a pin or for-
ceps but always with fatal results. One day a bright idea occurred to
me, whereupon I lightly grasped a ripae in this predicament, between
finger and thumb, and hastily placed it in a hole in the sand about three
inches deep, covered it over and pressed down the sand. In about two
minutes the moth emerged free of its pupa-case and finally developed
its wings. At one time I used to give the larvae about four or five
inches of sand, when the majority came to the surface in the Spring,
shrivelled up and died. Now they are given ten inches and left undis-
turbed. In Tutt’s ‘ Practical Hints,’’ Vol, II, p. 68, it says: —‘‘ Never
remove A. ridens from its cocoon.’’ Perhaps someone could say why.
Does the pupa require assistance to help eclosion? I have removed P.
flavicornis from its cocoon and obtained a perfect imago after two
winters.—C, Q. Parsons (Capt.), Seaway Lane, Torquay.

New ReEcorps oF Oponata.—Miss Longfield, in her book, ‘‘ The
Dragonflies of the British Isles,’’ notes three species, Aeshna juncea,
Sympetrum danae, and Enallagma cyathigerum, as occurring in Caith-
ness. The second of these has been very common here during the last
two years, but I have no definite records of the others, though I have
seen some very large dragonflies and also small blue ones. T have caught
two other species, Libellula quadrimaculata and Pyrrhosoma nymphula.
The former, of which I caught a specimen on 12th June 1938, occurs
occasionally on Keiss Moors. P. nymphula, on the other hand, occurs
in abundance every year. In April 1939 I found larvae, probably of
this species, in considerable numbers in pools on the moors.—SINcLAIR
Swanson, Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness.

PaIRING OF ODYNERUS PARIETUM.—On 9th June of last year I found
several cells of this Mason Wasp and, on opening these, I found fully
developed imagines inside. The following day I placed two 99 and a
3S on a window-pane. The ¢ ran around eagerly and, on finding one
of the 2 9, paired with it. The pairing lasted less than two minutes and
about a minute afterwards the g paired with the second 9. This pair-
ing lasted a similar period. Unfortunately, I had no more @ 9 avail-
able, or I would have continued the experiment.—SincLaIR SwANson,
Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness.

SIREX GIGAS IN CaITHNESS.—The county of Ross has heen considered
as the Northern limit of this Wood Wasp, but there are several records

CURRENT NOTES. 23

of its occurrence in Caithness. My mother caught one inside our house
on 25th July 1938, and the year before two others were caught at Keiss.
There are also a good number of records of its capture in other parts
of the county.—Srinciatr Swanson, Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness,

CURRENT NOTES.

Earty Nores WaNtED.—It would be interesting if readers will report
on emergences of common beasties after the severe weather we have had
this winter. In Cheam, for instance, I understand that 25 degrees of
frost were recorded, the lowest ever known in this district. Not only
the date after the break-up of the frost but the effect on the abundance
or scarcity of many species is interesting to know. One correspondent
writes wondering how the bad weather will affect things lke w-album.
What will tree-trunk search give us in these early weeks after the thaw ?
Emergences will doubtless be sudden and of brief duration and not
spread over weeks as it often does in ordinary years with normal varia-
tion in temperature.

The second volume of the Proceedings of the VIIth Congress for
Entomology held in Berlin in 1938 has just come to hand. Some months
ago the first volume was referred to in this magazine and one or two
papers therein were noticed. This volume consisted of 617 pp., 29 plts.,
and 163 text figures. The present volume consists of 807 pp., 133 plts.,
and 190 text figures. Some of the plates are coloured. But these
volumes do not complete the record of the Congress for there are three
further volumes to be issued, one of which is, we understand, already
in type. This is really colossal. In the first volume 50 papers presented
to the Congress were printed and in the second volume 70 papers were
printed. Systematics had 37 papers; Nomenclature and Bibliography
had 13 papers; Morphology, Physiology and Embryology had 35 papers;
Genetics had 2 papers; Oecology had 30 papers; and 3 additional papers
on Systematics. Probably some of our readers may briefly summarize
papers in which they may be interested. It will be remembered that
Dr Burr has already dealt shortly with one or two of those papers relat-
ing to Orthoptera in the first volume.

While listening to the Address at the Annual Meeting of the South
London Entomological Society given by its retiring President in Janu-
ary, we were impressed by the very strong evidence that there was still
a deal of study and observation to be carried on, even when dealing with
the well-worked Order, the Lepidoptera. Dr Williams’ subject was
‘The Genus Gonepteryx,’’ simple enough subject it was thought, but
it was soon shown that it was not so, and that our knowledge of it was
very superficial. Having made a large number of figures illustrating
the principal species and forms, of which he had listed some 80, the
President dealt with each in turn, and emphasised the difficulty of cor-
rect identification. His remarks on the nomenclature were very caustic
and he strongly doubted the evidence, if any, of second and third broods
in the genus. There was a considerable exhibit of specimens from the
collections of himself and his friends.

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1940

A point of nomenclature mentioned in the Annual Address to the
South London: Entomological Society was the application of the words
secunda, tertia, etc., as varietal names to 2nd and 3rd broods, etc.
The President would have all such to be invalid. It seems that to apply
names in such cases only increases the burden for the memory. It would
be much more suitable and informative to put an indication such as
‘‘ gen. I,’ ‘“ gen. II,’’ etc., rather than an aberrational name or even
a numerical name. We already use ‘“‘ aest. gen.,’”’ etc., although fre-
quently add an aberrational name; in such case, only a duplication and
quite unnecessary.

The chair of the Royal Entomological Society will be held for the
next two years by Dr K. G. Blair. A good choice for the Society and
we congratulate both the President and the Society.

The South London Entomological and Nat. Hist. Society has chosen
our colleague on the Ent. Record panel, Dr E. A. Cockayne, D.M.,
F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P., as its President for the ensuing year. Here again
we offer our hearty congratulations to both the Society and the new
President.

The Royal Entomological Society has issued Part 6 of ‘‘ Generic
Names of British Insects ’’ prepared by the Committee on Nomencla-
ture. ‘* The Generic Names of British Carabidae with a check list of
the British species.” There is an interesting note on the List from Mr .
H. E. Andrewes, F.R.E.S., the well-known specialist on this family.

The Society for British Entomology continues the regularity of its
issues. Part 1 of Vol. IJ of the Journal appeared in November and
consisted of 44 pp. with 4 plates. It contains 27 separate notes in all
Orders and includes a short but very interesting obituary of the late
Gom. J. J. Walker, by Dr Hobby. Parts 5, 6 and 7 of Vol. VI of the
Transactions were issued at the same time. Part 5: ‘‘ Insects associ-
ated with cultivated forms of Rubus,’ by G. H. L. Dicker, of E. Mal-
ling. Part 6: ‘‘ The occurrence of Spermatophores and their measure-
ments in some British Lepidoptera,’ by J. L. Williams. Part 7: “ An
Keological Survey of Water-bugs of the British Isles,’ by Rev. E. J.
Pearce and G. A. Walton.

The Entomological Society of Ontario has recently published the
“‘ General Index to the 38 (1900-37) Annual Reports of the Society,’’
prepared by C. E. Petch, of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory.
This was a big, but necessary, task. ©

We have received a sample copy of a new series of low-priced pamph-
lets entitled ‘‘ Simple Science in Simple Language,’’ published by the
Oxford University Press, ‘‘ The Plague of Locusts,’’ by Malcolm Burr,
D.Se., F.R.E.S. It consists of 52 pp. with a considerable number of
small illustrations. The name of the author is sufficient to guarantee
that the matter is correct and to the point. The price is eightpence.

‘

THD BRITISH NOCTUAK AND THEIR VARIETIES,——y Ca aN

ie) 92.0 ce” mot canrarag
The’ Names and Forms to be considered: — {= MAR 7 1940 KS
munda, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 76. NSIT
munda, Esp. (1781?), Abbild.. III, 264, plt. 52, 5-6. Bo , €05.

tes Fab., Mant., II, 147 (1787).

gemina, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 705 (gem.), 603 (munda).

lota, Hb. (1802), Samml. Noct., 166 (in error for munda).

ab. geminatus (1803), Lep. Brit., 121.

ab. bimaculatus (1803), l.c.

lota, Dup. (1826), Hist. Nat. (error copied from Hb.), VI, 11, plt. 30,
3 (munda).

ab. immaculata, Stdgr. (1871), Cat., IL ed., 114.

ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 135.

ab. grisea, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. striata, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. immaculata-pallida, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. bimaculatus-pallida, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. geminatus-pallida, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. wmmaculata-grisea, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. bimaculatus-grisea, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. geminatus-grisea, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. immaculata-rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. bimaculatus-rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. geminatus-rufa, Tutt (1892), lc.

ab. vittata, Splr. (1908), Schm. Eur., I, 241.

f. or ssp. picata, Bng.-H. (1922), Iris., XXVI, 156.

ab. kammeli, Rbl. (1922), Verh. z. b. Ver. Wien., LXXIT (96).

ab. obscura, Lenz. (1927), Ostheld. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 382.

ab. fasciata, Lenz. (1927), l.c.

ab. obsolescens, Lenz. (1927), l.c

Tutt dealt with (1) Esper’s figure as the type, (2) the bimaculatus of
Haw. with two dots and indistinct transverse lines, (3) geminatus, Haw.
with 2 or more twin dots with distinct transverse lines, (4) immaculata,
Stdgr., (5) ab. pallida, (6) ab. grisea, (7) ab. rufa, (8) (9) (10)-(11) (12) (13)-
(14) (15) (16) combinations of above, (17) ab. striata.

ab. vittata, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 241.

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Very rarely are the marginal spots developed into
wedges.”’

ab. kammeli, Rebel., Verh. z.-b.-Ver. Wien, LX XII (96) (1922).

Oric. Descriv.—‘‘The ground of the forewing is strongly suffused with
blackish-brown, the markings, viz., the orbicular and reniform defined by
ochre-yellow, the two black spots in the marginal area very strong, the
transverse lines obsolescent, the central shading quite distinct, but the
fringes strongly powdered grey, with much sharper defined clear basal
line. The hindwing blackish-grey, much darker than in the normal form,
but the middle portion of the fringe dark grey. The hairs of the head
thorax as well as the abdumen are dark grey. The underside of all the

wings deep black with light brownish fringes.’’ Near Innsbruck.

(210) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. _ 15/ IT / 1940

This stands near to grisea, Tutt, but differs in the blackish general
coloration. Tutt does not mention the emphasised dark colour of the
body and of the underside.

ab. obscura, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 332 (1927).
Orig. Descrip.—‘’ Dark grey.’’ Subsp.?

ab. fasciata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 317 (1927).
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ With the middle band and also the renitorm stig-
ma filled in dark.’’

ab. obsolescens, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 317 (1927).

Oric. Descriv.—‘‘ All the markings more or less suppressed in the
ground colour.’’

Taeniocampa, Gn. (183897) (1852). Most authors [Orthosia, Hb.
(1821), Tr., Steph.: Monima, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., Warr., Meyr.]
instabilis, Fab. (1794) = incerta, Hufn. (1766).

Tutt correctly said that Hufnagel “‘ really gives no description of
this variable species ”’ in the Berlin. Mag., III, 298 and 424 (1766), but
quotes Hufnagel’s name incerta in brackets after Fabricius’ name in-
stabilis, which he used with its accompanying description (1794).

However, Rottemburg, in Naturf., IX, 119 (1766), in his revision of
Hufnagel, simply refers to Rosel., Ins.-belust., I, 2nd Class, plt. 53
(1746-), which is a figure of incerta = imstabilis undoubtedly. Thus we
have incerta, Hufn. (1766), the prior name, in place of instabilis, Schiff.
1775, Fab. (1794).

Tutt, Brit. Noct., 11, 186 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 72 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. ts. V, ‘209, plis, 21", 212 (i) (1899) :" Hamps.,\ Len: rhal oN,
495, fig. 114 (1905): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 240, plt. 45, f. 8 ab. (1906):
South, M.B.1., I, 330, plt. 157, 1-6 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI,
91, plt. 22 hi. (1910): Culot, N. biGe, L (2). Oo. pie. 50, ¥. 8-11 (1914) :
Meyr., Rev. Hand., 143 (1998).

Benst. & Kner., Pap. d’Bur.; Vil, p. 14,°1. 414° C780), save five
figures, all good and showing different forms. 414k is perhaps the most
striking; the basal half of the forewing grey with darker grey markings
followed by a reddish brown band between the stigmata and completely
enclosing the reniform followed by a somewhat darker grey area in which
markings are more apparent. The hindwing has an extremely well-
defined dark clay-coloured broad marginal band. The text admits the
strong peculiarity suggesting a true species, but that the form occurs
in both sexes near Frankfort.

Esper, Abbild., IV, 474, plt. 147, 4 (1788?), gave a figure, which he .
labelled trigutta, but whicl in the text he called instabilis. On plate,
l.e., 151, fig. 2, he called contacta with two white Jines joining the ends
of the two stigmata, and fig. 3 he labelled instabilis: both are instabilis ;
but all three are very poor representations.

‘

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (211)

Bork., Naturg., IV, 591 (1792), said that Esper’s trigutta, turbida
and contacta were instabdilis and that he was unable to. identify the
figure, Bombyx donasa, in Esper, Vol. IIT, plt. 52, fig. 7, as other than
a variety of instabilis.

Haw., Lep. Brit., 120-122 (1803), gave descriptions of four forms as
distinct species. The reddish tinted nebulosus with dark central band;
the less red form with obsolescent band, subsetaceus, the dark reddish
black, angusta; and the blackish hepatic brown form with markings
obsolescent, fuscatus.

Hb., Saml. Nect., fig. 165 (1803), at first glance may be taken for a
festiva form on account of the very light basal shade.

Treit., Schm., V (2), 204 (1825), noted that Esper in his text said
trigutta was instabilis, as also was cont(r)acta. (See Esper, IV (2), 474
and 496 respectively.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 130, plt. 81, f. 3 (1826), gave a good figure of a
dark grey form.

Steph., //l., II, 140 (1829), gave a somewhat lengthy account of the
variation, but only made a slight reference to any red coloration.

Werneburg, Beitr., IT, 30 (1864), commented at length on the identi-
fication of Esper’s donasa, Vol. III, Bombyces, p. 264, plt. 52, f. 7 (1785).
He said that both Treit. and H.-S. cited donasu to populeti, but that
that was inadmissible for (1) the presence of a row of distinct black
spots on the forewing hind-margin, not present in populeti. (2) On the
underside of the hindwing there is a row of marginal black dots, not
seen in populeti. (3) The comparison made in the description to munda
does not point to populeti but wholly to instabilis. (4) Finally, the figure
414 in Pap. d’Eur. Ernst. & Engr. have figured the same species as that
of Esper, plt. 52, f. 7, and is instabilis. But Treit. cites fig. 414 of
Ernst. & Engr. to gracilis, which comparison does not lean to populetti.
The figure itself is rough and bad, but the description of this insect,
‘‘ ashy-grey with reddish suffusion with obsolescent red-brown marking
on the forewing, and with a row of black dots,’”’ points rather to instabilis
than to populeti.

Frr., Neu. Beitr., IV, p. 42, plt. 315 (1842), gave a moderately good
figure. He said that Esper gave three figures of this species, named
trigutta, cont(r)acta, and instabilis respectively, but not one was good
and recognisable. He refers to the extreme variability from the palest
ashy-grey to dark red-brown.

IT note that Frr. spells the name cont(r)acta, whereas Esper labelled
his figure contacta on the plate; the text was not published until long
after the plate. Werneburg spells it contacta, but Hampson copied it
as contracta. Treit. has contracta.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V, 352 (1852), described a N. American Noctuid
under the name alia, which he said was very near instabilis from which
it was distinguished by its unicclorous palpi, the reddish border of the
lower wings, the absence of the central shade and the more reddish tinge
of all the wings. Recent authors have treated it as a good species.
Holland, Moth Book, plt. 25, f. 3, under Graphiphora gave a figure cer-
tainly not instabilis, Hampson also gave a figure, Lep. Phal., V, plt. 90,
f. 29, very poor, not good enough to identify with anything.

Gn., /.c., 355, described a figure of Abbot under the name hibisci, and
_ placed it in the same genus, but it has been considered by more recent

(212) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1940

authors as the same species as alia. Gn. said that it was very near
stabilis.

Newman, Brit. Moths, 358 (1868), gave five b. and w. figures, well
illustrating the extent of the variation from light to dark.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 427, f. 114 (1905), gave the strongly suffused
rufous form with the ill-defined central band as the typical.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 240, plt. 45, 8a, 8b (1906), gave two figures, 8a
being that of the form fuscata of a deep tolerably glossy dark brown,
more or less unicolorous with a pale outer line.

South, M.B.I., I, 330, plt. 157, 1-6 (1907), summarised the variation
thus: ‘‘ The general colour of the forewings ranges from pale greyish
brown, through various shades of greyish brown, or purplish brown; the
darker greys range through slatey grey to purplish black.’’ His figures
were poorly coloured, no grey form among them. His dark red-brown
is without the central shade nor has it the conspicuous pale base of the
forewings of Hiibner’s typical (?) figure.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 91, plt. 22 hi (1910), gave ten good figures
including figures of two newly described forms, subcarnea and olivacea,
o and Q, and treated trigutta, Esp., and nebulosus, Haw., as synomyns
of incerta.

Culot, V. ct G., II (1), 65, plt. 50, figs. 8-11 (1914), gave four excellent
figures, but on account of the unstable variation would not identify them
with any named form. Two, 8 and 9, were grey specimens, the one
without and the other with the narrow dark central band and
shading, the other two, 9 and 10, were red-brown forms, the last the
darker of more uniform tint and might be called fuscatus.

Barrett describes the Variation in this species as :—

‘‘So great and so constant that even the choice of its names or
synonyms has been governed thereby! With us the very dark forms
are by far the most abundant. They range from brown-black or grey-
black, with or without a slaty or bluish flush through various shades of
purple-brown and red-brown to deep liver colour; some almost unicolor-
ous, in other cases having the central shade distinct and the markings
tolerably definite; also every intermediate stage. These are nearly
always glossy. The paler and usually scarcer forms are more divergent,
but seldom glossy; grey-brown, grey-drab, reddish drab, pale drab, pale
slate, even pale liver colour; sometimes as before almost unicolorous,
often with a dark and conspicuous angulated central shade, often also
with pretty dark streaks or spots at the back of the subterminal line,

r with dark dots or streaks or lines on the nervures, or the first and
second lines prettily dotted out or more distinctly shown in red-brown
lines, or a leaden black spot occupies the basal half of the reniform
stigma, indeed, all these characters are intermingled in every possible
Wives

He reports: ‘‘ One specimen from S. London is yellow-brown clouded
with red, all the nervures broadly dotted with black; a red-brown cloud
along the costa and a smoky black one along the dorsal margin.”’

Also ‘‘ A series of specimens from Oxford of a lovely grey colour with

a delicate hoary bloom. Some of the most striking forms are from Scot-
land.’’

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (213)

(1). ‘‘ From Hawick of a peculiarly pale smoky-purplish-brown with
the transverse lines conspicuously darker.”’

(2) From Dumbarton, “‘ Of a singular dark liver-brown.”’

(3) From Sutherland, ‘‘ Of a curious light red or pale purplish-red,
with the stigmata dark, and a conspicuous pale yellow blotch before the
orbicular.’’

(4) Another, ‘‘ Neat pale grey with the transverse lines most dis-
tinctly dark grey and much toothed, the central shade being slender and
reddish.’’

(5) Others, ‘‘ Pale yellow-brown or buff, mottled with dark grey
atoms, the transverse lines broad and mixed up with the mottling.”

(6) Others, ‘‘ Pale reddish ochreous the colour of T. munda.”’

(7) Others, ‘‘ Putty coloured with a dusting of grey.”’

(8) From Rannoch, ‘‘ One of a deep, dark, dull mouse colour.’’

(9) An example from the same district, ‘‘ Is pale greyish-buff with
the first line and central shade both conspicuously deep purple-brown,
with similar blotches along the subterminal line.”

(10) Another from Forres, ‘‘ Is of a unicolorous pale drab with the
angulated central shade intensified into a bent, thick dark purple-brown
hare.

(11) One, ‘‘In which this bar is rich purple-red, almost crimson,
another in which it is even more conspicuously black, and a third in
which it is deep chocolate on a rich brown ground colour.’’

(12) Another, ‘‘ Of a very pale yellow-brown with the markings
hardly darker.’’

(13) One, ‘‘ Pale yellow-grey with the nervures and markings dark
erey and the subterminal line yellow.’’

(14) And another, ‘‘ Pale yellow-brown with the hindwings quite
white.’’

In all these almost endless modifications the peculiar broken form of
the subterminal line is visible. and, but for it, there would sometimes
be great difficulty in determining the species.’’

The Forms and Names to be considered are :—

incerta, Hufn. (1766), Berl. Mag., III, 298, 424.

instabilis, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 76.

imstabilis, Fb. (1787), Mant., IT, 146.

trigutta, Esp. (1788+), Abbild., IV (2), 474, plt. 147, 4, called instabilis
in text (1792-).

f. contacta, Esp., l.c., p. 496, plt. 151, 2 (quoted in error as contracta).

instabilis, Esp., l.c.

instabilis, Fb. (1794), Ent. Sys. auct., III (2), 44.

var. instabilis, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 165.

r. nebulosus, Haw. (1803), Hen. Brit., 120.

£. subsetaceus, Haw., |.c.,=Gn. var. C., Hist. Nat. Noct., I=V, 352
(1852). .

f. angustus, Haw., l.c., 122.

ab. fuscatus, Haw., l.c.

ab. pallida, Lampa. (1858), Ent. Tidskr., 72.

ssp. evanida, Btlr. (1879), A.M.N.H., 5 (IV), 362.

ssp. pallida, Stdgr. (1888), Stett. e. Ztg., 32.

ab, caerulescens, Tutt (1892), Br. Noct., II, 189 = Gn. var. B., Lc.

(214) ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 15/11/1940

ab. rufo-grisea, Tutt, l.e., p. 140.

ab. unicolor-brunnea, Tutt, l.c.

ab. virgata-brunnea, Tutt, l.c.

ab. atra; Tutt, t.c., 142.

ab. rufa, Tutt, l.c.

ab. grisea-fuscata, Tutt, l.c.

ssp. pallidior, Stdgr. (1901), Cat., 1ITed., 201, to replace pallida, Stdgr.
(1888).

r. hibisci, Hamp. (1905), Zep. Phal., V, 431 = alia, Gn., an American sp.

ab. subcarnea, Warr. (Stz.) (1910), Pal. Noct., ITI, 91.

ab. olivacea, Warr. (Stz.) (1910), Pal. Noct., III, 92.

ab. picata, Bng. Hs. (1912), Iris, X XVI, 156.

ab. fasciata, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 315.

ab. melaleuca, Lenz., l.c.

ab. obscura, Lenz., l.c.

Tutt dealt with (1) instabilis, Fab., pale whitish grey with central
band. (2) instabilis, Hb., dark shiny red-brown, with central band still
darker. (3) instabilis, Esp., unicolorous dark red-brown. (4) ab. pallida,
Lampa., pale whitish grey, without the band. (5) caerulescens, Tutt,
pale slaty-grey, with central band. (6) nebulosus, Haw., dark slaty-grey
with reddish tint and central band. (7) subsetaceous, Haw., ditto,
almost unicolorous. (8) trigutia, Esp., pale brownish or reddish-grey,
with central band. (9) rufo-grisea, Tutt, ditto, unicolorous. (10) virgata-
brunnea, Tutt, dark brown-grey with central band. (11) wnicolor-brun-
nea, Tutt, ditto, without band. (12) contacta, Esp., (contracta in error),
dull red-brown. (13) angustus, Haw., reddish-black, unicolorous. (14)
fuscatus, Haw., shiny black, unicolorous. (15) atra, Tutt, dull sooty
black, unicolorous. (16) rufa, Tutt, bright red, unicolorous. (17) grisea-
fuscatus, Tutt, the black colour dusted with grey. (18) incerta, Hufn.,
referred to as the priority name.

incerta, Hufn., Berl. Mag., ITT, 298 (1766) and 424.

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Either yellow-red, or ashy-grey, or red-brown with
a dark white encircled reniform stigma.’’

‘* Very variable in its marking.’’ The chameleon.

Schiff., Verz., 76, Noct. L (1775). The almond tree Noctua. (Man-
delbaume Eule).

Illiger, New. Ausg. Verz., I, 229 (1801), referred 5 of Esper’s figures
to this species, viz., instabilis, plt. 151, f. 3; trigutta, plt. 147, f. 4;
contacta, plt. 151, f. 2; turbida, plt. 151, 1; and donasa, Bomb., plt. 52,
f. 7. He remarks that he has taken these determinations from Bork-
hausen, but as the figures in Esper are so bad, he is quite uncertain as
to the correctness of them.

race evanida, Btlr., A.M.N.H., (5) IV, 362 (1879).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Sordid whitey brown; primaries crossed near the
middle by two parallel straight dusky lines, terminating in the cell on
each side of the orbicular spot; the latter is large and oblique, and
touches the reniform spot, which is also large; the area enclosed between
these spots is greyish brown, and the spots themselves are indicated by
a dark brown outline; an indistinct zigzag discal line, beyond which

‘

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (215)

the ground colour is paler, a dark brown line edged with whitish, straight
almost to the costa, and then slightly irregular, limiting the external
area; a marginal series of black dots; secondaries with the disco-cellular
spot and an oblique anal streak dusky; an incomplete series of blackish
marginal dots; abdomen tinted with gravel yellow. Wings below whitish
sericeous, irrorated with grey; primaries suffused with grey; secondaries
with a black disco-cellular spot; body below testaceous.’’ Japan.
[Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 428 (1905). ‘‘ Like pallidior but larger, the
subterminal line strongly defined by rutous.’’]

ab. pallida, Stdgr. (nec Lampa.), Stett. e. Zeit., 32 (1888).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The Central Asiatic specimens of incerta are
almost throughout so strikingly paler, that they are worth naming. The
forewings are light grey, without all reddish or brown mixing; the darker
markings are mostly more feeble than in the typical European form.
The hindwings are also far lighter white-grey.’’

The pale specimens probably belong to the low (steppe) region.

This is pallidior. pallida is of Lampa.

ab. pallida, Stgr., Stett. e. Z., 1888, 32 = pallidior (corrected).

‘“‘The forewings are light grey, without any reddish or brown suf-
fusion; the darker markings for the most part appear more faint than
in the Kuropean type form. The hindwings are also much lighter white
grey.”

‘“Much paler, forewings albido-cinereis, hindwings albicantibus ”’
(Stgr., Cat., Ed. 3, 1901, p. 201).

This name he gave apparently in ignorance of Lampa’s pallida (1885).
Subsequently in his Cat., IlTed., p. 201 (1901), he redescribed and differ-
entiated it under the name pallidior.

ab. pallidior, Stdgr., Cat., I1fed., 201 (1901).

Oric. Descrrp.—‘‘ Multo pallidior, al. ant. albido-cinereis, al. post.
albicantibus.’’

ab. subcarnea, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. G.-S. Noct., III, 91, plt. 21i.

Oric. DEescrir.—‘‘ Greyish flesh colour with median and presubmar-
ginal shades deep brown, the hindwings dull white with submarginal
band and cell-spot dark.”’

ab. olivacea, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. G.-S. Noct., IIT, 92, plt. 221.

Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Has the forewing ashy-grey with a strong olive
flush; the median shade and the clouds before submarginal line also
deeper olive; of two jd one is much more varied with olive fuscous and
with the lines better marked than the other; the 2 is wholly dark olive
fuscous, with the edges of the stigmata and the submarginal line paler;
in all three the reniform stigma is broader and less oblique than in
typical incerta; the hindwing varies from pale to dark grey with an
olive tinge, with dark cell-spot and whitish fringe. Hautes Pyrenees.”’

f. picata, Bng.-Hs., Iris, XX VI, 156 (1912).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ A number of specimens from the Karagai-tau
diverged from the var. pallidior, Stdgr., so that they could not be placed
-under it; they are somewhat more pointed winged, not so yellowish-
grey, but tolerably unicolorous pale brownish, very slightly variegated

(216) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/11/1940

and particularly the hindwings are clearer (somewhat as in var. pallidior)
than in European examples.’’

ab. fasciata, Lenz., Osth. Schin. Sudbay., Il (2), 315 (1927).
Fig.—l.c., plt. 16, 10.
Orig. Descrirp.—‘: With dark central band.’’

ab. melaleuca, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., Il (2), 315 (1927).

Fig.—l.c., plt. 16, 11.

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Unicolorous brown-black with stigmata surrounded
with a pale line and another paler before the margin.”’

ab. obscura, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., IL (2), 315 (1927).
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Unicolorous brown, not brown-black like atra.”’

Taeniocampa, Gu. (1839?) (1852), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot,
etc. [Monima, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., Warr., Meyr.] opima, Hb.
(1808-9).

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 142 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 73 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. I.,.V, 208, plt. 210, f. 2 (1899): Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 42
(1905): Splr., Schm. Hur., 1, 241, plt. 455-4: 9 (1906): South, MBI
331, plt. 157, f. 9-10 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 92, plt. 22k
(1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 66, plt. 50, f. 12 (1918): Meyr., Rev.
Handb., 143 (1928).

Ernst. & Engram, Pap. d@ Hur., VII, 15, fig. 414 g and h (1790), gave
two figures quite passable, an upper and an underside: teste Wern.,
Beitr., II, 115 (1864).

Hiib., Saminl. Noct., 424 (1808-9), gave a figure labelled optima which
is really a bad representation. f. 676-7 (1818-22), labelled firma, is much
better, but by no means good. It is recognisable as such. Gn. said
neither were good (Hist. Nat., V (1), 358).

H.-S., Bearb., II, 205 (1849), said that the shape of Hb. 426 was
wrong Albhough eats and marking were moderately z0ed fig. 676,
he said, was too pointed in forewings.

Gn., Hist. Nat., V, 353 (1852), said firma, Hb., had been placed with
Monnens but ye he considered it better here.

Newman, Brit. Moths, 359 (1868), gave 2 good b. and w. figures, the
lighter and the darker forms.

Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 328 (1905), described 2 forms which later
Strand named griseor and rufo-fusca.

Splr., Schm. Eur., 1, 241, plt. 45, 9 (1906), gave a very fair figure
of an intermediate form.

South, Moth. Br. I., I, 331, plt. 157, £. 9-10 (1907), gave two good
figures, the more typical grey form and the fine form brunnea, Tutt.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 92, plt. 22k (1910), gave two figures of
the pale grey form spoiled by the general ochreous brown of the plate.
Firma and mediolugens were treated as synonyms.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 66, plt. 50, f. 12 (1914), gave an Soe figure
of the grey, str eae panded form.

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Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam.

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IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines.

‘Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if
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| Tages, Malvae, Sylvestris, Venata, Vinula,* Bucephala,* Similis,* Perla,

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3 A NEW IRISH PLUME-MOTH (LEP., ALUCIT.), T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N..
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_ LE MONT DORE AND MONTAGNE DE LURE, H. G. Harris, M.D, (Plate) ...... 29
» THE REPUTED APTEROUSNESS OF BIORRHIZA PALLIDA, OLIV. (CYNIPI-
a Ree nord Sree ee MCA SHE Er de aaah We Ie Lae tek asad Land YAG acne e ebsed sha nencie wee dope 5 31
_ APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS, F. INGENUA, FREYER, AT SANDWICH, KENT,
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im Richmond Park, HY. J. De cece ete leer nett tenes rete eee 33

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A NEW IRISH PLUME-MOTH. 25
A NEW IRISH PLUME-MOTH (LEP., ALUCIT.),
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WITH A NOTE ON ITS GENITALIA,
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of Com
eum Pa
> Zoology

<
APR 9 1940
LiBRAR*

ae)

oD
e

(3, 82.0

STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, n. sp.

¢. 19mm. Head greyish irrorated with white which forms a stripe
above eye to apex of moderate frontal cone.

Antenna dark fuscous, lined anteriorly with white on first few seg-
ments,

Labial Paipus about 1, pale ferruginous ; second segment triangularly
dilated with rough scales which are white on its upper margin; third
segment short, also white above.

Collar grey-ferruginous.

Thorax pale grey irrorated with white, posteriorly paler and edged
with pale ferruginous; underside pale ferruginous.

Abdomen pale ferruginous, with a white lateral stripe, broader basally
and extending to apex of fourth segment, tips of segments 4-7 with
small blackish dorso-lateral and sublateral patches and some white scales
tending to edge these segments; underside from base to 3/5ths with an
ill-defined white stripe, only evident on tips of posterior segments.

Foreleg: trochanter pale ferruginous; femur dark fuscous lined ex-
teriorly with white; tibia dark fuscous, exteriorly white, slightly dilated
towards apex; tarsus dark fuscous, first segment rather longer than seg-
ments 2-5 together, white exteriorly, segments 2-3 whitish exteriorly.

Midleg: tibia ferruginous-fuscous, lined white, apex slightly dilated
and emitting two short blunt subequal black-tipped spurs; tarsus, first
segment as long as segments 2-5 together, dark fuscous, lined white ex-
teriorly, sezements 2-5 fuscous, 2-4 whitish exteriorly.

Hindleg: femur short, pale dull ferruginous; tibia dull fuscous,
proximal spurs at slightly beyond 2/8rds, outer spur 4/5ths of inner, spurs
blunt-tipped, white with a few black scales and blackish tips, distal
spurs from apex, outer spur slightly longer than inner, both whitish
with blunt blackish tips; tarsus, first segment about 2/5ths of whole tar-
sus, pale fuscous, darker beneath, second segment 3/4ths of first, greyish,
whitish above, blackish apically, third and fourth segments white, black
apically, fifth segment blackish.

Forewing cleft from 3/4ths, costa fairly straight to middle of first seg-
ment, thence downcurved to apex, which is slightly produced, subfalcate ;
first segment rather narrow, its termen strongly oblique and slightly
concave, lower angle not strong, its lower margin (within cleft) faintly
concave ; second segment rather narrow, its upper margin (within cleft)
straight, its upper angle acute, its termen oblique (but less so than
that of first segment), tornus evident but not well marked, situated below
a point slightly beyond half of upper margin of second segment, dorsum
fairly straight to below base of second segment, thence slightly down-
curved; pale fuscous with a slight pale-ferruginous tint, irrorated with

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT /1940

whitish (especially on basal fourth) and a few blackish scales; costal
area to 3/5ths more thickly irrorated with black scales, followed beneath
(above upper edge of cell) by a line of white scales, dorsal area‘very pale
dull ferruginous, a slight discal dot formed of scattered black scales at
one-third, a lorge but ill-defined black fissural dot with scattered black
scales on its inner (baseward) edge, a few scattered black scales tending
to form a patch on fold at cne-fourth; first segment with an elongate
black streak along its central third and nearer to its lower margin than
to costa, this streak preceded and followed by scattered whitish scales,
these scales on apical third of segment tending to form an oblique white
bar across the end of the black streak; second segment, slightly before
half of segment, with scattered black scales tending to form two elon-
gate streaks below one another, preceded and followed by scattered
whitish scales tending to form elongate streaks below base of cleft, be-
fore tip of segment and obliquely across segment on outer edge of black
scale-patches; cilia on costa pale fuscous, at apex dull fuscous-ferru-
ginous with a very slight darker tuft of one or two scales, on termen
of first segment white with a very slight (two scales) darker tuft at
base just before lower angle, within cleft whitish with a few brownish
hair-scales towards exterior ends of cleft, on tip of second segment with
a small (three or four scales) black-tipped scale-tuft and another similar
tuft just below this, on termen of second segment narrowly whitish at
base, fuscous exteriorly, on dorsum pale fuscous with a slight ferruginous
tinge. Underside of forewing dull pale brownish, with a slight reddish
tinge, and coarsely irrorated with darker, especially at base of cleft;
first segment at 2/3rds with an oblique whitish bar, most evident below
vein 8. °

Hindwing cleft from 3/5ths and from near base; first segment
narrow-spatulate, its costa moderately straight to about half, thence
gently downcurved to acute apex, termen oblique, slightly concave, lower
angle distinct ; second segment narrow, its foremargin very gently down-
curved, its tip very acute, its termen very oblique (much more so than
that of first segment) and slightly concave, its lower angle well marked;
third segment about 3/5ths length of first, sublinear: dull reddish-
brown, coarsely irrorated with dark, third segment paler: cilia pale
ferruginous-fuscous, on dorsum moderately long, blackish, paler at bases.
Underside of hindwing dull ferruginous-brown coarsely irrorated with
darker, first segment mostly pale yellowish-white except a ferruginous-
brown patch along termen, broader towards lower angle, third segment
rendered paler by whitish scaling especially along its dorsal edge.

One male (Type) from Shankill, County Dublin, 16.vii1.19389 (Bryan
P. Beirne), placed in British Museum Collection.

Besides the Type I have before me (Cotypes) 17 males, 19 females
and one with no abdomen, from Seapoint, Harold’s Cross and Shankill
(all in County Dublin), collected by Mr Bryan P. Beirne on various
dates between 12th July and 6th September, but none were taken in
August and only two in September (2.1x.37, 6.1x.37), ali the others in
the second half of July, which seems to be the normal time of emerg-
ence. In 1939 it was on the wing in the first half of July, rather earlier
than normal. The species thus appears to be single-brooded.

A NEW IRISH PLUME-MOTH. 27

These other specimens show that S. saxifragae is very variable. In
the majority of the specimens, especially the females, the ground colour
of the forewing is of a distinct reddish (almost a dull crimson) tinge,
in the darker specimens only evident along the dorsal area, but it is
sometimes an almost uniform dull-grey-fuscous, very slightly reddish on
dorsal area only, or more rarely wholly fuscous or dull grey; the discal
dot may be well-marked or reduced to a single black scale; the fissural
dot is variable in development, sometimes a bold solid black blotch, some-
times diffused, rarely double, not always the same on both wings of the
same specimen; between the discal dot and base of cleft white scales
(sometimes with a few black scales intermixed) may form longitudinal
rows or (more rarely) whiten this area; on the first segment of forewing
the oblique white bar is sometimes sharply marked and the area above
the black streak (including cilia) may be dark chocolate-brown; on the
second segment of forewing the lower black streak may be prolonged to
the termen and the white scales preceding and following the blackish
streaks may form ill-defined oblique bars across the upper half of the
segment; the whitish irroration on the forewing may be accentuated,
especially on the praeterminal areas of both segments; the costal cilia
of forewing may have a short white patch a little beyond the base of
first segment; the hindwing (especially in the females) has a very strong
red tinge, sometimes only evident on the third segment; on the under-
side of the thorax, abdomen and wings (except third segment of hind-
wing) there is a distinct reddish tinge, almost a dull crimson in the
redder specimens, and this tinge is also very perceptible on the upper-
side of hindwing in most examples.

S. saxifragae is certainly distinct from S. bipunctidactyla by genitalia,
foodplant and (apparently) by the former being single-brooded, the latter
double-brooded, but both species are so variable that. I can give no single
external character for their separation after careful examination of
these 38 examples of saxifragae and of a much larger number of
bipunctidactyla from numerous localities in England, Ireland and the
Continent.

The redder examples of saxifragae are readily recognisable as such,
as these have the hindwing quite red, and even in the darkest specimens
of saxifragae the hindwing always has a reddish tinge; in bipunctidactyla
the hindwing may have a reddish tinge, but this is always dark rather
than red; but there is no strict line of demarcation by this one character.

In doubtful cases S. saxifragae is best differentiated from bipuncti-
dactyla by a combination of characters, as no one character is invari-
able. As compared with bipunctidactyla, in sawxifragae the forewing
segments are rather narrower, the underside of first segment of fore-
wing has at least a trace of an oblique white bar, the underside of first
segment of hindwing is whitish or dull ochreous, on underside of hind-
wing the third segment is paler than the second, the apex of forewing
is rather more pointed and termen of first segment rather more oblique,
the fissural dot always large, black and strongly marked, the second
segment of hind tarsus whitish (usually greyish in English bipwncti-
dactyla), in. forewing the scale-tuft on the lower part of termen of first
segment is usually slightly before the lower angle (on the lower angle
in bipunctidactyla, but not invariably so) so that the scale-tuft on the

28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TIT/1940

upper angle of the second segment usually lies inside a line drawn ver-
tically from the lower scale-tuft on the first segment (in bipunctidactyla
this scale-tuft usually lies outside, or more rarely on, such a line), the
undersides of forewing and hindwing have a distinct reddish tinge, in
average females of a bright foxy-red of a tint rarely seen in bipuncti-
dactyla, and the undersides of thorax and abdomen have a tinge of dull
crimson (rare in bipunctidactyla and not so strongly tinted crimson even
when this does occur). If several of these characters are present, the
specimen will presumably be saxifragae, but all these characters do not
necessarily coexist in any one specimen.

S. pneumonanthes (with which S. saxifragae has been confused in
previous records) has antefissural (not fissural) dots and dark bases to
terminal cilia of forewing. I may note here that our English Marsh-
Gentian species, usually referred to as graphodactyla, is not the true
graphodactyla, Treits., which is a montane Continental species not yet
found in England. Hering in his Key (Schmett. Mitt. Eur., pp. 162-
163, 1932) gives differential characters which I do not find to hold in my
series of pneumonanthes. Of graphodactyla I have only one female from
Poland, but (subject to examination of more extensive material) I should
distinguish these two species by the white streak across the first segment
of forewing being parallel to the dark basal line of the terminal cilia
in graphodactyla, strongly oblique in pneuwmonanthes.

S. saxifragae has not yet been bred but is certainly attached to Sazi-
fraga spp. Mr Beirne notes (in Titt., 3.vili.39) that ‘‘ one female laid
about 20 eggs in the box. When the larvae hatched out, about 23.vii,
I put them on the tips of the Saxifrage leaves. They immediately went
down the leaf and burrowed into it near its base, one or two larvae to
each leaf. They are now eating their way upwards towards the tips
of the leaves, forming brown blotches and galleries.’ Mr Beirne, to
whom I am indebted for the material described, will doubtless succeed in
completing its life-history. It is stated to be abundant in gardens in
all parts of County Dublin.

On the Continent S. pelidnodactyla, Stein 1837, also feeds on Saxi-
frage but its genitalia are quite distinct from those of saxifragae (see
Benander, Ent. Medd., xix, 497-499, ff. 1b, 2d, 8h: 1937).

PLATE 1.

VOL. Lil.

ND UMOLE IEE IE COMO dl

“AINOQOWD ONILOWTIOD AWYOd LNOINW V
UdLPIUDA (O “UMNOL PUD PLODaYy “VU

LE MONT DORE AND MONTAGNE DE LURE. 29

NOTE ON THE GENITALIA OF S. SAXIFRAGAE.

The Genitalia of the species of Stenoptilia are very similar in form
and it is a little difficult to determine to which species a specimen may
belong, but this new species differs from all the others in having from
the anellus two long arms, clubbed at the end, which emit short spines ;
this character is not found in the other British species, in which the
anellus is more delicate and differently shaped, usually narrower above.
wider below. The structure below the pointed costa and the sacculus
are also peculiar to saxifragae. The soft tegumen has not the squared
loose skia found in zophodactyla, coprodactyla [not British] and pneu-
monanthes, but more resembles that of pterodactyla and bipunctidactyla.

The female agrees with the others of the genus in having two long
signa. The ductus bursae is very weak (that in the figure is drawn too
strong), is shorter and narrower than in pneuwmonanthes; in all the
others it is strong, wide and longer. The connection of the ductus
bursae and bursa is longer and denser than in the other species.

LE MONT DORE AND MONTAGNE DE LURE,
30th JULY-11th AUGUST 1939.

By H. G. Harris, M.D.
Plate I.

Having collected with the late Rev. E. B. Ashby at Mont Dore in
1935, I was anxious to pay it a return visit; so, leaving London on 29th
July with my son, Mr J. H. Harris, we reached Mont Dore on the fol-
lowing day.

Unfortunately the season, as in England, was a very late one, and
insects, which had been well-out on my previous visit, were hardly
emerging on the Ist of August.

It seems surprising how few English entomologists have paid Mont
Dore a visit; I only know of three who have done so. Quite apart
from its entomological attractions, it is a very pleasant resort, having
a Casino, and golf, etc., can be had in the vicinity. Most of the col-
lecting grounds are easy of access, but to work the Vallee de Chaude-
four a car is a necessity.

The Erebias are particularly well represented; ligea, euryale, manto,
tyndarus, oeme, stygne, aethiops, and epiphron are in evidence, and
probably neoridas also, as it is found in the near vicinity. Hrebia manto
ssp. constans f. gnathene, Fhrst., a very local insect at Mont Dore, was
out in good numbers on the marsh below the Capucin, but I found evi-
dence of another locality on the opposite side of the valley, where a
few were flying. Contrary to my previous experience, this insect had
not spread to the adjoining banks, and to catch it, wading ankle-deep
in water was necessary. The males were out in the proportion of 10
males to 1 female.

As Mr Ashby did not give a description in his paper (Ent. Ree.
Vol, xlviii), I append a brief one :—

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT /1940

Males. 36-43 mm. Velvety black above, usually without any mark-
ings on the upper wing, though some have a few rust-coloured spots
non-pupilled. Lower wings plain black. Beneath brownish black with-
out any gloss. A rusty spot at apex, sometimes spreading down the
wing. Lower wing without markings.

Females. 40-46 mm. Above rusty black, with evidence of a rusty
band. Beneath golden brown with sub-apical brown spot or band and
two rusty spots on lower wing.

Thus it differs from the Pyreneean constans in its smaller size, and
in the male having rusty spots at the top of the forewing under-surface.

The next most common Erebia was euryale, which must be referred
to the ssp. antevortes, Vrty., ‘‘ the ocellaris of the Pyrenees of many
authors.’’ Warren also states that ‘‘ it shares with ocellaris an almost
unlimited capacity for variation.’? The band on the front of the lower
wings is broken up into brown black-pupiled spots—from five to one in
40 males examined—and there are never more than two russet brown
spots on the hindwing under-surface.

Erebia ligea was well out on Rigolet; this must be its furthest wes-
tern locality, it being seldom found west of the Rhone.

Another very disappointing emergence was Adopoea lineola, a small
dark form averaging in size 24 mm., whereas the usual measurement is
26 mm. This httle insect is much darker than typical lineola, with
black nervules on the lower wings. Mr Ashby was told by some com-
petent observer that it was A. ludoviciae, Mabille; others to whom I
have shown it disagree, pointing out that the discoidal cell is not sur-
rounded by a black nervule. On consulting Tutt’s British Butterflies,
Vol. I, I find that he has named it ab. suffusa, and he states that it is
found in mountainous districts such as the Pyrenees. I have taken it
at Sestrieres, Chiusa, the Baths of Valdieri and le Lauteret; true
ludoviciae is found at Murat and le Lioran, but an expert’ examina-
tion of the genital organs would be necessary to determine the exact
relation of each.

For a List of Mont Dore insects Mr Ashby’s synopsis in Ent. Rec.,
Vol. xlviii, should be consulted.

After six days at Mont Dore we left for Avignon—where the Popes
lived in exile from 1309 to 1377—for photographic purposes. Insects
of the mosquito type were abundant, and we had a most unpleasant
two nights in consequence.

Our last stopping-place was St Etienne les Orgues, reached by motor |
*bus from Avignon to Forcalquier, a most uncomfortable journey of 34
hours. The Hotel du Parc, at which we stopped, is a simple country
inn, but it can be recommended, The weather was delightful. Our
objective was the Montagne de Lure, 5944 feet, which can be reached
on foot from Cruis, 5 km. distant from St Etienne, or by a motor road
12 km. due north of St Etienne.

I was out to catch E. scipio and Satyrus (Melanargia) cleanthe; Mr
P. Haig-Thomas has fully described the first route in Vol. xxxvii of
the Ent. Rec. Scipio was found by him in good numbers on 2nd August,
and to show the potentialities of the district he took no less than 71
species of butterflies on that day. Brig.-Gen. Cooke tells me that he

‘

APTEROUSNESS OF BIORRHIZA PALLIDA, OLIV. (CYNIPIDAE). 31

followed the same route at the end of July 1928 but found scipio in a
very restricted locality. Another observer, Gen. C. van Straubenzee,
attacked the summit by the second route, starting from the ‘‘ Hermit-
age,’ but on four occasions between 16th and 29th July 1936 he failed
to find any scipio. I was equally unlucky. Of course, 10th August was
a late date, but the only Hrebia seen, EH, ligea, was only just emerging.
To my surprise I took a good number of S. (W.) Gapygia) cleanthe in
good condition, a late date for this insect.

Near ‘‘ The Hermitage ”’ a fine race of Parnassius apollo was flying,
the largest I have ever seen—88 mm.—which should, I imagine, be re-
ferred to the race provincialis, Kheil. The specimens of S. (M.) galathea
were all f. procida, some with yellowish ground colour on the upper
surface. One my son took in 1936 at Cruis was certainly ab. flava,
Tutt; one wonders whether this yellow coloration tends to disappear
after emergence similar to P. napi f. citronea, which soon loses its
yellow colour if kept alive in captivity.

On 9th August we walked up the gorge mentioned by Mr Haig-
Thomas, and on entering it after a thunderstorm two ab. leucomelas
were taken out of three gaiathea seen; curiously I saw no more con-
sidering the large number of procida flying, till my son caught one in
cop. She was brought home, living for 33 days, and laid about 70 ova.
I doubt whether the minute larvae will survive the winter in hiberna-
tion,

M. didyma. Two specimens were taken with the yellowish white
band on the underside of the lower wings much increased in size. This
seems to be the variety described by Mr Wheeler in Butterflies of Swit-
zerland.

Adopaea lineola. A very small specimen only 20 mm. in expanse
was taken, and also one LD. sinapis ab. erysimi, and a single P. egea the
only one seen.

S. cordula, which appears earlier than 8. actaea, was flying at 5000
ft., whereas actaea had replaced it at Cruis, which is about 3000 ft.
lower.

Seitz’? nomenclature is followed in this paper except in the case of
some of the Erebias when Warren’s Monograph of the Genus Hrebia
has been quoted.

THE REPUTED APTEROUSNESS OF BIORRHIZA PALLIDA, OLIV.
(CYNIPIDAE).

By H. J. Burxit, M.A., F.R.G.S.

Dr Malcolm Burr in his fascinating book, The Insect Legion, refers
to the wingless condition of the females of this species. This statement
naturally interests me as I have several times bred out the flies in the
last forty years, and my experience is contrary to such an opinion.

Dr Adler in his work on the species (Alternating Generations: A
Study of Oak Galls and Gall Flies. Translated by Dr Straton, Claren-
don Press, Oxford, 1894) says, p. 76, ‘‘ Since Biorrhiza aptera, Bosc.,
is wingless, it need cause no surprise that the Teras terminalis, Fab.

a ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / IIT /1940

(B. pallida), generation is also deficient in wings, for we must remember
that although the males are always provided with perfect wings, yet
the females are either wingless or have short rudimentary wings only.”
This statement was apparently based on his own observations made in
1876 and 1878. On p. 74 he says ‘‘ the females are wingless or with
rudimentary wings only.’’ p. 75 he says ‘‘ the two generations are so.
remarkably alike,’’ yet he gives 4 to 7 mm. as the length of B. aptera,
and 3 mm. as the length of B. pallida. My experience is that the former
are much darker in colour as well as much larger, and therefore I have
failed to notice any remarkable resemblance. The two generations are
different, especially in view of what I have to say below.

Cameron in British Phytophagous Hymenoptera, Vol. IV (Ray
Society, 1893) says on p. 117:—‘‘ Sexuat Form—The female agrees very
closely with the agamic, but is usually winged.’’ Later on he says, “ It
is noteworthy that the sexual female may have the wings rudimentary
or wanting.’’ He gives the length of the agamic as 3.5 to 7.5 mm. and
that of the sexual at 3 mm.

On p. 119, he says ‘‘ The male is always winged, but the female not
infrequently has the wings rudimentary or entirely obsolete.’’ He adds
that the gall is commonly distributed in Europe.

I would like to ask those writers, who believe that winglessness is
the normal condition, if the species could be widely spread if both the
alternating generations were wingless. The male in the sexual genera-
tion cannot carry the female to a fresh host plant, and the larvae have
no power of locomotion. If the females were wingless the species could
not spread far and would be limited in its range instead of being ‘‘ com-
monly distributed.’’ This was pointed out in The Entomologist, October
1932, p. 233.

Thus it seems that if there is a general impression that apterousness
is the usual condition for the females of B. pallida it is based on a state-
ment made by Dr Adler on two experiments in 1876 and 1878 in which
he obtained abnormal specimens. Either his galls were kept under
conditions which did not produce normal results, or they were galls in-
duced by a female B. aptera with a tendency to breed inferior progeny.
I would rule out any suggestion of a local race as it would not be able
te spread to fresh trees.

Cameron states that wingless females may occur. He does not say
that apterousness is the normal condition.

It would be interesting to hear the opinions of other observers, not
writers who have just taken Dr Adler’s statement without checking it,
but who have bred out the insects for themselves.

I have carried out observations for many years and results have been
published from time to time in the London Naturalist (London Natural
History Society, Plant Gall Records). There I see the following entries :

1932. ‘‘ For the first time I bred wingless females of B. pallida, Oliv.,
as one gall provided me with 2 of these out of 30 females and 21
males. In other years all the specimens have been winged.’’

1936. ‘' Fhes from 3 galls: 31 males and 25 females, all of which were
winged.’

1937. ‘‘ B. pallida was once more bred out in some numbers and all the
imagines were fully winged.’’

VOL. Lil. PLATE II.

Ent. Record and Journ. of Variation.

APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS AND F. INGENUA, FREYER,
AT SANDWICH, KENT.

‘

A. AUSTRALIS, F. INGENUA, FREYER—N. ZONORIA, SCHIFF. 33

1938. °° B. pallida was plentiful and as usual gave rise only to winged
males and females.’’

Thus in some 40 years I have only had 2 wingless females, a per-
centage so small that it seems to refute the statements made by various
writers; so that one wondcrs what authority they can have had for
making those statements. Or have my experiments been abnormal and
is apterousness the prevailing condition in some localities?

APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS, F. INGENUA, FREYER, AT
SANDWICH, KENT.

Bye Ae JeosL. Bowns.
Plate II.

Fig. 3 of the plate represents a male australis which I took at sugar
in Sandwich Bay, 12th September 1937, and which seems to be referable
to f. ingenua, Freyer. Mr Turner, to whom I showed the photograph,
writes: ‘‘ I should place this specimen as f. ingenua, an intermediate
between very dark (black) orientalis from Turkey, and the dark Con-
tinental form scriptura.”’

In the specimen illustrated, the pale ashy-grey of the normal British
specimen is replaced by dark brownish-grey, while the usual lines and
streaks remain visible but inconspicuous.

The occurrence of this form surprised me, as Sandwich examples as
a whole show a pronounced tendency to paleness, the key to this ten-
dency being the disappearance of the dark patch which normally (fig. 1)
surrounds the stigmata, and its replacement by the grey of the general
ground colour. Fig. 2, by no means an extreme example, shows both
this tendency and an increase of size which is frequent in the same
locality; many of my males from Sandwich exceed 40 mm. in expanse
of wing, whereas the largest, which I can muster from elsewhere, does
not exceed 37 mm.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF., AND A NEW
ABERRATION OF POECILOPSIS LAPPONARIA, B.

-By J. W. Hestop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S.

No species encountered in our Hebridean researches has interested
us more than Nyssia zonaria, and no species has proved of greater im-
portance from the zoogeographical standpoint. We have therefore de-
voted a very considerable amount of time and energy in studying its
variation and distribution.

Very early, indeed, in our investigations we discovered that the
form we were encountering was racially separable, not only from the
form prevalent on the Continent, but also from that found in the Eng-
lish stations for the species. Jt is now proposed to describe it.

34 ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 15/ TI1/1940

Nyssia zonaria, ssp. atlantica ssp. nov. This subspecies is charac-
terised by the small wing expanse of the wild males, which average
26 mm. against the 32-36 mm, observed in English specimens in my
possession. Curiously enough, in this respect, it approximates my Rus-
sian examples (ssp. rossica) from the steppes near the Ural Mountains.
Further, this strikingly small size appears also in the females which
have a volume little more than a quarter of that of Lancashire examples.

Although the race is readily distinguished from the Continental
form, as well as from that taken in England, by its remarkably uniform
small dimensions, the remaining differences are so intangible as to be
difficult to put into words. In general, both the fore and the hindwings
are a little longer in proportion. Moreover, although the insect varies
in every respect except size, even in the palest specimens the blackish
suffusions preceding the median line are always much more obvious than
in the English insect. Further, the decisiveness of the markings in
Continental specimens serves to differentiate insects of such an origin
from Hebridean examples.

Again, the blackish bands preceding and succeeding the white sub-
terminal line tend to be definitely weaker than in English specimens.
In the hindwings, the subterminal line itself becomes very indistinct
as do also the dark suffusions lying before and after it.

Except in size the females are very much alike in all the races I have
studied. Nevertheless, in ssp. atlantica, the whitish vestiture of hairs
seems a little longer relatively, when comparisons are made with speci-
mens from other than Hebridean sources.

The types were captured on April 9th, 1938, in the Isle of Baleshare,
Outer Hebrides, an island lying to the west of the Isle of North Uist;
they are deposited in the University Museum, Oxford.

When placed alongside series from the Isles of Harris, North Uist
and Coll, Baleshare insects appear definitely to be on the light side,
although they agree fairly well amongst themselves. On the other hand,
Harris, N. Uist and Coll specimens, in the majority of cases, are signi-
ficantly on the dark side with well-emphasized markings ; some, however,
resemble our Baleshare captures. Nevertheless, in all instances, no
matter what the origin, the hesitation in the subterminal line and its
attendant suffusions, especially the terminal one in both wings, which
often becomes obsolete or obsolescent, serves to show their essential
relationship to insects from Baleshare.

Nyssia zonaria, ssp. atlantica, has been captured by us in Canna,
Sanday, Rhum, Figg, Muck, Coll and Tiree, all in the Inner Hebrides,
and in Lewis, Great Bernera. Little Bernera, Harris, Pabbay (Sound
of Harris), Berneray (Sound of Harris), North Uist, Baleshare, South
Uist, Eriskay, Barra, Fuday, Vatersay, Uinessan, Sandray, Pabbay
(Barra Isles) and Mingulay, all in the Outer Hebrides.

Of these. Coll and Tiree he in the Watsonian vice-county 103, Canna,
Sanday, Rhum, Eigg and Muck in v.-c. 104, and the remainder in
v.-c. 110. '

Poecilopsis lapponaria, ab. fasciata ab. nov.

Ground colour ochreous with the general scaling much more pro-
nounced than is generally the case. The first or basal line is strength-
ened and extended, whilst similarly the median and second lines are

COLLECTING NOTES. 35

fused to ferm a solid black bar. Except for a faint darker terminal
suffusion, the outer half of the wings appears of a uniform warm ochre-
ous colour. Similarly, except for the central band, which is fainter
than that of the forewings, the usual markings and suffusions on the
hindwings are obsolescent.

Type: a wild male from Aviemore.

It should be noted that I have wild examples of Poecilopsis lapponaria
captured by my son, Dr G. Heslop Harrison, at Aviemore, Dalwhinnie,
and Dalnaspidal, in addition to others from the more ordinary Struan
stations.

COLLECTING NOTES.

THe FLASHING oF FIREFLIES.—The rhythmic flashing of fireflies must
be a rare phenomenon, as authentic cases are so seldom recorded. It is
worth while, | think, placing on record the following letter which I have
recently received :—

‘“* When reading your book to-day I came across your reference to
spasmodic flashing of fireflies, and I feel I would like to tell you of an
unforgettable instance of this, which I once saw at Khandala, in the
Ghats above Bombay.

‘‘T was staying with friends; one evening after dinner we strolled
out into the cool darkness of the Indian night. To our amazement a
big clump of bamboos some 20 feet high seemed to be on fire, but the
next second was in complete darkness. Again it flashed and again went
out. One moment the lovely fronds of the bamboos being picked out by
myriads of tiny stars against the violet sky and then—a complete black-
out. It was as though some unseen conductor were counting, ‘ One...
two...three!’ the flash coming with unfailing regularity on the ‘ three.’
And this went on indefinitely. I have seen many fireflies since, but
never such an exhibition of amazing beauty.—(Mrs) E. A. Jacob, 19
West Mall, Clifton, Bristol.’”’—Matcotm Burr.

PROLONGED EMERGENCE PERIOD OF APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA IN GLOUCES-
TERSHIRE, 1939.—The warm weather experienced early in 1939 resulted
in a very extended emergence period for several of the early spring
insects. In particular, Apocheima hispidaria was first noted on. 8th
February when two ¢¢ came to light in the Forest of Dean area.
Thereafter it occurred regularly throughout February and March
though never in great numbers, ten being the greatest number taken
on one night—-llth February. On that occasion Mr John Moore and I
also saw upwards of thirty Phigalia pedaria, ab. monacharia, and some
twenty Hrannis (Hybernia) leucophaearia, ab. merularia, The com-
moner forms of both species appeared in clouds, along with EH. (#.)
marginaria, which did not seem so susceptible to light, but was found
freely sitting on the trunks, and also the first specimen of Biston stra-
tari.

Towards the end of March I concentrated on the sallows but heard
that A. hispiduria was fairly plentiful and still in fresh condition over

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1I1/ 1940

the Easter period. I took my last specimen, a fresh male, on 8th May,
along with Notodonta ziczac, Polyploca nidens, Nola confusalis, Colo-
casia (Demas) coryli, Taeniocampa stabilis, Melanippe alternata
(sociata), Lampropteryx suffumata, Selenia tetralunaria, LEctropis
(Tephrosia) crepuscularia, T. consonaria, and Lithina chlorosata
(Panagra petraria)—a somewhat ill-assorted company.

The observed period thus extended exactly over three calendar
months.—AusTIN RicHAaRDSON, Beaudesert Park, Minchinhampton,
Glos.

STRYMON PRUNI IN 1939.—S. pruni was very scarce in Monks Wood
last year. No doubt the frost in May killed the larvae. I was lucky
to get 3 fen:ale upperside aberrations, for they are very good. Mr
Quibell, who has worked Monks Wood and other woods in Hants for
years states he has never taken one.—H. A. LEEDS, Wood Walton, Hunt-
ingdon. [See Supplement on Records. |

EFFEcTs oF EXTREME WINTRY WEATHER ON LEPIDOPTERA.—IJn response
to the note in the February number (li, 2, p. 23), the following records
might be interesting : —

21st Februcry 1940 (a few days after the break of Arctic conditions)
—At Wimbledon. Erannis (Hybernia) leucophaearia, Schiff., just
emerging, most seen drying wings before mid-day, also a few Phigalia
(Apocheima) pedaria, Fabr., at rest on tree trunks.

22nd February—Ashtead Woods. <A fine and warm afternoon, not
an insect seen.

23rd February—Richmond Park. FE, (f.) leucophaearia, Schiff., at
rest on tree trunks, also several P, (A.) pedaria, Schiff. A few Hrannis
aescularia, Schiff., also seen on old hawthorns.

25th February—Richmond Park. Very few insects on tree trunks,
probably as sun was shining on lee side of trees, with a cold wind.

26th February—Wimbledon Common. A mild morning, but fewer
insects than on the 21st.

So far there has been no sign of Apocheima hispidaria, Fabr., and
that may still be scarce in its old haunts at Wimbledon and Richmond
Park.

Of the other moths mentioned above there have been certainly more
this year at the above localities than the last few years. This, how-
ever, does not apply to Ashtead Woods, only visited once up to the
present.—F. D. Coorg, 32 Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.

[My old diary note which is comparable with the present season may
be of interest. ‘‘ Richmond Park, 2nd March 1895. Cold, snow on
ground, skating on the ponds, EL. leucophaearia, dark form common, T.
rupicapraria, P. pedaria, O. brumata, E. aescularia, and E. marginaria
(progemmaria).’’ These were all observed a few days after the hardest
frost for many years.—Hy. J. T.]

DatTEs FoR APOCHEIMA HISPIDARTA IN RicHmMonpD Parx.—Although I
have bred this species from the second week in February onward, I have
only once observed a full emergence in that month. In 1897 my diary
note is 18th February ‘‘ when it was well out.’? My other dates are:
9.111.1889 ; 7.111.1890; 4.111.1893; 9.111.1894; 17.11.1897.—Hy. J. T.

rt of Comps :
es Qs:
s =. Zoelogy 7

APR 9 1940

}3, 820

RECORDS AND FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF VAR
ABERRATIONS,

which would have been exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of

the S. London Entomological Society, which latter could not be held

owing to Hibernia Chambers being closed for rebuilding, and the

Society’s activities suspended until new accommodation had been found.

Compiled by Mr S. G. Castie-RussEtu for publication in the Hntomo-
logist’s Record and for the Proceedings of the Society.

Mr R. C. C. Lahey-Bean. Avrgynnis paphia, L., a gynandromorph,
equally divided. R. side ¢, L. side @. New Forest..

Mr Percy M. Bright. Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda, a
fine example of ab. ultraradiata on a cream ground. od underside.
Sussex.

Col. V. R. Burkhart. Aglais urticae, L. A ¢S aberration with costal
blotches on the forewings united into a band; discal spots absent as in
ab. ichnusa, Bon. Hindwings normal. Salisbury. Plebejus argus, L.
(aegon, Schiff.) A dG upperside with blue forewings and black hind-
wings: underside grey. P. (L.) coridon. A series of underside aber-
rations including ¢ and @Q ab. caeca (Mon. Aberrations of L. coridon,
6, p. 44, plt. 10, f. 14; ¢, p. 83, plt. 16, f. 13), on white and on brown
ground colour; ab. obsoleta, Tutt; etc. An upperside ¢ of olive-green
colour, ab. uléra-viridescens (l.c., p. 10, plt. 1, f. 24) and go ab. vawlan
South (l.c., plts. 3, 5, 10, 11, 16). Wilts and Sussex.

Mr J. C. B. Sane EP (5a) coridon. Aberrational forms including :
an extreme form of the J with 3/4ths of the wings suffused with black
similar to ab. melaina, Tutt, but of different shades of colour (l.c., p.
11); od examples of ab. pulla (l.c., p. 28); dG examples of ab.
cinnameus, (l.c., p. 11, plt. 1, fig. 5; plt. 3, fig. 15); other colour
forms including an extreme of ab. marginata, Tutt (l.c., p. 15, plt. 3,
f. 3; plt. 5, f. 10), etc. Dorset and Sussex.

Mr J. C. Farwell. Argynnis paphia. Two of exactly halved gynan-
dromorph examples. Both New Forest. IL. side 2 in each case.

Mr T. W. Jefferson. P. (J..) coridon. A series of upperside aber-
rations including ¢ ab. melaina, with 3/4ths of the wings black; a ¢
ab. pulla; a ¢ ab. caeruleo, Tutt; a ¢ of green-olive colouring, ab.
ultra-viridescens; a form with long white stripes on the L. underside
wing; an extreme example of ab. inaequalis, Tutt, L. side 9 colour
brown, R. side mostly of syngrapha blue colour with several dark streaks
of normal brown on fore and hindwings, R. side wings slightly the
smaller. Dorset and Sussex.

Mr E. E. Johnson. Aglais urticae, L. A very fine example of ab.
nigrocaria, de Moff. On the upper side the costal blotches on the fore-
wings are united, forming a heavy black bar; the central spots are pre-
sent, but the two outer ones absent as in ab. ichnusa; on the apices
are large areas of lilac and straw colouring. Hindwings entirely black
except for a faint reddish tinge in the discal areas, and a basal border
of prominent lilac blue spots. Under side normal except that the blue
border-spots are unusually prominent. Wiltshire. Thecla quercus, L.
An example of large size of ab. bdellus, Gerh. (orange markings on

(2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT /1940

upper-side forewings on a blue ground), New Forest. Aphantopus
hyperantus, L. A ¢ example of ab. lanceolata, Frohawk, and a 2 witha
number of small additional spots on underside of forewings.

Mr E. C. Joy. Polyommatus icarus, Rott. A remarkable 2 form
ii which the upperside has large faint mauve lunules on a wholly brown
ground, which is peppered all over with male blue scales, most pro-
minently at apices and margins. There is an iridescent effect as in
Apatura iris, L. ae

Captain C. G. Lipscombe. Brenthis euwphrosyne, UL. A’ ¢ ex-
ample suffused with black on the upper-side forewings. Somerset. P.
icarus, Rott. A series of ¢ and 2 examples from the North Coast of
Scotland showing them to be a race intermediate in appearance be-
tween the brilliant Irish single-brooded form and the normal English
typical form. P. (Z.) coridon. A series of aberrations including ab.
pulla, f. syngrapha, and spotless underside forms. Wilts and Sussex.

Rev. J. N. Marcon. Brenthis euphrosyne, L. A o of creamy
eround colour; a @ with the basal blotch medium band thickened and
placed further towards the margin than usual, with the intervening
space obsolete save for one costal spot. A @Q with outer spots united
in pairs. Sussex and Surrey. A. hyperantus, 2 ¢¢ with a smoky suffu-
sion over the undersides, tending to obscure the white dots and making
the yellow rings blurred and indistinct; a ¢ upperside of a silky black
instead of the usual shade, the L. hindwing underside has the area
from the base extending two-thirds towards the outer margin jet black
with nervures clearly marked in yellow, this area bounded by yellow
border; the jet black displaces the yellow and black-ringed eye-spots,
leaving only the white dots. These insects were taken in Surrey in
July within 20 yards of each other, and the last is perhaps an example
oi melanism affecting the upperside and in this case ‘‘ spreading
through’ to the underside. The fact that examples of ab. caeca,
Fuch, are fairly common in the area would show how persistent are
the white dots. More often than not ab. obsoleta, Tutt, is the result
of keeping caeca in the cabinet for a long period, with consequent fad-
ing out of the obscure white dots. All from Surrey. P. (L.) coridon,
a series of upper-sides including gd and ¢@ of ab. fowleri, ab. pulla,
_ab. glabra, ab. albomaculata, ab. ultra-viridescens (olive-green) ; a series

of under-sides including a 2 of dull steel colour, uniform and obliterat-
ing the normal row of fulvous spots; a ¢ under-side ultra-radiata, on
the forewings 5 stripes, the longest being the bottom one, and on the
hindwings 8 stripes, on each uniform and symmetrical; the submedian
spots on the hindwings are elongated giving a striking appearance to
the insect; the outer border spots are so faint as to be almost. obsolete;
actually the only normal spots on the underside are the discoidal on the
forewings. The example is of large size and was captured shortly after
emergence. The ground colour is strongly whitish. (Mr Castle-Russell
says that this remarkable specimen is one of the most extreme that he
has seen exhibited or figured.) A truly halved gynandromorph, R. side
3, L. side 9, the body is also exactly halved; a gynandromorphic ex-
ample, L. side ¢, R. side largely 2, with a small streak extending half
way along the costa of the forewing, and three streaks near the anal
angle of the hindwing of male coloration; a @ underside of dull steel
coloration, uniform and obliterating the normal row the fulvous spots.

‘

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (3)

Mr P. Nagle. Brenthis euphrosyne, L. A ¢ with the forewings
spotless except spots in each discoidal area and confluent border spots.
The hindwings are wholly black except for a basal border of straw-
coloured spots. N. Forest; a ¢ specimen with the forewings heavily
suffused with black, hindwings also black with yellow spotted basal
border. N. Forest.

Mr L. W. Newman. Gonepteryz rhamni, L. A gynandromorph, R.
side hindwings pure 4, left side pure 2. On both forewings the sexual
coloration is mixed. Bred, Bexley. P. (L.) bellargus, Rott. A Q with
forewings underside ab. obsoleta, Tutt, and hindwings ab. striata, Tutt;
a d, underside white ground ab. caeca, Tutt. Lasxiocampa quercus, L.
A fine series of the ab. olivescens, form of the var. callunae, Palmr. race.
Pieris napi, L. A short series of fine dark Caithness forms.

Mr G. B. Oliver. Colias croceus, Fourc. A bred 2 upperside, fore-
wings normal, hindwings purplish grey, much deeper than the darkest
forms of pallida, Tutt, or helice, Hb., with the usual discal orange spots,
fringes from yellow to red, margin typically black bordered with pur-
plish grey. A remarkable form. Argynnis cydippe, L. (adippe, L.).
An underside approaching form cleodora, Och., the metallic spots only
partly and dully silvered. Sussex and Bucks.

Major-General A. L. Ransome. B. euphrosyne. A Q example with
more or less spotless forewings, except for disconnected border spots,
hindwings wholly black except for basal border of pale yellow spots.
New Forest. P. (Z.) coridon. A series of aberrations including ab.
caeca, ab. obsoleta, ab. fowler, etc.

Mr S. G. Castle-Russell. B. ewphrosyne, L. A Q with unusually wide
black borders to all four wings; Surrey. A. cydippe (adippe), a 3 with
the black markings on the forewings considerably extended and joined
together; an underside with the marginal spots on the hindwings
fulvous, instead of silver; a series of undersides with the spots on the
forewings extended into streaks. A. paphia, a G upperside with 2
large metallic spots on each hind wing in the inner margin, Euphy-
dryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott. An extreme melanic 2 upperside form
in which both fore and hindwings are wholly black except for several
small faint fulvous markings; on the underside the ground colour of
all the wings is fulvous and without markings except for a broad band
of blackish colour at the base of the hindwings, bred at Highcliffe,
Hants; a melanic Q form in which the forewings are entirely black ex-
cept for small fulvous areas in the disc; there is also an inner border of
pale straw-coloured spots in close connection with a row of marginal
outer red spots, the hindwings are also black with several small fulvous
areas and a basal border of red spots; on the underside there are 3
large black blotches replacing the normal spotting; Highcliffe, Hants.
A 2 upperside with two rows of yellow spots connected together, form-
ing long rays; Highcliffe. The above exceptionally extreme specimens
were amongst the last dozen to emerge from some 1500 pupae. The
entire brood was unusually healthy and free from disease and, parasites ;
with the exception of those described the whole of the rest were severely
typical. The larvae were kept continually in the open and subject to
all weather conditions. P. (Z.) coridon. A ¢G example of the very rare
ab. auronulla (l.c., p. 30, plt. 4, f. 10) in which the marginal spots on
the underside are entirely devoid of colour, In addition, this example

(4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /TIT/1940

has black chevrons above the marginal spots on the hindwings; another
very rare ¢ form, tri-I-nigrum (l.c., p. 36) with 3 elongate streaks
beneath on the forewings; a curious example of ab. caeca with 9 colora-
tion but with distinctly ¢ body: possibly gynandromorphous; a short
series of ab. syngrapha, Tutt, from Salisbury; a series of upperside ¢
forms, very pale forms, and ab. cinnameus (l.c., p. 11, plts. 1, f. 5
and 3, f. 15). Sussex and Wilts. Eumenis (Hipparchia) semele, L. A
S upperside with 4 large spots on the forewings instead of the normal
2, and 3 on the hindwings in place of the typical one. Sussex.

_ Mr Harold Smith. Plebejus argus (aegon). A ¢& specimen in which
all four wings are black, with grey underside; a gynandromorph, R. side
2, L. side S. Surrey.

Mr Norman Watkins. Aglais urticae. A ¢ with wholly black hind-
wings; on forewings the costal blotches are united by greyish black
smears, the typical central spots are absent; Wilts. Brenthis selene.
A 3 upperside, the outer borders on all four wings are elongated into
streaks, with the exception of the discoidals, the central and basal areas
are devoid of spots.

Mr Douglas Watson. Argynnis cydipve (adippe). A CS with con-
nected and extended markings on the forewings upperside. New
Forest.

Colonel L. Wood. Vanessa (Polygonia) c-album, L. ~A 6 with
coalesced markings on the forewings, the hindwings suffused with black
and without basal spots. Wilts.

Mr N. G. Wykes. Apatura iris, L. A short series hred from Surrey
larvae. P. argus (aegon). A series of the chalk form cretacea, Kent.
Aricia agestis, Schiff. (medon, Esp.), (astrarche, Brgstr.). A form with
underside marginal spots missing and tending towards a sagittate ap-
pearance; Aldershot. P. (Z.) coridon. A series of aberrational forms
including ab. obsoleta, forms of syngrapha with varying ground colour
and width of marginal darkening; Cotswolds.

Mr H. A. Leeds captured at Wood Walton, Hants, a Coenonympha
pamphilus, L. © underside with one large and other small patches of
fulvous on the R. hindwing = post-dex-homoeosis, 28.vili.39; also
Strymon pruni, L. 2 upperside with the forewings suffused inwardly
with fulvous spreading from the large normal fulvous patches = anti-
fulvior, Tutt.

Mr Hy. J. Turner. The second sample of common Rhopalocera sent
to him from Manchuria, the centre of origin being the town of Harbin.
Like the previous sample received, the predominance of the Palaearctic
Fauna is quite obvious.

Papilio machaon, L., may be placed as f. asiaticus, Mén., in which
the black pigment is stronger, the cell of the hindwing almost touches
the hind marginal band and compared with British examples the ground
is definitely deeper in colour. Parnassius stubbendorfii, Mén., a species
without marking, comparable to Aporia crataegi, L. Far Eastern P.
nomion, Fisch., has resemblance to P. apollo, L., but the texture of the
wing surface is vitreous, the hindwings are much more marked and the
border marking is broken into rough chevrons. An Eastern Himalayan
species. Aporia crataegi, L., of good size, fairly common. Pieris
rapae, L. The specimens were rather small but much dark suffusion
spread from the base. Possibly a small example of f. crucivora, Btlr.,

‘

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (5)

which is a large form, or a small form of orientalis, Oberth., with less
developed marking. Pieris napt, L., possibly a small orientis, Obthr.,
but beneath like ab. napaeae, Esp., and called heptapotomica, Krulck.
The upperside is very dark along the veins. P. melete, Mén., a large
species with a soft mealy surface; markings prominent, spotting like that
of brassicae but softer, and more diffuse. Occurs further West. Leucochloé
daplidice, L., quite comparable with specimens of S. Europe. Midea
scolymus, Btlr. An Eastern species with faleate wings. China and
Japan. Gonepteryx rhamni, L. Specimens of a richer colour than
British examples, the 2 has stronger coloration, race amurensis, Graes.
Colias hyale, L. The local race is a large form, poliographa, Mén., but
the specimens received are the small spring brood; the ground colour
is a stronger yellow. Leptosia amurensis, Mén. This species is much
larger than ovr sinapsis, hut those received are small. The species has
pointed forewings, rather long and narrow. Of the above species 6 are
indigenous in Britain; only 3 are really Eastern, the remainder are
closely allied to or are European species.

The ‘Satyridae. Five species were received. Lethe epimenides,
Mén., about the size of British semele, sits on trunks of trees and is
common. Ypthima baldus, Fb., one of the commonest smaller East
Asiatic butterflies, sits several on a leaf at one time. It is most vari-
able in the number of ocelli on the hindwing beneath, from 6 to 1.
The apical ocellus has two white pupils. Satyrus (Melanargia) hali-
mede, Mén., a somewhat smaller species than our British galathea. The
S. China form is much larger. It is really an outlying species of a genus
mainly confined to the Mediterranean countries. Oeneis uwrda, Er. A
small obscure-looking insect of northern affinities, common in the Amur
area. Satyrus dryas, Scop., f. bipunctatus, Molsch., is a small and
very black race of a common alpine and widely distributed species. The
ocelli are present but strongly obscured by the deep black ground colour.

Of the Nymphalidae there is Apatura ‘lia, Schiff., a species which
occurs from Northern France to the Amur and Japan. The local form
is substituta, Btlr., generally darker ground colour, and whiter band,
ete., on the underside. Neptis coenobita, Stoll. (lucilla, Fb.), an East
European species. The local form is magnata, Heyne, with increase of
white marking and paler brown underside. Neptis alwini, Brem. &
Gray. A Chinese species. Vanessa io, L., ssp. geisha, Stich., deficient
in blue scalinz in the apical ocellus and brighter yellow patches on the
forewings. Polygoma c-aureum, L. A far Eastern species somewhat
larger than our c-album, darker above with less irregularly margined
wings and a more uniform lght brown below. Araschnia burejana,
Brem. A far Eastern species allied to the Central European A. levana-
prorsa, L. It is somewhat larger than that species, hut resembles it in
general appearance and in its line of variation. Melitaea aurinia,
Rott., ssp. mandchurica, Stdgr., much larger than Western Palaearctic
forms, with uniformly reddish yellow ground. Melitaea didyma, Ochs.,
f. mandchurica, Seitz. Forewing more elongate and pointed, hind-
wings of ¢ almost markingless with broadish black margin; 9 strongly
spotted with black. Melitaea athalia, Rott. A small specimen, possibly
of race niphona, Btlr. Melitaea dictynna, Esp., race erycina, Stdgr.
Above very like European specimens, but beneath more variegated and
slightly smaller, Brenthis selene, Schiff. Small, paler than British

(6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1IT/ 1940

examples, with more and somewhat stronger silver spots. Argynnis
laodice, Pall. A species ranging from Eastern Germany to Japan.
Larger than the European form and probably f. amana, Fruh. No
‘‘ blues ”’ or ‘‘ skippers ’’ were received. But there was a good sample
of common Heterocera, mainly true Palaearctic species.

Mr F. W. Frohawk. A gynandromorph of Euchloé cardamines, WL.
R. side ¢, lefi side 9. Swindon, 3.v.1933; ab. macula-punctata, Froh.
@ in which there occurs a row of punctate black spots on the margin
of the hindwings at the termination of the nervures, vi.1892. Horsley,
Surrey. Colias croceus, Foure. @ ab. pallida-obsoleta, Froh., 13.1x.1928,
in which the extreme white form named pallida by Tutt is united with
the form of female with obsolescent marginal spotting in the margin.
Broadstairs. Aglais urticae, L., 2 2° of ab. nigra, Tutt, with entirely
black hindwings. East Farleigh, Kent. (1) 2.x.1936; (2) 2.1x.1939,
both caught by Captain E. B. Purefoy in his garden within 5 yards of
each other but 3 years between.

Mr H. O. Wells. Polygonia c-album, L., in which the hindwings are
entirely black. Wye Valley, 1939. Argynnis paphia, L. A form with
large whitish spots on each forewing. Wye Valley, 1939. Maniola
(Epinephele) jurtina, L. (janira, L.). Aberrations from the Wye Valley
and Eastbourne at which last place the species were swarming on the
Downs at the end of August. P. (L.) coridon. A good series of minor
aberrations from Herts and Sussex and 1 ab. fowleri1 from Sussex.
Coenonympha pamphilus, L. A form from the Wye Valley with large
white blotches on each of the hindwings.

Mr Leonard G. Hulls. A long bred series of Manduca (Acherontia)
atropos, L., from West Sussex, 1938. <A series of teratological speci-
mens of this species illustrating various forms of deformity. A paint-
ing by Mrs Hulls of a brown form of the larva taken in W. Sussex,
October 1939. Living specimens of the S. African Phasmids, Phalces
longiscaphus, and of Macynia labiata, reared on bramble, from
ova sent by Dr Le Feuvre from the Cape. Examples of the ¢ of-the
Phasmid Carausius morosus, reared during 1939.

Mr 8S. Wakely. Species bred by him during 1939. Nonagria spar-
gant, Esp. (The Wilderness, Isle of Wight); Boletobia fuliginaria, L.
(Berkshire) ; Salebria obductella, F.R. (Kent); Alispa angustella, Hiibn.
(Mickleham, Surrey); Epischnia bankesiella, Rich., and Huzophera
cinerosella, Zell. (Portland, Dorset); Homoeosoma binaevella, Hb., and
H. saxicola, Vghn. (Compton, I.W.); H. cretacella, Rossl. (Gurnard,
I.W.); Eurhodope marmorea, Haw. (Niton, I.W.); Pyrausta nubilalis,
Hiibn: (Benfleet, Essex); P. asinalis, Hb. (Portland, Derset); Trichop-
tilus paludum, Zell. (Pardy Heath, Dorset); Pterophorus osteodactylus,
Zell. (Grange-over-Sands, Lancs.); Agdistis statices, Mill. (Portland,
Dorset); Phalonia implicitana, Wocke (Gurnard, I.W.); P. flaviciliana,
Wilk. (Coulsdon, Surrey); Euxanthis aeneana, Hiibn. (Benfleet, Essex) ;
Evetria purdeyi, Durr. (Gurnard, I.W.); Eucosma aemulana, Schlag.,
and KH. trigeminana, Steph. (Benfleet, Essex); Hemimene aeratana,
Pierce (Bexley, Kent); Enarmonia conicolana, Heylaerts (Holmsley, New
Forest); Phthorimaea obsoletella, Fisch. v. Résl. (Upper Norwood, Lon-
don); P. acuminatella, Sire. (Reigate, Surrey); P. fraternella, Dougl.
(Upper Norwood and Horsley, Surrey); Thiotricha subocellea, Steph.
(Coulsdon, Surrey); Telephila schmidiella, Heyd. (Boxhill, Surrey, and

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (7)

Niton, I.W.); Brachmia rufescens, Haw. (Dorset); Mompha schrankella,
Hiibn. (The Wilderness, I.W.); Depressaria wmbellana, Steph. (Gurnard,
I.W.); D. putridella, Schiff. (N. Kent); D. purpurea, Haw. (Kent and
I.W.); Stephensia brunnichella, L. (Coulsdon, Surrey, and HKynsford,
Kent); Elachista magnificella, Tengst. (Bexley, Kent); H. cinereopunc-
tella, Haw., and Eupista potentillae, Staint. (Riddlesdown, Surrey) ;
E. badiipennella, Dup. (Benfleet, Essex); H. hemerobiella, Scop. (Dart-
ford, Kent); E. ochrea, Haw. (Niton, I.W.); E. vibicella, Hiibn. (Gur-
nard, I.W.); FH. discoidella, Zell. (Chesil Beach, Dorset); E. inulae,
Wocke (Gurnard, I.W.); E. tripoliella, Hodgk., and EH. argentula, Zell.
(Benfleet, Essex); E. erigerella, Ford (Gravesend, Kent); EH. obtus-
ella (Benfleet, Essex); Gracillaria auroguttella, Steph. (Coulsdon,
Surrey); Phaulernis dentella, Zell. (Riddlesdown, Surrey); Tischeria
complanella, Hiibn. (Holmsley, New Forest); Meessia richardsoni, Wals.,
and Teichobia verhuellelia, Staint. (Portland, Dorset); and Nemotois
scabiosella, Scop. (Coulsdon, Surrey). Other species which had been
captured as imagines were: Setina irroreila, L., and Psammotis hyalin-
alis, Hiibn. (Mickleham, Surrey); Platytes cerussella, Schiff. (Niton,
I.W.); Hysterosia inopiana, Haw. (Gurnard, I.W.); Thiotricha subocel-
lea, Steph. (Niton, I.W.); Fupista frischella, L. (Faversham, Kent, and
Gurnard, I.W.); and Hidophasia messingiella, Fischr. v. Roslr. (Favers-
ham, Kent).

Baron de Worms. A few examples of the form assimilis, Dbldy., of
Crymodes exulis, Lef., which is a deeper dark brown than the type, with
slight purple flush. Rannoch. Polyploca flavicornis, L., a Q with melanic
body and thorax and with unusual and extended dark markings on the
wings. Ascot, March 1939. Taentocampa populi, Strm. (populeti, Fb.),
with a very pronounced row of spots on the forewing marginal area.
Ashford, Kent. Cucullia gnaphaliu, Hb., a specimen taken at light, 21st
June. Kent. Crvcallis elinguaria, L., a varied series from Aviemore,
some with cross lines absent. Numerous other species and local forms
especially from Aviemore, Rannoch, and Forres, from which last place
the sandhill forms of Hwmenis semele, L., and Agrotis cursoria, Bork.,
were obtained, and Poecilopsits (Nyssta) lapponaria, Bdv., from Struan,
Perthshire.

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THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES/® 2°°!°9917) %

APR 9 1940

15,820

Of the Variation Barrett said :—-

‘* Consistently variable so as always to divide into the pa
forms irrespective of sex; but in each there are modifications of the dark
or pale ground colour, and variations in the breadth and intensity of
the central transverse band. In some this is quite absorbed in the
general dark colour; or, on the other hand, reduced to a condition very
little darker than the palest ashy-grey forms. The most beautiful is that
in which the pale colour becomes whitish-grey, while the central band
remains dark purple-brown; but extreme forms are found having the
forewings almost of a liver-colour, or, on the other hand, of a glossy
grey-black.”’

The Names and Forms to be considered :—
opima, Hb. (1808-9), Samiml. Noct., 424.
f. firma, Hb. (1818-22), l.c., 676-7.
ab. fuscus, (Greg.), Robson (1888), Young Nat., IX, 125
ab. grisea, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 148.
ab. virgata-grisea, Tutt (1892), Cc.
ab. intermedia, Tutt (1892), l.c.
ab. bruanea, Tutt (1892), .c.
aueunicoler, Tutt (1892), I.c. | Brit. Noct., TV, 119].
ab. mediolugens, Schultz (1900), Illus. Zt. Ent., V, 349.
ab. rufo-fusca, Strnd. (1916) [Hamp., Cat. Phal., V, 428 (1905)], Arch.

Naturg., UXXXII, A2, 30.

ab. griseor, Strnd. (1916) [l.c.], l.e.
ab. obscura, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 316.
ab. virgata, Lenz. (1927), l.c.

bo

Tutt dealt with (1) opima, Hb., slaty-grey almost purplish with
median transverse line. (2) f. firma, Hb., ditto, with broad central
band. (3) grisea, greyish-white with central shade obsolescent. (4)
virgata-grisea, ditto, with central band (shade emphasised). (5) inter-
media, greyish-brown, almost unicolorous. (6) brunnea, dark brown,
stigmata and subterminal lines paler. (7) unicolor, ditto, unicolorous
[=fuscus, (Greg.), Robson].

ab. mediolugens (Schultz, Ill. Zeit. Ent., V, 349, 1900).

Drtagnosis :—‘* Medio spatio alarum anteriorum obscurascenti.’’

‘““The dark median shade, as it is found in typical specimens of this
species, is especially emphasised and widened and includes almost the
whole central area of the forewings.”’

Bred from pupae with typical examples.

Tutt (in lit.), ‘‘ =Hiibner’s type unless it is the greyish-white form
with band.’’

ab. rufo-fusca, Hamp. (Strnd.), Cat. Phal.,; V, 428 (1905): Arch.
Naturg., LX XXII, A2, 30 (1916).

Orig. Drescrirp.—‘‘ Wholly suffused with fuscous-brown, with a red-
dish tinge.”’

ab. griseor, Hamp. (Strnd.), Cat. Phal., V, 428 (1905): Arch.
Naturg., LX XXII, A2, 30 (1916).

Orte. Descrip.—‘‘ Greyer; forewing without rufous suffusion on
medial area, but with an indistinct medial shade.”’

(218) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ TI1/ 1940

ab. obscura, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., 11 (2), 316 (1927).
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Central area darkened grey-black.”’

ab. virgata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 316 (1927).
Fic.—l.c., plt. 16, 9.
Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ Basal and marginal areas dark grey.’’

Taeniocampa, Gn. (1839?) (1852). Most authors. [Monima, Hb.
(1821). Meyr., Hamp., Warr., Meyr.: Orthosia, Hb. (1821), Frr.,
H.-S.] gracilis, (Fb.) Schiff.

This is another species name, which Tutt did not trace to its original
in the Verz. of Schiff. (1775), where there is no specific description
except p. 76. The ‘‘ Weiderich Eule,”’ i.e., the Noctua of the Lysimachia
vulgaris. gracilis. Fab. (1787), Mantissa, II, 148, gave a description,
which Tutt quoted as the original, Brit. Noct., 144. Thus we should
write gracilis, Schiff. [or (Schiff.) Fabricius, as the latter adopted
Schiff.’s name ].

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 144 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 73 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 221, plt. 213 (1899): Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 431 (1905) :
Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 241, plt. 45, 7 (1906): South, M.B.Is., I, 331,. plt-
158, 3-4 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 92, plt. 22k (1910): Culot,
N. et G., I (2), 67, pt. 50, f. 13 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 143 (1928).

On plt. 152, f. 6, Esper, Abbild., 1V (1788?), gave a figure labelled
collinita, which is so bad that it might be anything, but which from the
text IV (2), 505, is undoubtedly intended for gracilis, teste Werne.,
Beitr., TI, 47 (1864).

Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 14, fig. 414 (1790), dealt with 10
figures which they said probably represented several species. Fig. 414
b and c, the most delicate in colour and design on the plate, probably
are gracilis, the others representing populeti, incerta (several forms),
and opima. Werneberg, Beitr., IT, 115 (1864), determined 414 b and c
as gracilis.

Borkhausen, Naturg., IV, 597 (1792), recognised gracilis in the figure
and description of collinita, Esper, plt. 152. On p. 600 he redescribed
the lepida, Brahm (1791), which is only a description of gracilis.

Mliger, Verz., I, 231 (1801), also recognised collinita, Esper, as
gracilis, Schiff.

Hh., Samml. Noct., 168 (1800-2), gave a very good figure of the rich
red form.

Treit., Schmett., V (2), 217 (1825), noted that he had seen the lepida
of Brahm and that Brahm himself admitted that it was gracilis.

Pips 1st: Nats VE Vl. pit) Boo od (1826), gave a figure of a
light brownish grey dove colour, by no means typical of gracilis.

Steph., Zll., IT, 142-3 (1829), described various forms of this species
under Haworth’s name of sparsa(ws) and with doubt as to the specific
validity of the pale pallida. He remarked on the two extremes in color-
ation ‘‘ bright rusty griseous’’ and “ nearly grey or hoary.’’ His
pallida is a ‘‘ nearly uniform pale rufous brown.” ‘

‘

/
THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (219)

Wood’s fig. 176, Ind. Ent., p. 40 (1884), is very poor. ‘‘ The pale
quaker.’’

Freyer, Neu. Beitr., IV, 45, plt. 317 (1842), gave a beautiful figure.
He referred to Hsper’s fig. named collinita as being so bad as to be un-
recognisable as gracilis. He also said that Brahm named it lepida.

H.-S., Bearb. Noct., IJ, 204 (1851), fig. 388 (1849), gave a nice figure
of a grey form but not delicate enough. He said Hb. 168 was too red,
considered collinita, Esp., as a synonym, and subplumbea, Curt., and
var. lepida, Brahm, as variations. Genus, Orthosia.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 356 (1852), described two forms of this
species. A—pallida, uniform, rosy, almost devoid of black atoms. B—
A grey, bluish slaty colour. He noted the numerous minor variations
and also that the lepida of Bork., Treit., and Bdvy. is this latter form.
The former may be Tutt's rosea.

Meyr., Handb., 73 (1895), used the genus Monima.,

Stdgr., Cat., I[led., 202 (1901), briefly described his pallidior (1888)
as ‘‘ multo pallidior cinerea.’’

Hamps., Lep. Phal:, V, 481 (1905), described an aberration ‘‘ fore-
wing suffused with fuscous brown,’’ which Strand subsequently (1916)
named obscurior.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 241, plt. 45, 7 (1906), gave a by no means good
figure. It is unrecognisable as this apenas

South, /.B.J., 1, 331, plt. 158, figs. 3-7 (1907), gave 5 figures all
fairly good.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., TIT, 92, 22k (1910), gave seven figures, 5 and
2 gracilis, pallida, $ and © rosea, rufescens and ella, but not one show-
ing the beautiful coloration of the species. There is far too much in-
fluence of the red brown general colour of the plate.

Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 67, plt. 50, fig. 13 (1914), gave a very good
figure.

Meyr., Rev. Hand. (1928), 143, also genus Monima.

Barrett says of the Variation :—

“Usually very constant in marking—only varying a little in the
degree of grey dusting, or of grey-brown, or pale red shading.’’

He reports specimens, ‘‘ Of uniform whitish-buff colour almost de-
void of any trace of markings.’’

One from Armagh, ‘‘ Has a smoky-black cloud along the dorsal mar-
gin of the forewings, and the hindwings very dark, the apex and part
cf the hind-margin heing edged with black.’’

From the New Forest, (1) ‘‘ Light fulvous red.” (2) ‘‘ Darker vary-
ing to tawny and to purple-red.”’ (8) ‘‘ Some with stigmata scarcely
visible.’’ (4) ‘‘ Others with stigmata outlined with white.”’ (5) ‘‘In
some a similarly margined broad claviform stigma makes its appear-
ance.’’ (6) ‘‘ Very pale purple-drab with nervures darker.’’ (7) ‘‘ Deep
dark purple-brown or liver-coloured with stigmata obscured.’’ (8) ‘‘ Of
a rich clay-red with yellow subterminal line and the stigmata yellow
edged.’’ (9) ‘‘ Dark livid greyish-purple, unspotted, but having the
costal region, the subterminal line, and the cilia dull yellow.”’

From Scotland, one ‘‘ Of a very soft prieht red, or fulvous with the
subterminal line deeper red.’’

(220) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/ Il1/1940

Another from Rannoch, “ Is brick-red, and has its costa straighter
than usual, giving it a very peculiar shape.”’

Another, ‘‘ Has pale clouds around the stigmata.”

‘« Another, ‘‘ Has the stigmata all but obliterated and no pale edging
to the subterminal line.”’

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
gracilis, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 76.
gracilis, Fab. (1787), Mant., I, 148.
collinita, Esp. (1787-9?), Abbild., IV (2), 505, plt. 152, 6.
lepida, Brahm (1791), Ins. Kal., II, 271.
f. sparsus, Haw. (1803), Lep. Brit., 122.
ab. pallida, Steph. (1829), Ill., II, 148.
ab. pallida, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat. Noct., V, 356.
r. ellag Btlr. (@Q878),-AcM WN... 5 (1), 167.
r. pallidior, Stdgr. (1888), Steft. e. Zt., 32.
ab. rufescens, Ckrll. (1889), Ent. Rec., V, 216.
ab. rosea, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., I1, 145.
ab. rosea-sparsus, Tutt (1892), l.c.
ab. brunnea, Tutt (1892), l.c.
ab. obscurior, (Hamp.) Strnd. (1916) [Lep. Phal., V, 481 (1905)] Strnd.
Arch. Nararg., GX XXII, A2, 30° G91),
ab. cruda, Lenz. (1927), Osthldr. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 316.
ab. fasciata, Lenz. (1927), l.c.
ab. nictitans, Lenz. (1927), l.c.
ab. obsolescens, Lenz. (1927), l.c.
ab. marmorata, Lenz. (1927), l.c., p. 317.
ab. obscura, Lenz. (1927), l.c.
ab. nigra, n. ab.

Tutt dealt with (1) gracilis, Fb., pale grey-white, subterminal line
orange or reddish; (2) sparsus, Haw., ditto, subterminal line grey, mot-
tled; (3) pallida, Steph., not mottled with black atoms; (4) pallida, Gn.
= (5) rosea, Tutt, pale reddish or orange, not mottled with black atoms;
(6) rosea-sparsus, Tutt, ditto, mottled with black scales; (7) rufescens,
Ckll., almost unicolorous dark red; (8) ab. brunnea, Tutt, almost uni-
colorous dark brown.

Tutt referred (p. 146) under his var. brumnea that it was an ‘“‘ ex-
treme form of var. rufa.’’ I take it that ‘‘rufa” should be ‘“‘ rufescens.”’
In his tabulation of forms, rufescens is ‘‘ almost unicolorous dark red ”’
and brunnea ‘‘ almost unicolorous dark brown.’’

lepida, Brahm, Insektenk., YI, 271 (1791).

Hig “serious: Mag., Tit, pit! 18, £7 (1798):

Oric. Descrip.—-‘‘ The forewings are fawn pale grey, with very in-
distinct marking; the usual stigmata are not distinguishable, but it
can be noted that the lower portion of the reniform is of a dark colour.
Not far from the outer margin les a moderately light grey transverse
line shading out to brownish on the inner side, and inside beyond it lies
a wavy row of blackish dots. The hindwings are whitish, shaded brown-
ish toward the outer margin and a portion of the inner margin. On
each of the three branches of the chief wing vein stands a slight blackish
dot. All the wings are whitish below, with a row of blackish dots on

se

exe.

i

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EXCHANGES.

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They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,”’ West Drive, Cheam.

Urgently Wanted for Experimental Purposes.—Pupae of hirtaria and lapponaria.

I can offer duplicates of very many species in return.—Harold B. Williams,
Croft Point, Bramley, Surrey.

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Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens
and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. t-album,

exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Keitlewell,
Cranleigh, Surrey.

Duplicates.—Erebia manto ssp. constans f. gnathene. Mostly 606, Mont Dore,
Central France. Desiderata. —Erebia manto, Austrian. Erebia lefebrei, L.
or Scandinavian Erebiae—H. G. Harris, 5 Archer’s Road, Southampton.

Duplicates.—Several thousand British Macro-Lepidoptera in perfect condition:
full data. Desiderata—British Micro-Lepidoptera in similar condition.—
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Duplicates.—P. brassicae,* Rapae,* Sinapis (Irish), Croceus, Rhamni, Argiolus,
Coridon, Bellargus, Paphia, Aglaia, Cardui, Atalanta,* Io,* Galathea, Semele,
Tages, Malvae, Sylvestris, Venata, Vinula, * Bucephala,* Similis,* Perla,
Muralis, Ochroleuca, Flavicincta, Bipunctaria, Ochrearia,, etc. Desiderata.—

Numerous, black pins, data—L. H. Bonaparte Wyse, 53 Victoria Road, Shore- .
ham-by-Sea.

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BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record and
Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most important only mentioned.)

GENUs Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthente, and aurelia—The Double
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac-
tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnts paphia
var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature aud Variation—Synonymic
notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Life-histories of Agroltts pyrophila, —
Epunda lichenea, heat tea has hispidus—Captures at light, Aen apestite notes,
@tc., etc., 360 pp.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
VARIATION (Many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesta sphegtformis, Taento-
campa opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis-
ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—
Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, —
S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ran-
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena ee ae
—Hymenoptera—Life-history of GOnophora derasa, ak -etc., pak Pp.

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ORIA (SYNIA) MUSCULOSA, HB., INDIGENOUS IN BRITAIN, E. A. Cochayne,
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ORIA (SYNIA) MUSCULOSA, HB., INDIGENOUS IN BRITAIN. 37

ORIA (SYNIA) MUSCULOSA, HB., INDIGENOUS IN BRITAIN,

By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P., and zr 0"
fo LOUIVSY

13 S20 H. B. D. Kerrtewett, M.A., M.B., B.Chir. /*,
/

Ape 1
We feel that the time has now come when our observations_on this’ ~

species extended over the past few years, incomplete as they are, May
be of some value to other entomologists. Our excuse for publishing this
paper before our evidence is complete is that while the war lasts we
may be unable to add to our knowledge.

We had held the view for some time that, judging by past records
and by its habits abroad, the insect was not a migrant. The type of
terrain where it had been taken previously gave us no satisfactory clue
to the nature of its breeding grounds. Eventually we thought that it
must breed in river valleys, chiefly from evidence afforded by the capture
of small numbers over a period of years near such a valley.

On August 4, 1938, H.B.D.K. took his first musculosa at light in this
valley at 1 a.m. Subsequent nights proved unproductive, though moths
came to light in great numbers. This capture confirmed our view and
so we took at intervals through the year a survey of all the coarse
grasses which grew there in the hope of finding the larva. ‘This led
to no result, and we found that in the winter the place was completely
flooded. In view of its life history on the Continent we decided that it
was unlikely to breed in the valley and tried the higher ground about
a mile away. This consisted of rolling arable land, stony and poor,
with a chalk subsoil. The only unusual feature was the absence of
boundary hedges, which were replaced by narrow strips of grassy ground
separating one field from another. The chief crops were winter wheat,
winter oats, and barley. Practically no root crops of any kind were
grown and very little rye. Rye has always been called the chief food
plant of musculosa, but it became increasingly obvious that it could
not account for the presence of the insect in this district. We under-
took a further survey of coarse grasses in this area, which will be re-
ferred to later. During May and June 1938 H.B.D.K. carried out a
search of many crops in the area for larvae. We were then in posses-
sion of the Continental life-history. H.B.D.K. used three methods,
searching by day, searching by night with a petrol vapour lamp, and
sweeping by night, the last producing insects in great variety and vast
numbers, but none of them producing the larva of musculosa. The crops
examined were chiefly winter wheat and winter oats, and these only
along the outer margins. Nevertheless, at the margin of one of these
fields, which had been worked, musculosa was common later in the year,
and 59, all males, were taken. The male is very strongly attracted to
light, and on some nights was the commonest species on the sheet. The
weather was most unfavourable, and on most nights it was either bit-
terly cold, with a full moon, or there were thunderstorms with torrential
rain. We believe, therefore, that the species is even commoner than
our figures suggest. The following is a list of dates and captures :—

27.7.1939. 2 males, 12.10 a.m. Very cold, some cloud.

31.7.1939. 2 males assembling, 10.10 p.m. Very cold.

1.8.1939. 1 male, 11 p.m. Clear cold moonlight night.

2.8.1939. 5 males between 10 and 10.30 p.m. Cold, Wery dark and
very wet. *

way

38 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1V /1940

3.8.1939. 8 males, 10, 10.5, 10.16, 3 at 10.35, 11.5, 11.10. Dark and
very wet, so that many stuck on the sheet and were
ruined.

4.8.1939. 5 males, 9.55, 10.5, 2 between 10.20 and 10.45. Rather cold,
north wind, dark.

5.8.1939. 9 males, 10.5, 2 at 10.20, 10.35, 10.40, 10.55, 11.5, 11.10, 11.10.
Dark until 11.10.

6.8.1939. 1] males, between 10.5 and 10.40. Dark and fairly warm.

7.8.1939. 12 males, 9.50, 5 at 10.25, 10.45, 3 at 11.10, 11.12, 11.16, 11.20.
Warm and dark.

12.8.1939. 3 males. Fair night.

13.8,1939. 1 male (R. P. Demuth). Very favourable night.
16.8.1939. None (R. P. Demuth). Fair night.

It will be noted that only males were taken and that there is a
definite flight between 9.50 and 11.20 p.m. (summer time), and that the
moth is commonest during the first week in August.

We will now describe more fully our method of collecting. The place
where we found it to be most numerous was on the edge of a very large
field of winter wheat, which abutted on an enclosure of coarse grass,
chiefly Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum, and Bromus erectus. This
enclosure of about ten acres had been allowed to go wild for years with
the object of providing a breeding cover for game, a method frequently
adopted in districts where there are no copses or coverts. There was
no hedge separating the wheat from the grass. We also found musculosa
in other similar places in the district. We placed from two to six petrol
vapour lamps on the edge of the field, sometimes hanging one lamp six
feet above another, which rested on a sheet on the ground, so that the
upper one threw a beam over the top of the uncut wheat. As many
moths came to sheets without an upper lamp as to those with one, and
none were seen flying round the upper lamp on their way to the sheet.
All those observed came out of the wheat flying very low, and none
were seen flying out of the grass. They fly rapidly and buzz on the
sheet for a few minutes, rubbing all their scales off when the sheet is
soaked with rain. They then sit quietly, often near the edge of the
sheet, where they can be identified with ease.

It is reported that in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar the moth is
frequently found on flowers by day. We searched knapweed and rag-
wort, both by day and by night, close to the place where the moths came
to light. We found no musculosa, though on some nights other moths
were not uncommon. The weather, however, was very unfavourable.

On the evening of July 31 H.B.D.K. was fortunate enough to see
males of musculosa assembling. At 10.10 (dusk) a light-coloured moth
was seen slowly threading its way through the heads of corn, flying
rather like Tapinostola elymi. It was netted and proved to be mus-
culosa. A minute later another was seen flying in exactly the same
way to the same spot, but was missed with the net. Assembling was
now suspected. Immediately after this a third approached, flying very
low, but in catching it a small area of the surrounding wheat, on which
there is little doubt the female was sitting, was disturbed. Though the
ground was searched for an hour it was impossible to find her owing
to the thickness of the undergrowth of weeds. Needless to say, no lamp
was in use when the males were assembling.

ORIA (SYNIA) MUSCULOSA, HB., INDIGENOUS IN BRITAIN. 39

This cbservation is a step forward in the discovery of the breeding
place of musculosa. The calling female must have been sitting about
one and a half yards from the edge of the wheat, which again was some
two yards from the coarse grass. Assuming that the female had emerged
recently at that spot, we can say that the egg from which she came
was laid quite near in July or August 1938. The farmer told us that
at that time the large wheat field was an area of bare stony fallow with
the nearest corn several hundred yards away. The grassy edges and
enclosure, however, would be unchanged. ‘The farmer who owned the
field was a particularly tidy worker and he assured us that all weeds
and rubbish were burnt prior to ploughing and sowing in September
and that the fallow had heen ploughed previously during the summer.

Abroad, the presence of musculosa is looked upon as a sign of untidy
farming where rubbish is left unburnt. It is therefore unlikely that ova
laid on the fallow would have a chance of surviving and it is probable
that they were !aid on the grassy edge or in the enclosure.

The larvae then fed on (a) coarse grasses only, (b) on wheat, (c) on
both. Let us examine the evidence in favour ot each, for this question
of food is probably a factor of the greatest importance in determining
the distribution of musculosa in this country.

(a) Grass only. The Continental lterature does not make it clear
whether grass alone will suffice, but presumably the larva fed on wild
grasses before wheat and other cereals were evolved by man. In our
district it appears that crops play a part. In the places where we placed
our lamps in large areas of wild coarse grasses (chiefly Arrhenatherum)
away from any crops we took no musculosa, though other species were
abundant. The coarse grass, Calamagrostis epigéios, is given as a food-
plant by Hoffman. We fea never seen it in the vicinity of crops,
though it grows in a few places in the district. We visited these and
it seems unlikely that musculosa breeds in any of them. The nearest
is five miles from any of the places where we took it. Triticum repens
and Aegilops cylindricum do not occur in this country, nor do Bromus
tectorum and J. inerimis, all stated by Continental authors to be food
plants, but Bromus erectus is common in this district and grows along
the edges of corn fields. It appears to us the most likely food plant
in this country, but since the larva eats grasses so distantly related as
Calamagrostis and Bromus, other grasses with thick stems, such as
Arrhenatherum, may be alternative foods. The larva is said to bury
itself about an inch and a half below the surface in loose earth for
pupation, and the absence of patches of bare earth in the large areas
of wild coarse grass may render these unsuitable.

We spent a long time every night searching for females ovipositing,
but without success. This suggests that she does not lay eggs on the
growing corn. We also searched the grass and rubbish along the path
between the corn and the enclosure. The usual practice in this dis-
trict is to sow rye grass and clover with wheat and allow it to grow as
a crop for feeding sheep the next spring. Some of the fields are then
put under plough late in the summer after the sheep have finished with
it. The fields therefore have a short period in fallow through the
months of July and August prior to the autumn sowing with winter
wheat or winter oats.

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1940

Further, we found on enquiry that our farmer for the past seven
years had left some of his fields fallow for a whole year after harvest,
ploughing them a second time in the summer to aerate the soil. This
last method, however, is not adopted by any other farmer in the dis-
trict. In any case, there are a number of fields over the whole of this
area which are bare and ploughed during July or August and are sub-
sequently sown with wheat or oats. The presence of fallow fields might
therefore afford the special conditions required, for, if the moth laid
egos on grasses growing along the edges of fallow fields, the larvae
would be sure to have a crop of corn to enter and loose earth to pupate in.

Though this is possible, we have no definite evidence that this is the
usual habit of musculosa, but it is extremely probable that the absence
of root crops and the presence of grassy strips instead of hedges between
the fields in this district may be the chief factors which enable the
insect to prosper in this area.

(b) Wheat only. We do not think it likely that wheat alone is the
food plant. Eggs ljaid on fallow would be ploughed in, and of those
laid on growing corn some would be carted away and others remaining
on the stubble would be ploughed in and there would only be rye grass
for the young larvae to feed on in the spring. If the eggs were laid on
rubbish at the edges of the corn fields most of it would be burnt before
they were due to hatch.

(c) Grass and wheat or oats. We think it probable that the eggs
are laid on grasses bordering the fields and that the young larvae feed
first on grasses and when larger wander into the corn. Against this is
the fact that no yellow stems were found along the edge of the field
where musculosa was taken most commonly later in the same year. The
wheat was examined again while the moth was on the wing and, though
many stunted stems were found with the sheathing leaf still partially
covering the ear, all of them were found to contain young larvae of
Apamea basilinea.

The following is a summary of the life history taken from a paper
by Professor S. Mokrzecki (Zeitschr. f. Wissensch. Insektenbiol., 1907,
ae IO a0):

This insect is a periodic pest in South Russia, where it is known as
‘‘ Blade Pest.’? It also occurs in Denmark, middle and south Germany,
Hungary, N.W. Africa, the Canary Islands, Syria, Armenia, N. Persia,
and Turkestan. The first investigations were carried out by Professor
K. Lindeman in the Caucasus, and the insect was named by him Tapinos-
tola frumentalis (Hnt. Nachr., 1884, 10. 173). Its first appearance on
the wing is in early June and the numbers increase up to July 5th or
6th. After this date the numbers decrease up to the end of the month.

During the daytime the moths rest on the ground or on a stalk. At
dusk they beceme active and visit various flowers. They fly till mid-
night and are attracted to bright light in numbers. They pair in the
evening and then begin to lay their eggs immediately. A female that
emerged on June 18th paired the following night and then started laying
eggs. It was in copula one hour.

In nature the eggs are laid on the stalks of grasses growing near
wheat, usually under a sheathing leaf. They are laid in lines, 20 in a
line, and two lines are laid alongside one another. They are also laid
on dead objects in a field such as posts. The eggs are stuck on with

‘

ORIA (SYNIA) MUSCULOSA, HB., INDIGENOUS IN BRITAIN. 4]

an adhesive liquid which hardeus in the air and forms a protective
covering, enabling them to survive the winter. The moth lives on an
average for 5 to 7 days. Before ovipositing the female becomes very
active, running up and down the stem on which she intends to lay. In
captivity eggs are laid on the sides of the box as well as on other dead
objects.

The egg, flat on the top, is bright yellow at first and later turns white.
The shell is very thick and hard. At this time it resembles a small seed
of some weed. The embryo develops inside the egg in the late summer
and in October the fully developed larva lies inside. The larva hatches
at the beginning of March, or according to Kurdjumov (tev. Applied
Ent., 1914. 2. Ser. A. 171), at the end of April. On March 7th, 1893, a
field was sown with oats, which germinated on March 2th. On March
25th, shoots appeared, which were affected by the young larvae. At the
beginning of March these had been found in Bromus. In 1897 barley
germinated on April 9th, and larvae of musculosa appeared in the stems
between April 11th and 14th. The stem measured .8 mm. in diameter,
while the larva was 3.5 mm. in length. At this stage the larva (first
instar) is dirty white in colour with a dark brown head. The abdomen
has four longitudinal brown stripes and is covered with fairly long hair.

On emergence from the egg the larva finds the nearest grass and
later transfers itself to winter wheat, summer wheat, rye, oats, or bar-
ley. It bores into a stem, making a small round hole near the ground,
and feeds internally. There is an exit hole above this, usually below the
lowest leaf, the upper hole being larger than the lower, their distance
apart being 1 to 2 cm. On opening the stem one finds greenish-white
frass. When the old stem can no longer contain it, the larva wanders off
to another shoot. The old shoot withers above the infected part, but
the roots and lower part of the shoot remain undamaged. There is only
one larva to each shoot, but frequently every shoot in a given plant is
attacked in turn by the same larva. The larva changes its position
during the night, and usually moves into the nearest stem. As the
larvae increase in size the whole field may become covered with brown
withered shoots. When full grown the larva leaves the stalk and takes
up a position beneath the sheathing leaf, which covers the ear of corn,
and feeds on the unripe grains and fills the whole sheath with white frass.
The whole ear may be eaten. The dead ears, which are unopened, are
fairly conspicuous and can be found from the end of May. onwards in
winter wheat. Less often the dead ear is bitten off and falls to the
ground. In some crops fifty per cent. of the heads are damaged. About
the first week of June the larvae leave the sheath and burrow into the
earth to pupate, but some can still be found up to June 10th feeding
on the late ears.

The full grown larva is 26 mm. in length, spindle-shaped, tapering
posteriorly, and is a light green in colour, very smooth, but with whitish
hairs. There are four longitudinal dark red-brown stripes, the two
median being broader than the two lateral. The head is yellowish-red
with black ocelli. The prothoracic plate is reddish with darker edges.
On the sides of the prothoracic somite there are small black tubercles
with fine hairs springing from them, and these are present on the other
somites, but more conspicuous on those towards the anal end. The legs
“and the five pairs of prolegs are greenish in colour.

42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1940

The pupa is 15 mm. long, brownish red, smooth, and shining, with
reddish spiracles. The cremaster ends in two small spines.

The larva usually pupates under an infected stem and when this is
pulled up the pupa may be found exposed in the earth underneath. The
larval period is about two and a half months and the pupal period a
fortnight (Kurdjumoyv).

Musculosa is most common on peasant holdings, which are badly
worked and unscientifically ploughed and treated. Counter measures
consist in burning the stubble and all rubbish, and in deep ploughing
in the autumn. The introduction of rotation of crops is also recom-
mended, particularly with the growing of roots. The saying among the
peasants is ‘‘ the bladeworms have taught us how to plovgh.’’ It is
nearly always the outside edges of the fields that are affected most.
especially those alongside a road. Certain areas are free from infection
and then one comes across a place where nearly every shoot is affected
(Jablonowski, J. Rev. Applied Ent., 1914, 2. Ser. A. 526).

The history of Oria musculosa in England is interesting. The first
specimen, a very perfect male, was taken at a gas-light in the Sussex
County Hospital, Brighton, 17.viii.1855, by J. N. Winter (Zoologist;
1855. 13. 4904), and was figured in the frontispiece of the Entomologist’ s
Annual, 1856. A beautiful specimen was caught in the evening,
7.vi11.1856, at Brighton, by A. J. Wigginton (Ent. Weekly Intelligencer,
1856. 1. 154), and another in the same vear by Henry Cooke, flying
round a lamp at the corner of the Pavilion Gardens in the very centre
of Brighton ([bid., 173). W.H. Allchin took one on a flower, 15.viii.1858,
at Brighton (Hnt. Weekly Intelligencer. 1858-9. 5. 19). Ae
Thorncroft caught a female, 10.vili.1858, and a friend with him
caught a male and a female on the same date at Brighton (Zoologist,
1858. 16. 6284). According to Barrett others were taken in the following
years in the same locality, and J. H. A. Jenner caught one at Bexhill,
Kent (presumably a mistake for Sussex). I have been unable to trace
these records. Barrett says ‘‘ it appears as though from 1855 to 1860
a strenuous effort must have been made by the species to form settle-
ments in the Southern Counties, but since 1860 it seems very nearly
to have died out.’’ W. E. Parsons, however, caught one on clover
heads flying in the daytime near Brighton in 1883 (Entomol., 1883. 16.
261).

On the facts at his disposal Barrett’s conclusion that musculosa is
an immigrant, which established itself on the south coast for several
years, was justifiable, though in all probability it was incorrect. No
further records appeared until H. Haynes published a note saying he
had taker six in 1909 and three in 1910 at Salisbury (Hntomol., 1910.
43. 250). These were all taken on gas lamps and he took others in the
same way in subsequent years until building operations spoilt the place
and wheat and oats were no longer grown there. Mr Caleb Gaier took
three, which he kindly showed to us, all in different localities and all
scme miles from the Salisbury locality. They were caught in the day-
time as they flew out of winter wheat during harvesting. The dates
were 22.vii.1911, 25.vii.1929, and 12.viii.1932. Another specimen is
said to have been taken by day on a flower of knapweed on Salisbury
Plain in 1938. G. H. Dixon took a single specimen at lght, 24.v11.1933,
at Micheldever, Hants (Journ. Soc. Brit, Ent., 1934, 1 (1). 9), and E.

INSECT BIOTOPES IN SYRIA, IRAQ AND TRAN. 43

Kefford captured a male at light at Great Ballard School, New Milton,
iEfmts.- 25.v11.1935 (bid., 1936. 1 (5)..121). These: probably fall within
the breeding area centred on Salisbury Plain.

The origin of the three following specimens is less easily explained.
One was taken by Jager in 8. Devon in 1899 (Entomol., 1899. 32. 286):
the second, recorded by Hawker-Smith (Hnt. Record, 1928. 40. 39), ac-
cording to G. Talbot, was a male taken in the light trap in the grounds
of the Hill, Wormley Hill, near Witley, Surrey, and the third was taken
at light at Eton College by E. C. Pelham-Clinton, 24.vii.1938 (Hntomol.,
1938 4712237).

We are convinced that this species is not migratory and in fact may
not wander far from its field-side localities. This is supported by the
fact that only a solitary specimen was captured after days of collecting
in ideal conditions at a spot only one mile away from a place where large
numbers are known to occur. The species is indigenous and will pro-
bably be found in other districts where the type of soil and method of
farming suit it. In such localities it has probably been overlooked be-
cause no one has used light in harvest fields. Even if light were used in
such a situation musculosa might pass unnoticed among swarms of
Leucania pallens and impura by anyone who was not expecting to see it.

In conclusion, we must thank Mr Haynes, whose earlier captures led
us to look for the species where we did and who without hesitation
showed us his old locality. We must express our gratitude to Mr
Pitman and Mr Gater, who were the first to suspect the real habitat,
and to Miss Gullick, who went with us to identify the various grasses,
and to Mr Goddard for putting at our disposal his great knowledge of
crops.

INSECT BIOTOPES IN SYRIA, IRAQ AND IRAN.
ECOLOGICAL FIRST TMPRESSIONS.
By E. P. Wirtsuiee, F.R.E.S.

The following notes endeavour briefly to summarise the ecological
conditions governing insect-life in those Near East countries that I
know. Anatolia, which I have not yet personally visited, cannot justly
be omitted from such a summary, and my remarks on it, not being
first-hand, are abbreviated. In the absence of an exhaustive zoo-
geographical analysis of all the biotopes, zoogeographical conclusions are
also reduced to a minimum and expressed in general terms; any other
course is impossible until the fauna of these lands is better known than
it is to-day.

Taking geographical units such as Syria, Anatolia, Iraq, and Iran
as heads of columns or vertical divisions, it is possible to trace four
or five characteristic horizontal divisions which produce biotopes more
or less corresponding to, and in some cases physically linked with, their
‘counterparts in the other columns; these horizontal divisions are :—
High peaks.

Middle heights: either wooded hills or hilly steppe.
Deserts (and steppes).

Oases: rivers, irrigated cultivation and marshes.
Houses, (This class will not be discussed here.)

OC a ag

44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1940

T shall now follow each of these divisions through the geographical
units under discussion.

1. HIGH PRAKS.

The tops of mountains are ecologically isolated and contain a num-
ber of endemic species, or well-differentiated races. Probably during
or just after the last Ice Age many of them were faunistically joined,
but this is less probable of the Iranian mountains, for the climatic con-
ditions of the Iranian plateau were hardly affected by the European Ice
Ages; the differentiation of races of peak-species, therefore, is more com-
plete in Tran. Nevertheless, the Tranian peak-fauna shows signs of a
common, if remoter, origin. In many cases it is debatable whether
local forms occurring on Tranian peaks should be regarded as distinct
species or as subspecies.

A. Syria. Palestine should not really be separated from Syria ex-
cept in considering the peculiar Jordan valley and Dead Sea fauna, but
it contains no really high peaks. In Syria, there are the Lebanon, Anti-
Lebanon and Hermon mountains, of which only the first! has been
adequately explored.

B. In Anatolia, the Taurus? peaks are those that have been best
explored.

C. In Iraq (and §.W. Iran), the Zagros peaks still require further
exploration, though one of the (Iranian) Farsistan mountains has re-
cently been fairly thoroughly explored, viz., Barm-i-Farus.3

D. Iran has recently received much attention from naturalists.4
The Elburz range in N. Iran contains the greatest heights of any of my
vertical divisions. During the Ice Age the Elburz snow-line was not
more than 1000 m. lower than to-day, but the south side was even then
arid.6 There are many other high ranges in Iran, only some of which
have been explored; but none of them contain the quantities of water
at great heights which are found in the Elburz. The great richness of
species of the Elburz marks it out as a primary centre of distribution
for the whole Near East.

Most of the species peculiar to these great heights are restricted
climatically. For instance, Vanessa urticae (a Euro-Siberian species)
occurs in the Lebanon, Kurdistan, Anatolia, and North and Central
Iran together with Urtica dioica, L., which I have only seen growing
where ice-cold water flows; on the Syrian coast a different species of
nettle grows which it will eat but on which it will not survive if bred
at sea-level. Evidently both foodplant and host are restricted climatic-
ally, but I think it improbable that any characteristic peak-species is
now restricted only by the availability of its foodplant. Failures to
breed many polyphagous mountain-top larvae at other levels confirm
this view.*

1Zerny; Ellison & Wiltshire.

2Osthelder & Pfeiffer.

3Brandt.

4Alberti; Brandt: Osthelder: Pfeiffer.

*>Bobek.

*T think that the difference of air pressure is also concerned, perhaps especially
in connection with eclosion from the pupa. In India I found this difficulty
in rearing in the Plains insects hrought down from the Hills.—T. B. F.

i

INSECT BIOTOPES IN SYRIA, TRAQ AND IRAN. 45

2. MIDDLE HEIGHTS.

These are either wooded or steppe-like, according to the degree of
humidity. Deforestation also may reduce originally wooded hills to
the status of hilly steppe.

Most of the Middle Heights of the extensive area under considera-
tion have a typical population of steppe species, which IT here term
Anatolian-Iranian, which is the handiest English equivalent that I can
find for Amsel’s ‘‘ Vorderasiatisch-Mediterran.”’

A. and B. In coastal Anatolia and the Lebanon a humid woodland,
of a Mediterranean character, covers these Middle Heights, scrub-
oaks, Aleppo pine and pistaccio being the characteristic indigenous
trees, with juniper at the upper limit. Varicus degrees of deforestation
and degradation occur, the extreme heing in Palestine; but the result-
ing steppe-like terrain differs from the inland steppes, being favoured
by mild winters and high humidity. On the east side of the Lebanon
and in the Anti-Lebanon genuine hilly steppe occurs, with vestiges of
juniper wood at a fair height. The Bekaa and Central Anatolia are
also steppe-like.

C. The Zagros woods are linked up physically with the Anatolian ;
they differ from the Lebanon woods by their drier atmosphere and colder
winters. They consist of several kinds of scrub-oak, pistaccio and
paliurus, and are partly deforested.

D. Tran. The North Side of the Elburz is clad with a humid deci-
duous forest, of Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean character, but cf
tropical density, with junipers at the upper limit. High up on the arid
south side of the range, the miserable rclicts of a juniper woodland are
to be found. The Middle Heights of tho rest of Iran are steppe-like,
except for the undeforested parts of the Zagros, and were prohably not
wooded even in the Pleistocene Age.

We find some species (e.g., Simyra dentinost) apparently absent from
the humid Lebanon woodland, but present at Upper Heights in the
Lebanon and on steppe-like Middle Heights in Syria and Iraq; others
(e.g., Cucullia barthae, Brsn.) occur at 8000 ft. in the Elburz, and
down to 3000 ft. in Svria and Anatolia, including the humid woodlands
in their range. The distribution of such species is of great interest,
but further precise records from many parts of the Near East are needed
before zoogeographical generalisations are possible.

The complete absence of woodland from the Interior of Iran does
not result in the complete absence of species that seem typical of wood-
land in §. Europe and Asia Minor, because some of them depend on
undergrowth vegetation, which exists in the oases (see below), while
others in Iran become feeders on water-trees (e.g.. Lymantria dispar,
on oak in the Lebanon, on poplar in Tran),

Many species occurring at great heights occur also at Middle
Heights, especially where the latter are arid and steppe-like and there
is less difference in the vegetation of the two zones. Such species are
less differentiated into local forms than those confined to the peaks.
The vertical limits of a species’ range are not necessarily identical in
Syria, Iraq and Iran. Middle Height species tend to be euryoecous
over large areas. Even in the arid parts there is a fairly strong
““ Mediterranean ”’’ penetration, growing weaker eastwards,

46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1940

3. DESERTS AND STEPPES. ~—

A regular winter rainfall distinguishes all the desert of the area
under consideration from the ‘ true ’’ Sahara, in the sense of Zolo-
tarevsky and Murat. (It resembles, therefore, that part of the Sahara
closest to the Mediterranean, defined by Chevalier® as the ‘‘ Northern
Saharan Zone.’”’) Most of the desert is stony, but in Central and Lower
Iraq it consists of alluvial mud. In both kinds, but especially often
in the alluvial, the soil has a salty tendency. Sand-dunes are not
usual, except coastally. The alluvial desert is less rich in vegetation
and animal life than the stony, except where marshes intrude on it.

The heavier precipitation of the Anatolian and Iranian high steppes
cannot benefis vegetation because it coincides with the cold winter; it
thus fails to relieve the desert-like nature of the Anatolian-Iranian
plateau.

‘A. Syria. Here the desert proper begins eastward of the Anti-
Lebanon. This range, however, and the Bekaa plain also, have a steppe-
like character and harbour many desert-species. The dunes of the sea-
shore, a continuous strip in Palestine from Sinai ta Carmel, but only
represented by outliers north of Mt. Carmel, carry the true desert-
fauna northward up the western side of the Judaean and Lebanese hills.
Here (and also on the shores of the Persian Gulf) the proximity of sea
and desert, without intervening mountains to ward off the former’s
humidity, produces a particularly rich desert fauna. In such localities
the two seasons of greatest insect-activity tend to converge, being
divided by the coldest part of the year, 1.e., a few weeks in January.
The appearance on the wing of Lepidoptera in such localities, however,
seems not to be so much regulated hy this brief cold spell as by the
incidence of autumnal rains.’

B. The steppes of Central Anatolia and Armenia must be considered
together with those of Iran.

C. Iraq. In the North of Iraq, the desert is stony, i.e., a steppe
desert, and inseparable from the Syrian desert. On some desert moun-
tains in this desert the vestiges of pistaccio woodland survive (P.
mutica). In Central and Southern Iraq, an alluvial desert, more or
less relieved by irrigation or marsh, occupies the low valley of the Euph-
rates and Tigris, with a border, on either side, of low steppe desert.
The low steppe desert, even in Northern Iraq, has milder winters than
the Anatolian-Iranian steppe, but the coolness of its winters varies
locally according to its elevation, which increases gradually towards the
west and north. At higher elevations snow-falls occur every winter.
A more detailed account of this desert is given in another paper.®

D. Iran contains deserts and steppes of all types. In the north
and west-centre are high steppes subject to intense cold in winter and
with the meagrest vegetation, which merge at their upper limits into
high steppe-like mountains. In the centre and south are deserts warm
enough to permit palm-cultivation in oases, but quite dry; the low,
humid, torrid shores of the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean are also
desert.

6Vide Zolotarevsky & Murat.
7Wiltshire, 3.
8Wiltshire, 5.

‘

INSECT BIOTOPES IN SYRIA, IRAQ AND IRAN. 47

Desert-species are euryoecous over vast areas. The Syrian-Mesopo-
tamian desert is populated by Eremic species but has a strong pene-
tration of Anatolian-Ivanian species, a weaker ‘‘ Mediterranean ’’ pene-
tration, and a still weaker penetration of Euro-Siberian species. North-
ward migrations of tropical species cecur. Some of these migrants do
not appear to breed in the desert, but rather in the oases; others pro-
bably cannot survive in any biotope, their appearance depending on
fresh immigrants each year. The colder the winter, the larger will be
this last class,

4. OASES: RIVERS, IRRIGATION AND MARSHLAND.

It is only possible in some cases to distinguish these three types of
oasis-biotope from each other. Their common feature is. the dependence
of their vegetation on more water than is provided by local precipitation
alone. In countries, therefore, where summers are rainless, there is a
sharp contrast between them and the surrounding land. Their charac-
teristic species are stenoecous, but they often contain thriving colonies
of desert- and steppe-species, if the plants on which these feed like moist
situations. When irrigation is interrupted or declines, the neglected
land reverts to desert or steppe. Some of the stenoecous species migrate
across the surrounding desert, but I have only noted this tendency in
those of tropical origin. Wagner, however, has taken marsh-species at
light in the Anatolian steppe at 10 km. from their breeding-ground.
The various kinds of oasis wil] be dealt with in order of elevation :—

a. High rivers of the Elburz.

b. Mountain streams and rivers, and derived irrigation.
ec. Persian gardens.

d. Hot desert rivers, and derived irrigation.

e. Marshes.

Zoogeographists class both oasis and desert insects as eremic, if their
distribution so warrants. It is, however, noticeable that oasis-insects
tend to be less pan-eremic than desert-insects; that is, they have become
differentiated into many distinct species each with a more limited ter-
ritory (cf. the tamarisk-feeding genus Clytic); this tendency is not sur-
prising in stenoecous insects. It may be taken as a sign of the geological
antiquity of the intervening desert tracts.

a. The high rivers of the Hlburz (e.g., Lar). The meadows border-
ing these rivers contain many Euro-Siberian plants, but are treeless.
These plants and their peculiar insect-hosts are stenoecous, the sur-
rounding mountains being arid.

b. Mountain streams and rivers. These are generally characterised
by walnut, poplar, willow, ash, tamarisk and oriental plane, in Syria,
Traq and Iran, and doubtless also in Anatolia; also in places, by Phrag-
mites and Typha. Where the ground-contours permit, irrigation-chan-
nels lead the water off; the resulting strips of cultivation or ‘‘ valley-
oases’? are more conspicuous in unwooded country, though even in
wooded country closer investigation will reveal a certain number of
stenoecous species dependent on water-trees and other hygrophilous
vegetation. Nevertheless, the more humid a district, the less restricted
many of these species will be. The humidity of the Lebanon woods and
Caspian forests enables many species to be euryoecous there which are

438 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1940

stenoecous on the Jranian plateau and even in the Zagros. I have
already quoted the case of L. dispar in this connection; another example
is Bapta distinctata, euryoecous in the Lebanon woodlands, stenoecous
in Iranian gardens. The trees and plants characteristic of the rivers
are also, as a rule, to be found in the irrigated gardens of that district,
except that tamarisks seem less frequent in the latter biotopes. Tilling
of the ground, for vegetables or cereal-crops, usually only takes place
on irrigable ground; spring barley is an exception to this rule. Often
the extent of barley cultivation varies from year to year, according to
the amount of spring rains. In such localities, therefore, a marginal
zone of desert or steppe is to be found, on which cultivation has come
and gone, to the detriment of the original steppe- or desert-flora and
fauna. Rice is grown in certain Kurdish valleys, though less than on
the Caspian littoral, and in lower Mesopotamia.

AandC. The above general remarks apply to Syria and Iraq.

D. Iran. In addition to the above-named trees, rivers and gardens
in N. Iran permit the growth of Celtis, elm and wild olive.

The percentage of Euro-Siberian species in these stream-side and
garden biotopes is higher than in the surrounding arid country, whether
flat steppe or mountain-side. Whether these species are relicts of a
fauna more euryoecous in a previous geological period or whether they
are advance-colonists cannot here be discussed; it must, however, be
stressed that trees and plants that will grow almost anywhere in Europe
(e.g., sloe, hawthorn, elm, Asperugo) are strictly hygrophilous over the
greater part of Iraq and Iran, and in places only grow where planted
by man. Some Mediterranean species which penetrate are similarly
restricted to oases, though a smaller proportion of them than of Euro-
Siberian.

Where human culture has not interfered in oasis-biotopes, the fauna
is often peculiar and of great interest on account of its endemic species,
as in the case of the Tigris fauna (see below), but where cultivation has
attacked these biotopes, they are less interesting, harbouring well-
known cultivation-followers of the Euro-Siberian or Geopolitan cate-
gories. The intenser the cultivation, the less characteristic of the
country does the biotope’s fauna become. A similar lack of speciality
is noticeable in artificial biotopes in Europe but with this difference:
since cultivation in Europe implies clearing away and destroying the
virgin flora, the fauna of the secondary biotope is an impoverished
version of the original virgin fauna; whereas in Iraq and Iran, where
cultivation implies irrigation and increases rather than diminishes
general vegetable growth, artificial biotopes, even though some of the
primary fauna may be exterminated, enrich the original euryoecous
fauna by supporting quite foreign elements besides some of those species
pertaining to natural uncultivated oases.

There are curious irregularities in the distribution of species attached
to oasis-biotopes; for instance, the genus Dicranura seems absent from
Syria and Palestine, though present in Anatolia, Iraq and Iran; and
Marumba populi occurs in Iran but not in Iraq or Syria.

c. Persian gardens. Gardens in Iran may be watered directly by
surface-channels, or by underground “ canats’’; the construction and
operation of the latter is. of great antiquity and characteristic of Per-

t

INSECT BIOTOPES IN SYRIA, IRAQ AND IRAN. AQ

sian culture; they produce oasis-gardens or fields like green islands in a
dusty plain, often miles from the mountains from which the water is
derived. Such oases may either be of a flora like that described above
under b, or, the climate permitting, as under d below. This method of
irrigation is prevalent in Oman® and traces of it survive in Syria and
Iraq, where, however, it is decadent (e.g., Palmyra and Kirkuk). Its
presence outside Iran is doubtless a sign of previous Persian influence. '?

d. Desert rivers. These are characterised by Populus euphratica,
tamarisk, and. south of about Jatitude 34, palm-cultivation. This culti-
vation is as old as human culture in Iraq, land of the oldest human
civilisation known to science. The rivers are:—The Jordan, the Euph-
rates and its tributary the Khabur (in N.E. Syria), the Tigris and its
tributaries the two Zabs, the Dyala, the Kerkheh and the Karun. The
isolated tropical species of the Jordan valley are thought to have gained
access thither via the Gulf of Akaba, before the elevation of the floor
of the Jordan-rift-valley in that vicinity and the subsequent separation
of its flora and fauna from the Red Sea. This may he sufficient ex-
planation for the similar flora of the Jordan and Euphrates valleys; or
else this similarity may be explained by the Pleistocene Pluvial periods
providing some link between these now separated but similar biotopes.
The dried-up courses of one or two great Arabian rivers running east-
ward towards the Euphrates and the Persian Gulf may be evidences of
such a link; or else the Bekaa plain (which we know was a lake in late
Tertiary times) may have been then in some way connected faunistically
with the upper reaches of the Euphrates.

These rivers are violent and irregular in behaviour. Every year
spring floods half-submerge the river-trees at the very period of maxi-
mum insect-activity (April-May); minor alterations in the rivers’
courses are frequent, and islands are constantly being formed and wiped
out. Often the rivers break their banks and flood wide areas of desert ;
their lower courses are exceedingly marshy.

Palm-cultivation occurs at small oases as well as along these rivers,
if the climate is suitable. In Iran palms grow at higher altitudes than
in Iraq; Tabbas and Khur, the northernmost Iranian palm-oases, are
1858 m. high but within a degree of the latitude of the northern palm
limit in Iraq; Mosul, which has no palms, is hardly 250 m. high. Palm-
oases lack elm, plane, and ash, but often harbour many tamarisks as
well as willow, poplar and nebek (Zizyphus spina-christi), An exclu-
sively palm-garden will afford less protection to undergrowth (and
therefore insects) than fruit-gardens, hut usually in Iraq the two types
of cultivation are mixed together. Where there is good protection from
the heat of the sun and the aridity of the desert winds, a stenoecous
fauna exists, the counterpart of that found in Persian gardens, but con-
taining fewer Euro-Siberian species.!°

The oases and irrigated fields of lower and Central Iraq are watered
by lift-irrigation or dam-fed channels; the motor-pump- has now re-
placed the water-wheel, and the principal dams are the Hindiya and the
Kut barrages. Rice, wheat and cotton are here grown. In the golden

9Hogarth.
13Philby: Vol. II, pp. 28-29.
19Wiltshire, 4.

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1940

age of Mesopotamian civilisation big areas of continuous cultivation
must have existed, but to-day the patches of cultivation are often separ-
ated, like islands, by a sea of invading desert. Years more of consistent
progress are needed to restore Irayian agriculture to what it used to be.

It is curious that some northward penetrating tropical species (e.g.,
Taragama siva and Thermesia arefacta), which feed in moist places on
Prosopis stephaniana (T. siva also feeds on Euphrates poplar, tamarisk
and pomegranate) do not seem to accompany that thorn into the un-
relieved desert.

f. Marshes. Small swamps may occur in all the rivers and streams
discussed above, but they are less characteristic than the marshes named
below, because they are often so isolated and ephemeral. The larger
marshes, in addition to the usual river fauna of the district they belong
to, contain also a number of characteristic species. Amik and Ak-shehir
are the only marshes of those mentioned below of which any record has
been published.!!_ Doubtless the vast Euphrates marshes contain some
highly interesting secrets.

A. Syria (and Palestine). Oumk, on the Orontes; Amik, in the
Bekaa; and Huleh, above Lake Tiberias.

B. Anatolia. Ak-shehir Lake.

C. Iraq (and S.W. Iran). The Euphrates, Tigris and Kerkheh
marshes.

Internal reed-feeders appear earlier than in Kurope, but produce no
second brood (e.g., P. typhae, A. sparganii and geminipuncta in early
July at Amik; P. castaneae in April in Khuzistan). Phragmatobia
fuliginosa, however, a river and marsh insect in Syria, appears in two
broods.

Having now followed our corresponding biotopes through the different
Near East countries, and remarked the variations in each, some geners]
remarks of a zoogeographical nature are possible.

Close though the correspondence may be between insect and plant
distribution, phytogeography is not an infallible premise for zoogeo-
graphy. Primarily climate governs the range of both plants and animals,
which may react differently; the influence of vegetation on insects is
secondary. The following illustrations will serve :—

1. <A plant may range beyond the distribution of the insect attache<
to it. This is probably due to climatic or historical causes. Examples:

Chilena proxima is only known from the Mesopotamian desert, from
Nisibin and Hassetche to Ahwaz, but apparently does not accompany
its foodplant, Prosopis stephaniani, across the Zagros.

Taragama siva, Thermesia arefacta and P. stephaniana, see above.

Dicranura and poplar, see above.

Further examples are the numerous Kuropean species absent from
Fngland though their foodplant is present.

2. A plant’s range may be far less wide than that of the insect
attached to it in one country. This is largely because even non-poly-
phagous insects are usually addicted to a genus or family rather than a
single species of plant. This adaptibility has doubtless been of great

11Ellison & Wiltshire; Wagner.

‘

INSECT BIOTOPES IN SYRIA, IRAQ AND IRAN. 51

service to insects in the past and enabled them to survive environmental
changes. The case of polyphagous species is so obvious an example of
the above observation that I quote no examples, but the following are
a few random examples of non-polyphagous insects :—

Hyloicus pinastri, only on Cedars of Lebanon. Two kinds of pine are
available in the Lebanon, at lower altitudes than the cedars; in Europe,
it is a typical pine-forest moth.

Lycaena alcon, F., feeding in one German biotope on Gentiana cruci-
ata, in another on Gentiana pneumonunthe.'?

The penetration of the Euro-Siberian element into these countries
naturally interests European scientists. This penetration occurs in four
ways: the species may occur (1) at great heights; euryoecously ove)
isolated areas; V. urticae. (2) In deserts; absolutely (P. gamma) or
partially (P. machaon) euryoecously. (3) In woods; euryoecously over
the wooded area: Thecla spini (Lebanon), Zephyrus quercus (Kurdistan).
(4) In oases; stenoecously: Chr. phloeas.

The third and fourth of these biotopes are the most favourable to
Euro-Siberian species, and since even the relatively dry woods of Kur-
distan are humid in comparison with the enormous expanse of steppe
and desert and arid mountain, it can with reason be concluded that
moisture plays as important a part as height, indeed a more important
part, in permitting Euro-Siberian penetration. A combination of both
factors will allow the most Euro-Siberian penetrants.

Some of these species penetrate on several of the biotopes, and one
would expect those that penetrate the most unfavourable of the four
biotopes (the desert) also to be able to live in two, if not three, of the
others. And this is, as far as I know, the case, the third biotope (from
which some are absent) being the mountain-tops. Absence from here
can in some cases (e.g., tree species) be attributed to absence of food-
plant but this explanation may not apply to all cases of absence. P.
machaon is an example of a species penetrating all four biotopes,
though less numerous in woodland and desert than in gardens, marshes,
and on hill-sides. It is not absolutely euryoecous in the desert because
its foodplant is absent from the flatter parts of the desert.

It is remarkable that the ecological valency of a so-called Euro-
Siberian species should be as wide as that of gamma and machaon; one
is tempted to question the correctness of their attribution to the Euro-
Siberian category and to attribute them to a new category, the Holo-
Palaearctic. I put forward the suggestion that where a species occurs
and thrives in all the biotopes of a district of which it is not considered
zoogeographically characteristic, the category to which it is attributed
should at least be reconsidered.

In most other cases of equal adaptibility, one finds that the species
in question ore geopolitan in range, or at least widely distributed in
the Palaeo-Tropical as well as the Palaearctic zones (e.g., Nomophila
noctuella and Huxoa ypsilon). :

To the question: Do insects belonging to one zoogeographical category
react uniformly to ecological conditions? the answer is: Probably not.

For instance, Euro-Siberian species indeed seem usually to aestivate
in deserts (or perhaps to emigrate thence in summer), but in adjoining

12Warnecke, 2.

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/IV /1940

oases may or may not aestivate (e.g., P. rapae, L., does not). Tropical
species seem more often to have their repetition of broods interrupted by
winter in deserts and oases than by summer, but Agrotis ypsilon is an
exception. But until the life-cycle of each species has been observed
throughout the year in all biotopes, a definite answer is not possible;
when the full truth is known, I expect that no uniformity will be dis-
covered.

[Biotopes = habitats; eremic = desert; euryoecus = widespread;
stenooecus = localized.—G. W. ]
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

B. Alberti: Revision und Neubeschreibung asiatischer Procris-Arten, Mitt.
Muench. Ent. Ges., 1938, IT.

H. G. Amsel: (1) Die Lepidopleren Palastinas, Zoogeographica, 1933, Heft 1,
Band 2 (Jena). (2) Weitere Mitteilungen wtiber palastinensische Lepidop-
teren, Veroff. Deutsch. K.-U. Mus., Bremen, December 1, 1935. (3) Newe
palastinensische Lepidopteren, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Band 20, Heft Q,
1935. (4) Grundsatzliche Bemerkungen zur Frage der Faunen-elemente,
Zool. Jahrb., 1939, 72, 1-2 (Jena).

Hans Bobek: Reise in N.W. Persien, 1934, Zeits. d. Ges. f. Erdk. z. Berlin, 1934,
9-10.

F. S. Bodenheimer: Animal Life in Palestine, Jerusalem, 1935.

W. Brandt: Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Faina von Iran, Ent. Runsch, 1938-39
(J. 55-56). :

P. A. Buxton: Animal Life in Deserts, London, 1923.

J. Dinsmore and Post: Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai, American Press,
Beirut, 1933.

R. Ellison and E. P. Wiltshire: The Lepidoptera of the Lebanon, Trans. R. Ent.
Soc. T.ondon, 1939, Vol. &g. I.

D. G. Hogarth: The Penetration of Arabia, Lawrence & Bullen (London, 1904).

Osthelder: Neue Kleinfalter aus dem Tahte Soleiman in Nord-Persien, Mitt.
Muench. Ent. Ges., 1938, I.

Osthelder and Pfeiffer : Lepidopleren-Fauna von Marasch in turkisch Nordsyrien,
Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., 1931-35, 37, 39.

Ernst Pfeiffer :- Notizen wtiber persische Lycaenidae. Mitt. Muench. Ent. Gesell.,
1937, 38.

H. St J. Philby: The Heart of Arabia, Constable, London, 1922.

Fritz Wagner: Weiterer Beitrag zur Lepidonteren-Fauna Inner Anatoliens, Mitt.
Muench. Ent. Ges., 1929, 1.

G. Warnecke: (1) Grundsatzliches zur Methodik zoogeog. Untersuchungen in der
Entomologie, Int. Ent. Z. Guben, 28 J., 35-38. (2) Uber die Konstanz der
oekologischen Valenz einer Tierart als Voraussetzung fur zoogeog. Unter-
suchungen, Ent. Rundsch., 53 J., Nos. 14-16.

E. P. Wiltshire: (1) Autumnal Lepidoptera in Kurdistan, Ent. Rec., VIII and IX.
aie (2) More Notes on Kurdish Lepidoptera, Ent. Rec., VIIJ-IX. 39. (3)
Notes on the Winter Flight in Mild Climates of Vernal and Autumnal
Moths, Ent. Rec.. XI, 38. (4) Lepidoptera of a Bagdad Orchard, Ent. Rec..
II, 39. (5) The Saharan and other Affinities of the Mesopotamian Desert
Fauna (ined.).

Zerny : Lepidoptera of the Norihern Lebanon, Iris, 1932-34.

B. Zolotarevsky and M. Murat: Divisions naturelles du Sahara et sa limite
méridionale, Soc. de Biogeog., Paris, VI, 1938.

-Correction.—The legend of the plate in the March number should be
‘‘ Locality for M. japygia f. cleanthe, Montagne de Lure.”’

of Comp.
KP rosieay 2D
MAY 7 949
LiBRARY
each, and a single one in the middle of the hindwing. The body-ts
the saine fawn-grey colour; the males have somewhat flesh coloured sides
and anal tuft fringes.’’

ry
}3 ‘cae BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES

f. pallidu, Gn., Noct., V, 356 (1852).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Of a paler colour, more rosy, and almost without
black atoms.’’ Gn. referred this to Stephen’s pallida, which is really a
greyish-white form, and not rosy. It would appear that this form of

Gn. was really the form which Tutt subsequently named rosea, B.N.,
TI, 145.

race ella, Bilr., A.M.N.H., 5 (1), 167 (1878).

Ornic. Drescrip.—‘‘ Allied to T. gracilis, but rather larger, the mark-
ings darker, the discal line of primaries bordered internally by a blackish
streak; secondaries broader, whiter; under surface whiter, with well
defined discocellular spots.’’ Yokohama. ‘‘ The dusky bordered white
secondaries distinguish this species readily from T. gracilis. In the
latter they are wholly or largely clouded with greyish.”’

ab. pallidior, Stdgr., Stett. e. Zt., 32 (1888).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The very pale, ashy- or sand-grey gracilis obtained
from Kuldja, Marzelan, and the Alexander Mts. must also bear a dis-
tinctive name. I possess only one almost equally pale (light) conspicuous
aberration from Denmark like this. I denote the Central Asiatic light
form as var. pallidior.’’

ab. obscurior, (Hamp.) Strnd. (Cat. Phal., V, 481 (1905)), Arch.
Naturg., LX XXII, A2, 30 (1916).
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewing suffused with fuscous-brown.”’

ab. cruda, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., Il (2), 316 (1927).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ With sharply defined dark transverse lines on the
margins of the discal area.’’

ab. fasciata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 316 (1927).

Orig. Drescrirp.—‘‘ With dark central band and the reniform simi-
larly darkened.’’

ab. nictitans, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 316 (1927).

Orta. Drescrip.—‘‘ With conspicuous clear margining of the reniform.
and a similar line before the outer margin.’’

ab. obsolescens, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 316 (1927).

Ortc. Descrrp.—‘‘ All the markings more or less lost in the ground
colour.”’

ab. marmorata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 317 (1927).
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Marked with small dashes on a clear ground.’’

ab. obscura, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 317 (1927).
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Dark grey.’’

15/1V/1940

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD *

(222)

‘soTvos Yuld pure Aodio-onTq YAM poisnp ‘aj1yM 9UOd sTed = OR{IT 0} OpuaART
‘SOTBOS Pot YIM pojsnp ‘anydrns ejed = MoT[eA-YsIpper oe
‘soTeos YUuId YIM pojsnp ‘anydtus sted = MoT[eA-YsTyUId oTed

‘INOTOD PUNOIS ONL} oq O} Avedde Os[e shoIs TOYIep 9} JG
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; “SUIM 9} LOAO [TV

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b]

ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

24)

2

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‘SSUIYIBU AOTS-0Je[S ON “OpvyYsS opVd oures PVULSTeIUGnNS “anopov Soy} sored WAM Pospo “TOyIVpP VJVUUGYS “ANOTOD PUNOLS UVAI SNOTOTOOIUL) “4
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‘AT ANOWH-Qns
‘qd = snowojooluy, “uUMOTG dead ‘ZL
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‘SIULOT O AO “Gl ‘VW “Ppod-BI}00R0I0] doaq °G
‘SuUITO] ) IO ‘G ‘VW ‘pol-osurto dae, “Fy
‘SIUIOS, O pUe VW UT [NJUeTd SOW ‘poad-osuvIg ‘gE
“StULtOy O puv VW UT [NJTJUeTd YSOPFW ‘VsUvIQ °B
‘Jovy UL onyTq-ozyvTs AdvA Ju ‘oouUR[S Vv Ye pol oIe VSeyT, “pat (posnyyns Aats-ayels) TNq ‘TF

‘Sy
3

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BACK VOLUMES OF

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CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most tmportant only menttoned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiltae, 3 coloured
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthente, and aurelia—The Double
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taenitocampidae—Phyloxera—Prac
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Ue ‘COLLECTING NOTES, 1939. I. J ANUARY-MAY, A. J. L: Bowes. :.. in SOS 5
‘ BRITISH TRYPETIDAE, M. Niblett ...... 56
SOME REMARKS ON THE SPECIFIC NAMES oF SOME OF * THE ‘EUROPEAN
EREBIAS, Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S. 3H By 59
STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, FLETCHER, IN IRELAND, “Bryan P, heithe:
B.Sc., F.R.E.S. Bite ; ay 61
7 COLLECTING NOTES gecdede aye North wales, x iaeudh 1939, ‘Atn
a Richardson; Pairing Habits of Ypsolophus ustellus, Clerck, 7. Bainbrigge

Fletcher; Simultaneous “ Flashing ’? of Glow-worms, Id.; The Flashing of
Fireflies, C. L. Collenette; Records of Hibernating Species, G. T. Bethune-
Baker; Early Notes, F. V. Sills; Early Migrants (?), 1940, H. B. D. Kettle-
well, M.B., B.Chir.; Microdynerus exilis, H.-S. (Hym.) in the Isle of Wight,
J. W. Saunt; A Brief Review of the Acrididae and Tettigoniidae in Angus,
Scotland, A. R. Hill sag ive si a aS sep ye is ey EAM sy

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COLLECTING NOTES, 1939. 53

REFERENCE TO PLATE OF ABERRATIONS IN THE COLL DN
OF S. G, CASTLE-RUSSELL. Zzam of Compa,
Plate IIT ite
13,820 ae ar JUN 4 1940
Fig. 1. Aphantopus hyperantus, Linn., ab. lanceolata, \QHippe A

Caught by S.G.C.R., New Forest, July 1935.

Bicss., 25 Do., July 1936;
Fig. 2. ¢. Caught at Newbury, 1898.
Fig. 4. 2. New Forest, ex A. B. Farn collection.
5. 2. Argynnis (Brenthis) euphrosyne, Linn. Taken by

Fig.
8.G.C.R., Chiddingfold, 25.v.1933.
Fig. 6. Do. ¢. Underside of Fig. 5.
Fig. 7. Ewphydryas aurinia, Rott. 2. Bred by S.G.C.R., 25.v.1939,
Highcliffe-on-Sea.
Bae 18-2753"... Do.

COLLECTING NOTES, 1939. I, JANUARY-MAY.
By A. J. L. Bowes.

There is nothing like a warm spell in February to tempt the
Aurelian from his winter sleep; some odd variety may turn up among
the spring Geometers, and it is always a source of mild interest to see
which species comes out first. Last year’s warmth brought out Alsophila
aescularia on 4th February in Surrey, Phigalia pedaria on the 6th, and
on the 10th seven species came to lhght—Orrhodia vaccinu, Eupsilia
satellitia, Operophtera (Cheimatobia) brumata, Theria rupicapraria,
Alsophila aescularia, Erannis leucophaearia and Phigalia pedaria.
Several of the /ewcophaearia were good dark forms. It was noticeable
that on the three nights when the light was lt, P. pedaria without
exception came before 7.30 p.m., while all the E. leucophaearia came
after 7.30. Three nights are hardly sufficient evidence on which to form
any theory, but the times of flight of some species are so regular and
so peculiar that further enquiry might repay. For instance, the flight
ot Tapinostola bondit at Folkestone is no less punctual (at 9.25 p.m.
B.S.T.) than the B.B.C.’s pips.

During late February and March I spent some time hunting for
larvae of Synanthedon andrenaeformis on the Hog’s Back and near Netley
Heath above West Horsley. In the latter place the bushes of Viburnum
on the chalk slopes were riddled with larvae and old workings, and
though a large percentage were parasitised, a small series emerged
successfully during June. The twigs were sprayed with water every
week or so, but otherwise received no special treatment. Andrenae-
formis is an elusive creature when he emerges, as South wistfully admits,
and great care must be taken when boxing him; the tightly closed
window of a white-walled bathroom is as good as anything. Capped
burrows can be spotted with practice, but they are very hard to see, and
T found as many as I wanted in borings from which the caps had
dropped off, leaving a circle of white wood and the usual neat hole in
the centre.

On 12th March I collected with Dr de Worms in the woods near

Ascot; it was a cold night and there was little flying except Erannis

54 ENTOMOLOGIST § RECORD. 15/V /1940

(Theria) marginaria, of which I was lucky enough to take a fine ab.
fuscata. This form, it seems, is regular in Epping, and Mr Austin
Richardson has found it in Gloucestershire, but there is, as far as I
know, only one previous record for Surrey. On lst April Bapta dis-
tinctata (pictaria) was well out near Horsley, with Calostigia multi-
strigaria and a single Taeniocampa gracilis; a fresh Theria rupicapraria
was a surprise and was at first taken for distinctata.

Easter fell conveniently for a sally to Scotland, and Mr and Mrs
- Peyton and I set out by car with all our gear from Kent on the morning
of 6th April. We reached Bowes that night, lay at the ‘‘ Unicorn,’’
and after a magnificent run over the moors in crisp sunshine, lunched
at Lanark and were at Struan at tea-time, early enough for a walk
along the moors where Poecilopsis (Nyssia) lapponaria occurs. There
we heard the first bubbling curlew of our year on those wild hills, a
sound worth more than five hundred miles of road, and were lucky
enough to see the males of lapponaria flying freely over their limited
ground. This has been described at length elsewhere (Entomologist,
Ixxii, 232). The insect was also common on its usual posts, males and
females alike. After dark we worked near the station; no sallows were
out, but a few insects came to light, mainly Polyploca flavicornis and
Calostigia multistrigaria, with a sprinkling of Calocampa exoleta and
Taeniocampa gothica, f. gothicina.

Then on to Aviemore, that Eastertide Mecca of entomologists. There
can be few finer collecting grounds in the British Isles, and it was hard
to keep one's eyes off the snowy Cairngorms and concentrate on the big
birch trunks where Brachionycha nubeculosa sits in the daytime. We
found only one that day and none came to lamps during a chilly
evening’s work; there were, though, some Polyploca flavicornis on the
trunks and Brephos parthenias flew freely. Lycia hirtaria, which we
had found commonly the previous year, was barely coming out, and
only a few males were seen during our four days’ stay. The next day,
9th April, was warmer, and parthenias flew in swarms, strongly in the
morning, less so in the afternoon, and quite tamely in the early evening,
when they could he easily netted. Sugar and light were both successful

after dark. Sugar drew a good many Calocampa exoleta and C. vetusta,
a few Taeniocampa incerta and T. gothica, and a solitary B. parthenias.
We hung one lamp high on a deer fence, overlooking miles of open
moor with scrubby birch, and between 9.20 and 11.20 p.m. a dozen fine
nubeculosa came to it. We could see them quite clearly zooming up
from the open country, and since a lamp among the big trees attracted
only one during the same period, it appears that the theory that
nubeculosa keeps to the big trees may have to be abandoned. The ar-
rival of a male in my bedroom in the village during the same evening
is also suggestive. The next two days and nights were similar, with the
addition of a few nubeculosa on sugar (ali within a few minutes of 8.30
p-m.), and many Calocampa exoleta and Taeniocampa gothica, f.
gothicina. At any time after dark Peronea niveana could be found
sitting on low birches, glistening bright white. Only one Endromis
versicolora, a male, was seen, and no Lampropteryx suffumata. An
afternoon trip with Dr de Worms to find the Crested Tit at Loch-an-
Eilean showed us some magnificent country, thick with juniper and
bilberry, and more accessible than the Black Wood near Loch Rannoch.

‘

-—

COLLECTING NOTES, 1939. ay)

On our way back on the 12th we slept at Struan and worked there
in the evening. The famous sallows on the railway line near the
station were now out, and shed a swarm of insects when shaken, Taenio-
campa gothica all-sorts, T. incerta, T. populi (populeti), and Pachnobia
rubricosa. Light was disappointing, and produced only Nothopteryx
carpinata. Though we worked hard, we could see none of the larvae of
Eurois occulta which had been not uncommon the year before, and
Taeniocampa gracilis was not yet about.

A long day’s run through the Lowlands and the Lake District, over
the Kirkstone Pass, brought us to Witherslack in time to collect in
Black Tom’s Lane that night. Unlike Struan, the Lane did not live
up to its repute: sallows were shaken, sheets spread and lamps lit, but
there was no sign of Pachnobia leucographa, our main object. Here
and there a moth flew half-heartedly, but the only insects of interest
to us were a few of the melanic form of Hupithecia abbreviata, and a
smoky form of Nothopteryx carpinata, quite unlike the Scottish and
South of England races. One would have said that the night was ideal
—dark, with a warm S.W. breeze; we felt that it was unkind of so rich
a locality to throw a temperament for the benefit of three weary col-
lectors who could spend only one night there, but we had no just cause
to be irritable after Scotland’s bounty.

Back in the south again, I did little field work in April except to
spend a few hours grubbing Clearwing larvae out of tree trunks.
Larvae of Synanthedon vespiformis were found commonly in several
spots in Wilts, Surrey, and Kent, and many had already spun up their
tough little cocoons just below the sawn surface of the oak stumps.
S. culiciformis is not so easy; one can, of course, take whole trunks
home, a weary and a messy affair; but on the other hand my naked
excavated pupae, extracted from adamantine stumps with much sweat
and blasphemy, did badly even when packed in moss. But my treat-
ment of them may not have been warm or damp enough. Only two
out of over a dozen pupae completed their course, while the emergence
of vespiformis was placid and complete.

On 7th May, Mr Howard and I spent an afternoon on the heath
near Brockenhurst, where Boarmia cinctaria occurs so commonly. The
males were well out but very lively, and often leapt off the trunks be-
fore we reached them; few females were seen. On our way we found
a row of birch stumps from which many empty cases of Synanthedon
culiciformis were protruding, but we saw no insects flying; later, Mr
Arthur Welti told me that the main flight takes place each year not
where they are emerging, but where they are likely to lay their eggs,
i.e., on newly cut birch stumps. A week later Boarmia consonaria was
not uncommon on beech trunks in the woods above Shere in Surrey;
a female found in this way laid many eggs, and the resulting larvae
were bred easily on birch; she found a small ball of butter-muslin a
great inducement to laying. An evening visit to the Chiddingfold
woods on the 20th was spoiled by a cold wind, and the only species seen
were Notodonta trepida, Numeria prosapiaria, Gonodontis bidentata,
and Lithina chlorosata (Lozogramma petraria). At this time several
low pasture fields between Ripley and Ockham were alive with Perizoma
albulata; they could be flushed in hundreds during the day, and at sun-
down would fly in great profusion among the long grasses and yellow-

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V/1940

rattle, reminding one vividly of China-marks going quietly about their
business in a reed-bed.

On 28th May, Dr Cockayne introduced me to Parascotia fuliginaria
in the Ascot district. The colony of this exciting little insect, which
has been living for several years on the fungus of a few derelict logs,
is now finding food scarce as the logs break up, but we were able to
find several fine large larvae and a few cocoons by upending the logs,
and a dead birch branch no bigger than my arm yielded ten larvae.
They are not hard to see, but quickly scuttle for shelter when brought
into the light. Usually they spend the day in the twilight beneath a
log, and unless there is room to wriggle underneath and look upwards,
it is best to turn the whole affair over and secure the larvae before they
reach darkness again. We found little colonies over a considerable
area, and there is no reason why the insect should not occur in any
suitable spot where trees have been felled and allowed to le for a year
or two. The general tidiness of our woodlands may well account for
the scarcity of permanent colonies. ,

BRITISH TRYPETIDAE,
By M. NIsBiett.

Since the publication of my previous papers (1), (2), (8), I have

succeeded in breeding out several fresh species of Trypetids, and have
made new observations on others; the following notes give details of
these and include references to localities where I have found the larvae.
All localities given are in Surrey unless otherwise stated. I have not
referred to any of the gall-causing species, having already dealt with
those in a recent paper (4).

EKuribia quadrifasciata, Mg.—This species is undoubtedly double-
brooded; 25th May and 1st August are the earlest and latest dates I
have had it emerge. J have found the larvae at Banstead Downs, Park
Downs, Riddlesdown, Epsom Downs, Epsom Common, Chipstead;
Brockenhurst, Hants; and Sandown, Isle of Wight.

E. spoliata, Hall.—Through the kindness of Mr H. W. Andrews,
who gave me flower-heads of its host-plant, Serratula tinctoria, L., from
the Isle of Wight, I have been able to breed specimens of this species
which emerged from 24th June to 14th July of the second year.

I have had some thousands of flower-heads of the host-plant from
several Surrey localities, but they have failed to yield this fly.

Phagocarpus permundus, Har.—Warvae collected at Epsom Downs on
one occasion gave a high percentage of fiies; on another they were quite
plentiful at Ranmore Common; 48 larvae pupated but the only emer-
gences were 10 Chalcids.

Philophylla heraclei, L.—From larvae in mines on leaves of Hogweed
(Heracleum sphondylium, L.), found at Albury on 8th July; the flies
emerged on 3rd and 6th August. From a few mined leaves of Wild
Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum, B. & H.), found in the same place, the
larvae pupated but no flies emerged.

Ceriocera ceratocera, Hend.—This species still appears to be very
scarce in my district. I have only bred 9 flies between 1932 and 1939,
these from Banstead Downs, Epsom Downs, and Woodmansterne. I

fond

BRITISH TRYPETIDAE. 57

have during that period had several thousands of flower-heads of its
host-plant, Centaurea scabiosa, L.

C. microceras, Hering.—I first heard of this species in January
1937, and at the first opportunity went out and collected a number of
old stems of its host-plant, Centaurea scabiosa, in which the larvae live;
from these I had emerge in the following July 1 ¢ and 4 2 Q of micro-
ceras.

I have succeeded in finding the larvae at Epsom Downs, Woodman-
sterne and Banstead Downs, the insect emerging from 22nd June to
20th July.

Terellia serratulae, 4.—I have now bred this species in some num-
bers; flower-heads of Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd., from Park Downs,
Epsom Common, Banstead Downs, Boxhill, Riddlesdown, Mitcham Com-
mon, Buckland Hills; Eastbourne, Sussex ; Keyhaven Marsh, Hants;
and Ningwood, Isle of Wight; from flower-heads of Carduus nutans, L.,
from Park Downs, Banstead Downs and Banstead Heath have yielded a
fairly good percentage of flies, while from a few heads of a hybrid thistle,
C. crispus x nutans (newbouldii, Wats.), taken on Beachy Head, Hast-
bourne, 2 29 emerged in June.

Orellia colon, Mg.—This species is definitely double-brooded, but
whether the flics emerging in late July and August survive the winter
in hibernation, I am unable to say. It appears to occur in most locali-
ties where its host-plant grows; I have had the larvae from Woodcote,
Epsom Downs, Banstead Downs, Dorking, Ranmore Common, Riddles-
down, Walton Heath, Woodmansterne, Headley, Ashtead; Eastbourne,
Sussex; and Burwell, Cambs.

The larvae do not appear to suffer from the attacks of parasites to
any great extent, the dense cocoon in which they enclose themselves
probably offering considerable protection. Against 134 flies I have had
25 Chalcids emerge and in June 1938, 3 Braconids.

O. ruficauda, Fab.—As I have previously stated, this species does not
appear to occur in any great numbers in localities I have worked, 78
flies having emerged from many hundreds of flower-heads collected; 21
Chalcids and a few specimens of the Braconid Microbracon erraticus
also emerged.

T have bred this fly from Cnicus pratensis, Willd., taken at Epsom
Common; from (©. arvensis, Hoffm., at Riddlesdown, Banstead Wood,
Park Downs and Banstead Downs; from (. palustris, Willd., at Epsom
Common, Fetcheam, Barnthorne Wood, Ranmore Common, and Epsom
Downs. Thistle-heads from many other places have not contained the
larvae.

O. tussilaginis, Fab.—Have now bred this species from Arctium
minus, Bernh., as well as A. majus, Bernh., have had the insect emerge
also in July. Tattenham Corner, Banstead Wood, Epsom Common; and
Eynsford, Kent, are the only localities from which I have had Burdock
heads containing the larvae.

O. winthemi, Mg.—Additional localities for the larvae of this species
are Epsom Downs, Mickleham Downs, Buckland Hills, Farthing Down,
Dorking, Chipstead, Burford Bridge, and Ashtead. It appears to be
not uncommon in the localities where its host-plant, Carduus erispus,
L., occurs; I have bred in all 149 $¢ and 165 29 since my first dis-
covery of the larvae in 1932.

58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1940

O. vectensis, Collin.—Again due to the kindness of Mr H. W.
Andrews in supplying me with material I was enabled to breed out-this
insect, the flies emerging in July of second year. The remarks refer-
ring ‘to the host-plant of KH. spoliata also apply here.

Xyphosia miliaria, Schr.—This species is at times, if not always,
double-brooded ; the majority I have bred have emerged from 30th May
to 16th July of second year, but from larvae found on Ist July the fly
emerged on 21st July, and from larvae found 22nd and 24th July they
emerged on 9th and 8th August of the same year.

Flower-heads of Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm., containing larvae I have
found at Burgh Heath, Walton Heath, Epsom Downs, Woodcote, Park
Downs, Banstead Downs, Tattenham Corner, Epsom Common; and Roy-
den, Hants, while C. palustris, Willd., with larvae, was found at Epsom
Common, Barnthorne Wood and Ranmore Common.

Ensina sonchi, 1,.—Appears to be widely distributed ; larvae or pupae
I have found in flower-heads of Tragopogon pratense, L., at Carshalton
and Ranmore Common; in Hypochoeris radicata, L., at Epsom Downs,
Ranmore Common, Ashtead Common and Abrook Common; in Leon-
todon hispidum, L., at Riddlesdown, Boxhill, Woodmansterne, Epsom
Downs; and Littlehampton, Sussex; in Picris hieracioides, L., at Box-
hill and Epsom Downs; in Sonchus oleraceus, L., at Bookham Common ;
and in Sonchus arvensis, L., at Epsom Common, Norbury Park, Epsom
Downs and Bookham Common.

Tephritis bardanae, Schk.—This species appears to be fairly, widely
distributed. Burdock plants found at Tattenham Corner, Park Downs,
Banstead Downs, Buckland Hills, Banstead Wood, Boxhill, Banstead ;
Peacehaven, Sussex; Brockenhurst, Hants; and Yarmouth, Isle of
Wight, have all contained larvae of this species and from them a con-
siderable number of bardanae have emerged from 7th August to 24th
September.

T. hyoscyami, L.—Dr Hering expressed considerable doubt as to the
identity of specimens presumed to be this species which I sent to him,
he being rather inclined to the opinion that they were Tephritis heiseri,
Frfld., the true hyoscyami, L., being apparently a smaller, less robust
insect. There is considerable variation in the intensity of the wing-
markings of the insects I have bred, even from the same batch of larvae.
I have not been able to investigate this matter further and feel that to |
clear it up satisfactorily comparison with the types is necessary, the
insects being so much alike.

Flower-heads of Cardwus crispus, from Boxhill, Ranmore Common,
Banstead Wood, Riddlesdown, Boxhill, Chipstead, Mickleham Down,
Park Downs, Epsom Downs; and Eastbourne, Sussex, have all yielded
considerable numbers of these flies which have emerged from 17th July
to 26th August of first year.

T. leontodontis, De Geer.—From a few flower-heads of Chrysanthe-
mum leucanthemum, L., found at Mugswell on 30th July several leon-
todontis emerged on 4th August; from a series of heads from Epsom
Downs collected on Ist July, 28 ¢¢ and 34 29° emerged between 11th
and 28th July.

T. vespertina, Lw.—Flower-heads of Hypochoeris radicata with
either larvae or pupae in them I have found at Banstead Wood, Riddles-

‘

SPECIFIC NAMES OF SOME OF THE EUROPEAN EREBIAS. 59

down, Burgh Heath, Epsom Common, Bookham Common, Walton Heath,
Westcott, Epsom Downs, Albury Downs; and at Benfleet, Essex.

T have not yet found definite proof that this species is double-
brooded ; emergences I have had from 30th June to 8th August of first
year.

I have included localities in this paper at the request of several
friends.

REFERENCES.
(1) Niblett, M. Some Notes on British T'rypetidae, Ent. Rec., 1934.
(2) Niblett, M. Trypeta (Orellia) winthemi, Mg., Ibid., 1934.
(3) Niblett, M. British Trypetidae, additional notes, Ibid., 1936.
(4) Niblett, M. British Gall-causing Trypetidae, Ibid., 1940.

SOME REMARKS ON THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF SOME OF THE
EUROPEAN EREBIAS.

By the Rev. Gzorce Wueerter, M.A., F.R.E.S.

As I was wanting some information with regard to Erebia stygne, I
naturally turned at once to Warren’s magnificent monograph of the
genus, feeling confident that T should find all I could possibly want.
The whole work is a monument of patient investigation and scientific
insight, as instanced by the author’s new grouping of the species, and
beyond all by his theory of the evolution of the androconial scales, which
opens up a new point of investigation with, I anticipate, far-reaching
results. And then the skill with which the genitalia have been prepared
and the excellence of the illustrations are astonishing, and (as I had
pointed out some years ago was necessary to make such illustrations
intelligible) all taken in the same direction from the same point of view.

With all these excellencies J anticipated no difficulty in arriving at
the information I wanted, but alas! on looking for stygne in the list
of species, 391-399, no such name was to be discovered! In addition to
stygne I looked in vain in the index for any one of the following uni-
versally recognised names: evias, nerine, lappona, arete, glacialis, ceéo,
goante; so I had to search through the body of the work (no mean task)
to find out under what headings to look for information about any of
these species. Glacialis was easily found under pluto (though whatever
de Prunner’s pluto may have been it could not be glacialis as I wil!
presently show), but the others were not so easy to find. The first name
under which I found stygne was nereine, but this proved to be an ex-
clusively Asiatic species, so a further search was necessary, and it was
eventually found under meolans near the end of the book; in the same
way evias was eventually found masquerading as triarius, nerine as
stirius, lappona as pandrose, arete as claudina, ceto as alberganus, and
goante as montanus.

How easy it would have been to save all this unnecessary trouble by
adding the usually recognised name in brackets in the index after
the name used in the body of the book.

No doubt the author had satisfied himself as to the species de Prun-
‘ner was describing, but, in order that the names so identified should be

60 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/V/1940

accepted for general use, it would be necessary to prove that de Prunner
must have meant the species with which the author identified the de-
scriptions, and that he could not possibly have meant anything else;
for nothing short of absolute certainty would suffice to displace names
universally recognised. But has he proved this? Most assuredly not.
Take for example evias. The outstanding peculiarity of this species is
the triple eyespot at the apex of the forewing. Does de Prunner’s
original description of triarius mention this? At the first glance one
might suppose that it did, but on reading it the “‘ three white-pupilled
spots joined together ’’ are found to be on the hindwing, and no refer-
ence is made to the outstanding characteristic of evias; there can there-
fore be no sufficient reason for this identification, or even a probability
of its being correct, and there is certainly no reason why triarius should
displace evias, and evias it must remain. Take ceto again. The special
characteristic of this species is the elongated form of the spots. Nota
word is said of this in de Prunner’s description of alberganus, so why
should we be expected to regard this description as necessarily, or even
probably, referring to ceto? Again, ceto must remain ceto. With re-
gard to pluto, the description might quite well refer to the black form
of glacialis, but de Prunner says that his pluto is found at the end of
May and in June! Now I will defy anybody to find any form of glacialis
at the end of May, and I doubt whether it could be found even in the
Basses Alpes in June, so one can only say that de Prunner has gone
wrong somewhere, and that we don’t know to what species his name
refers; the dates would not, for instance, suit for the black form of
manto, but might do for the black form of oeme, but certainly not with
the absolute certainty required to displace a name universally recog-
nised. The question of meolans for stygne is not so instantly disposed
of, but having been carefully through the various possible species I fail
to find anything which really corresponds with de Prunner’s descrip-
tion. Some © specimens of medusa come nearest to it in certain re-
spects and specimens of melampus in others, but I can find no speci-
men of styagne which even approximately resembles it, even among
specimens from its lower habitats; the mountain forms (and de Prunner
says his species came from the mountains) are conspicuous for the
absence of the ‘‘ broad ochraceous band ’’ on the upper side of the fore-
wings, and indeed do not show a broad ochraceous band on any wing,
upper or underside. The number of eyespots is in most species so vari-
able that it can rarely be relied on as a distinguishing character. There
is certainly nothing to give any probability, let alone certainty, that
meolans represents stygne, and like evias and ceto the position of stygne
remains unshaken. With regard to montanus for goante the case is
different, being complicated by Hiibner’s scoea. De Prunner’s descrip-
tions so far have been so inadequate and so uncertain in their appli:a-
tion that they have most wisely been generally disregarded, but in the
case of montanus his description is much more certain than usual, and
seems sufficient to displace not only Esper’s goante but also Hiibner’s
scoea, under the unfortunate ‘“ rules,’’ which also uphold claudina
against arete, though the latter is the earlier name, but was there any
reason for bringing in the homonym rule in this case? With regard to
pandrose for lappona it is rather surprising that Borkhausen’s name
has been so long overlooked in the intensive search for possible altera-

‘

STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, FLETCHER, IN IRELAND. 61

tions of accepted names. That Godart’s stirius also refers to nerine
seems certain.

IT am quite tired of pointing out, what I should have thought obvious
to any one, that unrestricted use of a priority rule is the surest pos-
sible way of securing instability in nomenclature, because an older name
may be dug out at any time, and in some cases would upset not only
the name of one species but of others dependent on it. How easy it
would have been to insist on two general exceptions by enacting (1) ‘‘a
generally (or universally) accepted name can never be displaced by the
discovery of an older one,’’ and (2) (still more important) ‘‘ under no
circumstances can a name generally recognised as belonging to our
species be transferred to another.”’ The instability caused by the
present rules could hardly have a more striking example than the fact
that at this late date an attempt has been made to displace eight gener-
ally accepted names in a single genus. It is bad enough when inevitable,
but surely need never come into play because somebody thinks that a
certain description apples to a certain species, least of all when it is
generally taken to apply to another. Surely it is allowed by all sane
people that the real reason for giving a name to anything is in order
that one person may know what another is speaking (or writing) about,
but this constant changing of names in accordance with this ridiculous
code has no effect but that of making either past or present writing un-
intelligible, and in all probability making both past and present un-
intelligible in the future.

’

STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, FLETCHER, IN IRELAND.
By Bryan P. Betrne, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

This interesting species was described as new by Mr T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher in the March number of this journal. I first noticed the moth
flying abundantly around saxifrage in the evening in a garden at Balls-
bridge, Dublin, in 1934, and subsequently found it wherever I looked
for it in gardens in County Dublin, at Rathgar, Harold’s Cross, Shan-
kill, and Seapoint. All these localities, with the exception of Shankill
which is to the south of the county near the Wicklow border, are in
the southern suburbs of Dublin. I have not looked for it to the north
of the city but it probably occurs there, as I have no doubt that it
occurs everywhere in gardens in and around Dublin, where it is by far
the commonest species of plume. Its range, as far as it is known at
present, appears to be the same as that of Mnesipatris filicivora, Meyr.

The moth apparently hides in the foliage of mossy saxifrage and
neighbouring plants during the day and may be most easily captured
while at rest on the saxifrage shoots in the evening between about 6 and
8 o'clock. It flies in the late evening until after dark and the males
come freely to light. Last summer, 1939, it was considerably less com-
mon than in previous years, but this was probably due to the general
unfavourableness of the season. Mr A. W. Stelfox, of the National
Museum, Dublin, has a large number of mossy saxifrages in his garden
at Harold’s Cross, where the moth occurs very commonly. These saxi-
frages, which include most of the native Irish varieties, he brought from
_the north of Treland about twenty years ago, and he informs me that

62 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/V/1940

he does not remember seeing the plume until a few years later. From
that time onwards it occurred very commonly and was extremely abun-
dant in some years. Mr Stelfox has a specimen, which he never had
identified, captured on the 15th of June 1925. The majority of garden
saxifrages in Dublin are originally imported forms, the Irish varieties
are not common. As the moth has only been taken in gardens there
is no indication as to whether it is a native Irish species, introduced
into gardens with native saxifrages or, as is far more probable, a foreign
species introduced with foreign plants. The moth is firmly established
and widespread in Dublin and has evidently been in Ireland for a con-
siderable time.

_ The eggs are laid towards the end of July, apparently on the under-
sides of the leaves of various forms of mossy saxifrage. Immediately
after hatching the young larva makes its way to the base of the leaf
and burrows into it forming a mine or blotch. When it has finished
one leaf it moves on to another. About the middle of September the
larva forms a cocoon-like hibernaculum in the main stem of a shoot
near the tip which hecomes withered. If there are several larvae to a
shoot they apparently eat each other until only one is left. I have not |
yet seen the full-grown larva or the pupa.

The moths are most common during July but may be found fairly
commonly from the middle of June to the middle of August, and odd
specimens as early as the end of May and as late as the middle of
September.

A specimen of this species was identified for me at the British
Museum a few years ago as Stenoptilia graphodactyla, Tr., which it
sometimes superficially resembles. I recorded it as this species in
Entom., 1xxi (1938), 194, and Irish Nat. Journ., vii (1938), 3. These
records of S. graphodactyla from Ireland should therefore be deleted.

COLLECTING NOTES.

Recorps rrom NortH Wates, Avcust 1939.—Recent records from
North Wales seem scarce, so perhaps it may be of interest to record
some of the more interesting Lepidoptera noticed during the period 12th
to 3lst August in the Portmadoc district, Merionethshire.

Sugar only began to work on the last few nights, but ‘‘ light ’’ was
very prolific until 22nd. Of the ‘‘ Prominents,’?’ Drymonia trimacula,
Lophopteryx camelina, Notodonta ziczac, and N. dromedarius appeared
at ‘* light ’’ or were beaten out as larvae; the last-named rather dark,
though not so much so as specimens obtained on the Lancashire mosses.
Polyploca (Asphalia) diluta was a positive nuisance at light inland and
once appeared at sugar on the sandhills, the former being darker than
those taken in the New Forest and also, I am told, than Lake Dis-
trict specimens, but less so, I think, than those from Yorkshire, of
which I have only one specimen for comparison. Miltochrista (Calli-
gen) minata and Lithosia complana were plentiful, the former in
oak woods and the latter on the coast and on an inland moss where a
rather dark suffused form occurred—apparently leading in the direction
of L. sericea. J have also taken this form in the New Forest. L.
griseola, L, lurideola, and Nudaria mundana were also seen,

COLLECTING NOTES. 63

Amongst the Noctuids, Acronicta rumicis and A. menyanthidis
larvae were taken. Agrotis praecox, A. tritici, and A. vestigialis were
very common on the coast, the last two very variable, but no A. cur-
soria. A search for the larvae of A. ripae under the usual plants proved
unsuccessful. One specimen, A. obelisca, turned up on 27th August.
Of the Hydroecia, a few examples of H. micacea were taken at ragwort.
H. nictitans was common and in two localities, both inland mosses,
a large form was obtained flying in the afternoon sunshine—probably
H.. crinanensis—one specimen having the stigmata joined on one fore-
wing by a pronounced orange-coloured wedge. (Stilbia anomala. and
fine dark Luperina cespitis were common on the coast and two speci-
mens of Cucullia asteris came to light, Solidago virgaurea being plenti-
ful in the district. As I left the district Cirrhoedia xerampelina was
appearing at the roots of ash timber but no varieties were obtained.
Other Noctuae included Nuctua castanea, f. neglecta, N. glareosa (rosy
form), N. ditrapezium, Axylia putris, Triphaena fimbria, T. janthina,
T. interjecta, Harmodia (Dianthoecia) capsincola, H. (D.) andalusica,
f. barrettii (one pupa under Silene maritima), Leucania litoralis, Plusia
festucae, Abrostola triplasia, A. tripartita, Anarta myrtilli (larvae),
Plastenis retusa, Celaena haworthii, Oligia (Miana) literosa, O. (M.)
bicoloria, Calymnia affinis, Polia chi (typical), Naenia (Mania) maura,
Charaeas (? Cerapteryx, Curt.) graminis, of which a reddish form was
common.

Among Geometers I observed Abraras grossulariata (the prevailing
form being heavily marked), Pseudoterpna pruinata (cytisaria), Acidalia
imitaria, A. marginepunctata, Sterrha (A.) dimidiata (scutulata),
Cosymbia (Ephyra) porata, Ortholitha mucronata, Perizoma (Emmelesia)
affinitata, P. -(E.) alchemillata, P. (E.) flavofasciata, P. (E.) aibulata
(pretty forms), Calostigia (Amoebe) olivata, C. (A.) salicata, Euphyia
silaceata, Anaitis plagiata, Acasis (Lobophora) viretata, Orthonama
lignata (vittata), Hupithecia pulchellata, EH. tripunctaria (albipunctata),
E. absinthiata, E. centauriata (oblongata) larvae, E. icterata (subful-
vata), r. oxydata, Gymnoscelis pumilata, Ennomos alniaria (tiliaria),
and Gnophos obscurata.

Of the Rhopalocera the most interesting seen were Pararge aegeria
(plentiful on an inland moss, the females shot with blue but toaq worn
to gauge the extent of variation); Polygonia c-album, which was as
widely spread as when I last visited the neighbourhood, some fifteen
years ago; Coenonympha tullia (tiphon) was also taken fairly plentifully
near Bala earlier in the year (on 25th June).—AusTIN RICHARDSON,
Beaudesert Park, Minchinhampton, Glos.

Parrinc Hasits or YPSOLOPHUS USTELLUS, CLERcK.—I do not find in
the Entom., E.M.M., or Ent. Rec. any notes on the life-history of
Ypsolophus ustellus, Clerck (Cerostoma radiatella, Donovan, of Mey-
rick’s Revised Handbook), possibly because it is so common. Its larva
was described by Sorhagen, Berlin Ent. Zts., XXIX, 89-90 (1885), but
he said nothing about the life-cycle; it is, of course, well-known that the
moth hibernates. During this winter Mr Austin Richardson has
brought me two pairs found in co7., one at Symond’s Yat on 18th Janu-
ary, the other on 21st February. It seems rather unusual for hibernat- °
ing moths to pair at odd times during the winter. Can anyone give

64 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V /1940

further information?—T. BarnsprigcGE F.etcHer, Rodborough, Glos.,
6.111.1940.

Smmu.Lrangous ‘“‘ FLaAsHine ’’? o- GLOwW-worMs.—The note on this sub-
ject (p. 35) reminds me of a similar case which I saw in Ceylon on 11th
May 1908 when travelling up-country by train between Polgahawela
and Nanuoya. An extract from my Journal reads:—‘‘Went on by
train to Nanuoya, where I arrived about 9 p.m. I have never seen such
numbers of Glow-worms as there were as we went up the line this even-
ing. They seemed to be congregated by scores in certain trees and the
effect of the mass of their twinkling lights was very pretty. The peculiar
point, however, about this magnificent sight was the absolute simultane-
ousness with which the insects in any given bush flashed their lights.
One moment a bush would be a vivid blaze of light, the next it would
almost disappear in the darkness, only to blaze up again a moment
later. The absolutely synchronous character of the alternate flashing
out of the lights and their disappearance was evidently due to quite
simultaneous collective action on the part of the countless individual
insects.’’—T. Batnspricer FLetcuerR, Rodborough, Glos., 6.111.1940.

THE FLASHING OF FirREFLIFS.*—Dr Malcolm Burr, on page 35 of your
March issue, states that instances of this phenomenon have seldom been
recorded. .

In the early part of 1914, I descended the Muar River by canoe from
Upper Perak, a twenty-four hour journey. During the night, some four
or five separate assemblages of the insects were seen on bushes or the
lower branches of trees overhanging the water, each of which was flash-
ing rhythmically.

I can quote no exact details, as my diaries were lost during the war,
but the assemblages were quite unconnected, of considerable size, and
visible from some distance ahead of the boat.

The natives with me were amused at my interest, as they said that
the occurrence was a common one on the river, and this was confirmed
later by the manager of a tin mine who had made the trip more than
once.

I assumed at the time that the presence of water was necessary for
the assemblages, as I met with no instances during moth-hunting excur-
sions in the jungle in different parts of the Peninsula.—C. L. CoLLeNnerrte,
15 Warren Avenue, Richmond, Surrey.

Recorps or Hisernatine Specres.—Yesterday my wife saw three
‘* Tortoise-shell ’’? butterflies toying with each other in the garden, and
we have had two Vanessa atalanta hibernating with us this winter, one
in our own bedroom, and one in another bedroom only used occasionally.
The one in our own room was let fly out of the window ten days ago,
that in the other room, after moving its position, escaped through the
open window yesterday. Yesterday, 17th April, also the first Pieris
brassicae put in its appearance, compared with March the tenth last
year, but then we had an exceptionally sunny month.—G. T. BerHuneE-
Baker, 6 Compton Place Road, Eastbourne.

’ **© Bireflies.’ The true fireflies are Neotropical Elaterid beetles. The Orientai
photogenous Coleoptera are Lampyridae (Glow-worms).—T. B. F.

COLLECTING NOTES. 65

Earty Nores.—On 23rd and 26th March I visited a locality some
seven miles from Coventry to ascertain if the extreme and severe cold
winter would cause a backward season. Such, however, does not appear
to have been the case. On both these visits Brephos parthenias was on
the wing. I succeeded in capturing a specimen for examination. This
was in perfect condition, a female. Many, however, were flying high
and did not come down. A strong breeze blowing on both dates. -In
addition Aglais urticae was in evidence. Out from hibernation, four
specimens were observed, three being captured for examination. One
of these had a very worn appearance, but the others were in very fair
condition. Of these one was male, the remaining two females.

Taking the dates for Warwickshire, I should say the foregoing are
well on time after the Arctic conditions. -

Other signs such as food plants showing. and the primrose in flower
too, on 26th March for Warwickshire is another early sign.

May this good work carry on for a season that 1940 will be one of
the years to produce many things in Lepidoptera that will be well
remembered.—F. V. Sriis, ‘‘ Corydon,’ 14 Bede Road, Radford,
Coventry,

Earty Micrants (?) 1940.—My cousin, Dr Norman Kettlewell, saw
a specimen of Nymphalis (Vanessa) antiopa in his garden at Easter in
Godarno, Bristol, on the 23rd of March. It was settled on a mass of
white arabis. He noted that the border was yellow and not white.
Vanessa cardui has already been recorded in ‘‘ The Times,’’ and was
observed by R. P. Demuth on 6th April at Ringwood, and at another
spot nearby a week prior to this.—H. B. D. Ketttewety, M.B., B.Chir.

MicropYNERUS bBxitis, H.-S. (HyM.) In THE IstE or WicHT.—In the
E.M.M., Vol. Ixxiii, page 13, the late H. P. Jones admitted this species
to the British list on the strength of 16 specimens being taken at Botley
and Wickham, Hants, in 1936, and entrusted to him for determination.
When sweeping for Sawflies and Trypetidae here at East Cowes, 2.vii1.39,
I noticed an unfamiliar Odynerus in the net; this I find agrees with his
description of Microdynerus exilis, H.-S., and as far as I know is the
first record for the Isle of Wight.—J. W. Saunt, Riverview, Minerva
Road, East Cowes, I.0.W., 21st April 1940.

[Considering the lack of recent records on the island of the Hornet,
V. crabro, L., it may be of interest to know I had a fine ¢ brought here
to me, 7.x.1939.—J. W. Saunt. ]

A Brier REVIEW OF THE ACRIDIDAE AND TETTIGONIIDAE IN ANGUS,
Scortanp.—The following is an account of field work done by the writer
during the summers of 1937-39 in search for Acrididae, and especially
for Tettigontidae, in the county of Angus, Scotland.

Below is a list of the main centres from which collecting was done : —
Forter, Glen isla; Glen Isla village; southern face of Mount Blair (be-
tween Glen Shee and Glen Isla); Braedownie, Glen Doll; Blacklaw
Heath (between Dundee and Coupar-Angus); Dronley; Barry Links;
Auchmithie; Kingoodie (East Perthshire).

The only new find to report since my note to the Scottish Naturalist,
No. 231, May-June 1938, is Chorthippus parallelus, Zett., which is not
scarce but only wants recording.

66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. | 15/V/1940

It may, however, be useful to give a rough summary of the relative
abundance and distribution of the species of Acrididae to be found in
this county (see table).

I should here like to acknowledge the expert assistance of Dr Mal-
colm Burr in the identification of specimens.

Localities. i, 2. ae A,
Wayside. ang fime- orass oo .....s5: 53.3 % — 238.517, jJO0y
Heath and. coarse orass, (oo os...+. AQ TN AD SY ea A are
WEG tee eat cere ee AP cS ad a 6s OOF. | BRB a den, —

1. Omocestus viridulus, L.

2. Myrmeleotettiz maculatus, Thunberg.
3. Chorthippus parallelus, Zett.

4. Chorthippus bicolor, Charpentier.

Omocestus viridulus, L. This grasshopper is the commonest, being
found in all types of localities, but is most abundant by the wayside and
in fields and pastures. In heathy country and where the grass is coarse
it is only a little less abundant. Moorlands appear to be least suited
to. th:

Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Thunberg, is quite common where it is
found, and here one associates it with coarser land, such as heaths and
moors. At no time have I found it amongst finer grass. It is interest-
ing to note, in passing, that this species is frequently to be found on
or near burned patches of heather and gorse; its brown colour serving
well to camouflage it.

Chorthippus parallelus, Zett. Like 0. viridulus, this species is to be
found in all types of localities, but, unlike it, 1t is most abundant on
heaths and coarser vegetation. It is, however, less abundant than the
two species mentioned above.

Chorthippus bicolor, Charpentier. This appears to be the least com-
mon of the four species found in Angus. As will be seen from the table,
all specimens taken were found by the way-side. Its colours vary
greatly, a fact which often makes identification in the field difficult.

Coastal localities were searched for Chorthippus albomarginatus, De
Geer, but all attempts to find it proved fruitless.

In August and September a special search was made for specimens
of Tettigoniidae, but this too met with no success. It would seem that
these insects, if present, cannot be very abundant, but if the search
were more widespread and carried out by more workers, positive results
might well be obtained.—A. R. Hix.

CURRENT NOTES.

The amount of our usual postage will be almost doubled under the
new rates. The small subscription will not be sufficient to cover double
expense in stamps. Hence for the future no proofs will be sent to con-
tributors except by special request and postage prepaid. If MSS. be
well and clearly written there will probably be but little need for
proofs as our printers are one of the most efficient firms and the panel

CURRENT NOTES. 67

of editors are fully competent from long experience to read proofs deal-
ing with matter in which they specialise.

At the same time may we state that the make up of the April num-
ber was exceptional and will not re-occur. In the future we cannot pro-
mise to publish long articles as a whole but must, in the interests of
the bulk of our subscribers, break such papers, so as not to defer the
pages devoted to ‘‘ Collecting ’’ and ‘‘ Current Notes.’’

Referring to the ‘‘ Notes,’’ we ask for such from all our subscribers.
If unaccompanied by a formal letter these notes can be sent in an
unsealed envelope for a penny if not over 2 oz. Of course signed by the
author’s name and address.

The Royal Ent. Society of London has recently published part 6
of the Generic Names of Insects, containing the generic names of the
British Carabidae, with a check list of the British species. Mr H. E.
Andrewes, who for long has been the World authority on this Family of
Coleoptera, is the compiler and author.

Our correspondent, Capt. K. J. Hayward, has just been appointed
Entomologist to the Tucuman Experimental Station, a much better
post than that he has held for some years in Concordia. We hear that
the Station is well staffed with technical men. Tucuman is much farther
up country in the Argentine. Some 25 years ago we had numerous
entomological specimens sent to us from Tucuman by a correspondent
who had been well known to the late A. E. Gibbs of St Albans, Herts.
We congratulate our friend Hayward.

Two further contributions to our knowledge of the Hesperiidae ot
S. America have reached us from Capt. Hayward, who states that he
would be pleased to have species of that Family from all parts of the
Continent.

Heft. 1 of Vol. xviii of Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. (iii, 1940) contains
two papers on Diptera, (1) by Herr A. Gansser-Burckhardt, on the
differential-diagnosis of Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatwm of Swiss
origin and their geographical distribution, (2) by Dr G. Bouvier, on
the Tabanidae of Switzerland (pp. 15-47, 20 figs.). The latter paper may
be compared with Mr Muschamp’s article on ‘‘ Gadflies in the Savoy
Alps, 1938 ” (Hint. Rec., li, 49-55, t. 4).--T. B. F.

In South Africa Professor A. J. T. Janse continues to work at ‘‘ The
Moths of South Africa,’’? of which Part 4 of Volume III was issued on
15th September 1939, completing the text of Volume III. Besides the
plates, these volumes are illustrated by numerous text-figures showing
genitalia and structure.—T. B. F.

In a note ‘‘ on the structure of Lepidopterous Larvae, with special
reference to the mature larva of Leto venus, Stoll,’’? in the Journal of
the Ent. Soc., 8. Africa, II, 165-175, 3 figs. (30.x.1939), Professor Janse
describes the structure of the larva of this large silver-spotted Hepialid,
which was first made known by Stoll from an unspecified locality ‘“‘ about
200 leagues beyond the Cape of Good Hope.’’ Stoll’s figures (t. 286 C, D)
show it with long filiform antennae, perhaps added to give an air of
_verisimilitude. It is apparently only known from the Knysna District

68 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 15/V/1940

and we are told that ‘‘ what is known about the life-history by one local
family is kept secret, with a view to restricting the market of this
beautiful moth and thus keeping up the price’’! The larva lives under
the bark of ‘‘a certain tree’’ and it is suspected that it would take
freely to the Wattle tree now planted near its habitat, which calls to
mind that the larva of the large Indian Hepialid, Phassus malabaricus,
has also taken kindly to old stumps of introduced Wattle trees at
Kodaikanal in South India.—T. B. F.

In the British Islands we have close on 2200 species of Lepidoptera
on our J.ist and thousands of Lepidopterists—of whom, we may add,
probably ninety per cent. take an interest only in the larger species,
thereby restricting themselves to the smaller half of the loaf—but it is
now over seventy years since the publication of any book containing
illustrations of all our species, so far as known at the time. New Zea-
land, with an area a little smaller but lying nearer to the Equator,
can count just on 1500 species of Lepidoptera and the comparatively few
collectors are in the happy position of having an up-to-date book with
complete descriptions and coloured figures of all their species. This is
due entirely to the personal exertions of Mr G. V. Hudson, who has
produced three books on this subject. In 1898 his ‘‘ New Zealand Moths
and Butterflies (Macro-Lepidoptera) ’’ dealt only with the larger species,
including the Hepialidae. In 1928 he published a large volume, with
62 plates (of which 53 were coloured and 9 were structural drawings)
with descriptions of all the 1271 species then known. To this he has
added in 1939 a Supplement with a further 10 coloured plates (with
74 figures of early stages and 232 of adult forms), bringing the informa-
tion up. to date by adding descriptions and figures of another 200 species,
besides additional notes on many recorded previously. A debt of grati-
tude is due to Mr Hudson, not only by local collectors but by all in-
terested in the Lepidoptera of New Zealand.—T. B. F.

T sometimes look into odd corners of my entomological library and
meet with many items of interest, personal and otherwise. Edward
Newman, the proprietor and editor of the early volumes of the ‘‘ Ento-
mologist,’’ in his preface to one volume refers to his subscribers as
‘* collectors.’ He goes on to say:—-‘‘ I use the term ‘ collector ’ ad-
visedly ; first, because it is transparent and truthful; secondly, because
I like it. We have, in days gone by, met with ‘ aspirations ’ that we
should become ‘ entomologists,’ something better than ‘ mere collectors,”
which means that we give up the fields and forests, the lanes and the
streams; give up the net and laurel-box, and take to writing in a
language that no one can read; that we print alternate words in italics,
and stop every third word in the middle. I am a ‘ mere collector,’ and
only wish I had the time at my disposal to be a more assiduous one.”’
My comment is that there are few ‘ collectors ’’ of the present day to
whom the word ‘‘ mere ’’ could be applied. Perusalsof our magazines
will prove that. Most workers in entomology now make a study of the
life-history, variation, distribution, etc., of species after species. The
few who reach the age of ‘‘ the sear and yellow leaf ’’ may, per force of
nature, become more or less ‘‘ mere collectors.’’ Then ’tis well if they
devote their attention to the fauna of other lands; what they get to-
gether can hecome a nucieus for others to work out, and carry on the
study of related and distant faunas.

[5,320
abi nigra, ab. nov., H.M.M. (1924), LX, 21.
Oric. Descrip.—At the Ann. Meeting of the Ent. See ;
Yorkshire Naturatists’ Union in October 1924 ‘‘ Mr H. Maxwell Sidart
showed a box of interesting moths from Everingham, the most notable
being a probably unique Taenitocampa gracilis entirely black, except
the edging of the stigmata and the subterminal lines which remained
pale.’’ (Report of the meeting.) Dr Cockayne has kindly called my at-
tention to this Report. I have called it ab. nigra. I have never heard
of another black one.

Dr Cockayne possesses a specimen in which the basal and marginal
areas are a little darker than the central area.

Taeniocampa, Gn. (1839? 1852), most authors. [Monima, Hb. (1821).
Meyr., Hamps., Warr., Meyr.: Orthosia, Hb. (1821), Tr., Steph.]
populeti, Fb. (1793) = populi, Stroem (1788).

Aurivillius, Nord. Fyar., p. 159 (1888-1891) used the name popult,
Stroem, in his book. Stroem’s description appeared in an extremely
scarce publication, ‘‘ Skrivt. Kjolh. Selsk.,’’ p. 75, f. 24 (1783). The
spelling populi was not used until modern research adopted it from the
time of Aurivillius. This I have not been able to verify with the original
as the B.Mus. Library does not appear to possess a copy of the work.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 146 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 73 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Brit. Is., V, 204, plt. 210, 1 (899): Stdgr., Cat., Tled:. 201
(1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 417 (1905): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 240,
plt. 45, 5 (1906): South, Moths Br. I., I, 329, plt. 157, 7-8 (1907): Warr.-
Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 90, plt. 22d (1910): Culot, N. e¢ G., I (2), 63, plt.
50, f. 1-2 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 144 (1928).

Tutt cited donasa, Esp., Abbild., III, 264, plt. 52, 7 (1783-), to this
species populeti, following Treit. and H.-S., but Wernebg. argued at
length that donasa is an instabilis. The figure in Pap. d’Eur., VII,
fig. 414, cited by Treit. for donasa agreed fully for a form of instabilis.
This figure of Ernst and Engr. is cited to gracilis not to populeti. Tutt
noted that he had two specimens from Rannoch similar to donasa, Esp.
My own opinion agrees with Werneburg.

Ernst and Engr. figured in Pup. d’Eur., VII, plt. 268, a number
of insects of which 4141, a rough and bad figure, is considered by Werne-
burg to represent populeti better than any other on the plate.

Fab., Ent. Syst. emend., ITI (1), 476 (1793), referred in his descrip-
tion to Dr Stroem, who was the first describer.

Dup., Hist. Nat., IIT, 311, plt. 29, la-b (1836), gave two good figures,
but the grey somewhat too dark in both.

Freyer, Neu. Beitr., I, 168, plt. 95, 2 (1888), figured this species
quite well under the name ocularis (nec Schiff.) after long doubt as to
its status.

H.-S., Syst. Bearb., II, 202, fig. 109 (1846) gave a good, but un-
usually dark figure of populeti. He cites donasa, Esp.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 240, plt. 45, 5 (1906), used the name popult,
~Stroem (‘‘ nach aera 9) that is following the use of Aurivillius.

(226) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1940

The figure is a much too heavily marked example for an average popult
(eti) with large features (stigmata, etc.).

South, M.B.J., I, 329, plt. 157, figs. 7-8 (1907), gave 2 figs. which
unfortunately shared too much in the general ruddy colour of the
plate, which completely effaces the plumbeous colour in this species.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 63, plt. 50, 1-2 (1914), gave two good figures
hardly as grey as normal British examples.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., 111, 90, plt. 22d (1910), treated populeti,
Fb., subplumbeus, Haw., ocularis, Frr., and tremuleti, Tetens., as
synonyms, but donasa, Esp., as an aberration. The basic colour of the
2 figures is too ruddy instead of dark plumbeous grey.

Of the Variation Barrett says :—

‘‘ Usually very constant in colour and such markings as it possesses;
but occasionally the black dots along the second line are accentuated
and much more distinct. In Scotland, particularly in Perthshire, there
is a tendency toward paler grey-brown colouring, and the same has
been observed in Kent.”

The Names and Forms to be considered : —

populi, Stroem (1783), Skrivt. Kjélh. Schk., 76, f. 24.

donasa, Esp. (1783-7), Schm. Abbild., III, 264, plt. 52, 7.
populeti, Fb. (1793), Ent. Syst. emend., III, 476.
subplumbeus, Haw. (1803), Lep. Brit., 121 (1809), 242.

f. intermedia, Steph. (1829), Jll., II, 140.

gracilis, Steph. (1829), J.c., 141 (nec Schiff.).

f. ocularis, Frr. (1833), New. Beitr., I, 168, plt. 98, 2 (nec Schiff.).
f. tremuleti, Tetens. (1876), Verh. Ver. Hambg., II, 161.

ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 146.

ab. nigra, Tutt (1892), l.c., 147.

ab. atropunctata, Geest. (1903), Allg. Zeit. f. Hnt., VIII, 3138.
ab. atropurpurea, Geest. (1903), l.c.

ab. nigropunctata, Dufrn. (1935), Lambill., XXXV, 52.

Tutt dealt with (1) populeti as described by Fab. ; (2) ab. obsoleta, with
obsolescent or absence of marking; (3) ab. ocularis, Frr., with well-
marked strigae and complete row of submarginal dots on the subterminal
line; (4) ab. donasa, Esp., grey with central area reddish brown; (5)
ab. intermedia, Steph., dark grey-brown; (6) ab. nigra, black.

subplumbeus, Haw., Lep. Brit., 121 (1803).

Orte. Descrie.—‘‘ Alis plumbescentibus griseo subnebulosis, striga
obsoleta postica e punctis griseis extus pallido adnatis.”’

It is placed in the Bombyx division with reference te the ‘‘ Antennae
multo magis pectinatae,’’ and it is called the ‘‘ Lead-coloured Drab.’’
This answers well to populett.

Subsequently, /.c., p. 242 (1809), Haw. placed it among the Noctuae.

gracilis, Steph., Ill., II, 141 (1829). Under this name Stephens de-
scribes this species ‘‘ lead-coloured ash, more or less clouded with cinere-
ous, with the ordinary strigae very obsolete.’’ ‘‘ The pale hinder striga
is sometimes accompanied by an almost continuous series of black dots.”’

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (227)

This description cannot possibly be applied to what we know as the
beautiful gracilis, but it answers well for that we know as populeti.

ab. tremuleti, Tetens., Verh. Ver. Hambg., II, 161 (1876).

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour as in 7. populeti, Fb.; the waved
line whitish-grey, and vein 7 (or 6) moved inwards considerably, in cell
1b with the convex bend near the basal cell of the wing, weak on the
inside but not actually broken, brown tinged. Transverse lines lighter
than the ground, almost as wide as the waved line and of the same
colour as that, on the costa on the sides bent towards it tinged dark
grey, becoming obsolescent when near the inner margin, in cell 1b.”

ab. atropunctata, Geest., Zts. f. Ent., VIII, 313 (1903).

Ornic. Drscrip.-—-‘‘ Pale grey, the waved line with a perfect row of
black dots (analogous with the black, brown, or not spotted munda to
ab. immaculata, Stdgr.).’? Freiburg, Hagenau, Metz.

ab. atropurpurea, Geest., Zts. f. Hnt., VIII, 313 (1903).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Dark red-brown, of very dull and thick colora-
tion. Reniform and orbicular as well as the outer waved line narrowly
pale yellow.”’ Freiburg.

ab. nigropunctata, Dufrn., Lambill., XXXV, 52 (1935).

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Like the typical form but the dark spots which
are near the subterminal line are very black. One might confuse this
form with certain forms of JJ. mundu, but here the spots are not placed
in groups of two.’’ Marcinella, Belgium.

Taeniocampa, Gn., gothica, L.

Taeniocampa, Gn. (1838? 1852), most authors, Barr., Stdgr., Splr.,
South, Culot [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) H.-S.: Graphiphora, Hb.
(1822): Monima, Hb. (1822), Meyr., Hamp., Warr., Meyr., Drdt.:
Semtophora, Steph. (1829)] gothica, L. (1758).

In Brit. Noct., TV, 120, Tutt discussed the nigra, Robson, concluding
that it was the true gothica of Linn., ‘‘ dark smoky-brown with the
Hebrew character very distinct.’’ In vol. II, 149, Tutt diagnosed the
Linn. type as ‘‘ dark blackish-grey with dark gothic mark.’’

In a footnote to gothica, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 239 (1906), said he
had never seen dark black-grey examples to which Tutt gave the Linn.
name gothica by giving the wrong interpretation to ‘‘ fuscescentibus ”’
in the Linn. diagnosis. When Tutt later on dealt with gothicina, H.-S.,
he stated that it was the dark Linn. form and laid the basis of his
description on the ground colour, and Splr. here again says Tutt was
in error, since the paler red-yellow-grey forms of gothica.are the out-
standing forms in S. Germany, and H.-S. determined the Linn. gothica
not to be a restricted form as the diagnosis of Tutt stated.

Schiffermuller, Verz. (1775), 78, M.9, gave the name nun-atrum to
_ a Noctuid, the larva of which fed on Galium.

Illig., Verz., IIed. (1801), 242, said that without doubt this was the
_ gothica, L. (1758), as stated by Schrank in Fuess. Mag., II, 215.

(228) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1940

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 148 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 75 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Brit. Is., V, 189, plts. 207-8 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., I[led., 201
(1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 413 (1905): Spir:, Schm) Aiur., A 2397
plt. 45, 1 (1906): South, M.B.I., I, 326, plt. 155, 7-10 (1907): Warr.-
Stz., Pal. Noct., 111, 90, plt. 22b (1910): Culot; N. et-G., I (2); G2) pls.
49, f. 15-16 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 145 (1927): Draudt.-Seitz, Pal.
Noct. Supp., III, 115 (1934).

Esp., Abbild., ITI, 383 (1782)?, plt. 76, f. 1-3, described and figured
this species as gothica, the nun-atrum, Schiff. These figures are recog-
nisable by the ‘‘ nun-atrum’’ Hebrew character mark on the fore-
wings. Fig. 3 is a variety in which the spot and the curve below the
‘‘nun-atrum ”’ are missing.

De Villers, Hntom. Linn., II, 183 (1789), described a species with
the ‘‘ nun-atrum ”’ character as ¢-nigrum, noted “ affinis’’ N. gothica,
and gave the characters by which it might be distinguished from that
species, the latter having neither arc nor dot below the gothic mark.
On p. 230, l.c., he described gothica. Then in l.c., 1V, 465, he described
the nun-atrum of Schiff. (Verz., 78), ‘‘ nimis affinis N. gothica from
Fb.,’’ treating it as a different species. In fact the sp. gothica is
treated of twice as instanced by the references to the food plant,
Galium aparine, in both species.

Regarding the statement of de Vill., l.c., that the distinction be-
tween c-nigrum and gothica was in the absence of the are and spot
below the gothic mark in the latter, Knoch, Ent. Beitr., stated that
such marks were not specific but varietal characters. Bork., Naturg.,
IV, 489 (1792).

Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 23, figs. 422 c, d, e (1790), gave
three good figures of gothica, including a small variegated light speci-
men. They recognise the nun-atrum, Schiff., as a gothica form.

Fab., Ent. Sys. aug., II (2), 66, described the nun-atrum, Schiff.,
and said ‘‘ Nimis affinis N. gothicae.’’ Fab., l.c., 85, described gothica,
L., and referred to Z.S. and to F.S. and to Clerk’s Icones, plt. I, 1.

Hb., Samml., 112 (1802), gave a figure, which is quite unrecognis-
able as a gothica form, under the name nun-atrum.

Haw., Lep. Brit., 119 (2803), classed it among his Bombyz species.

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 180, plt. 61, 3 (1824), gave a good figure of
the non-variegated form of gothica. In his text he referred to the fact
that Olivier and Fab., as well as Ernst and Engr., had made two species
of this in error.

Treit., Schm., V (1), 233 (1825), noted that as the ¢ antennae were
strongly pectinated he at first considered it among the previous group
[Bombycid], but that the bulk of the characters showed that it was a
Noctuid.

Steph., 7/l., IT, 188 (1829), referred to the evidently peculiar charac-
ters of this species as Ochs. placed it in the genus Episema. Treit. re-
moved it to the genus Graphiphora, and Bdv. placed it in Noctua after
Schrank, and he, Steph., concluded by founding the genus Semiophora
for gothica alone.

Frr., Neu. Beitr., I, 31, plt. 17 (1833), gave a very plain figure in
which the ‘‘ gothic ’”’ character was the main feature with more or less
plain ground. He considers that the figures of both Hiibner and Esper
were not satisfactory.

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EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. IV. 69
EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA.
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)3,8A0 By E. P. Wrirsnire, F.R.E.S.
(Plate IV.)

Including a Contribution by Asput Mun’im S. TaLHoux.

PART I.

When I left the Lebanon in early 1935 I had not definitely solved
the identity of the caterpillar-tents to be seen on tall oaks (Q. lusi-
tanica) on the road between Beirut and Aley, though it seemed, likely
that they would prove to be those of Hriogaster philippsi, Bartel, which
was the only insect on our list to which they were appropriate. Pass-
ing through the Lebanon again in early June 1936 I found that I was
too late for these larvae, only obtaining many shed skins and, on the
oak-stem in the heart of the nest, a cluster of hatched ova. However,
the resident and enthusiastic lepidopterist, Mr Talhouk, with whom I
began corresponding, subsequently succeeded in breeding these larvae
and confirming my previous guess as to their identity. Mr Talhouk,
after kindly sending me a larval skin and several imagines bred by
him, has now sent me an excellent biological account of this (to us)
rare moth; I include it in this article at the end of my own descrip-
tions.

The species described in this article come from a variety of districts,
in Syria, Iraq and Iran. ’ ;

AMATHES PAULI, Steger.

In the first of the articles detailed in the footnote I described the
early stages of A. kindermanni, ssp. pauli, and my account was sum-
marized in Seitz IIIf Supplement without mention of the subspecific
name. Last year M. Charles Boursin informed me (in It¢.) that an
examination of the genitalia of the representatives of the genus Amathes
showed that pauli, Stgr., was a bona species, distinct from kindermanna,
F.R.; the example of pauli examined by Boursin was a Lebanese male
from my own collection. Readers, therefore, are requested to note that
the larval description attributed to me by Draudt-Seitz as kindermanni
should really be pauli, as clearly indicated in my original article.

LACYDES SPECTABITLIS, Tausch.

The larva of this mountain-species has apparently already been de-
scribed, for a summary decription is given in Seitz II. Since I find this
description unsatisfactory in one or two particulars I describe it again
hereunder.

When full-grown, black, dappled sparsely and vertically with lemon-
yellow, and densely covered with lemon-yellow hairs proceeding star-wise
from brown warts; spiracles, black; below them, a clear yellow sub-
lateral line. Dorsal line, broad and black, the hairs thereon being also

*Previous articles in this series appeared in (1) Ent. Rec., Vol. xlvii, July-August
1935 (No. 7-8); (2) Ent. Rec., Vol. xlviii, October 1936 (No. 10); (3) Mitt. Muench.
Ent. Ges., e. V. Xxix, Jahrgang 1939, Heft 1.

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1940

black. Head, glossy-black with a white dot on each side of the mouth.
(Figure 6.)

A larva was found on 11.v1.39 at 9000 feet on To-Chal, a mountain
in the Hlburz Range near Tehran. In captivity it only fed for one day
(foodplant: Salvia) then fasted for six weeks, finally pupating on

4.vi11.39. The larval skin was shed by a dorsal split but was not
crumpled or passed backwards to the anal extremity, but remained be-
side the pupa looking like a dead mature larva. The imago hatched

during the daytime on 30.vii.39. From this it would seem that a sort
of aestivation takes place before pupation, remarkable in a peak-species.

ORGYIA DUBIA, Tausch.

~Previous publications show that this larva varies geographically.
The following is the difference between the Lebanon and the Elburz
larvae.

Lebanon: Larva, black, with pale hairs low down on the sides, a
pale fringe over the head, a pale anal tuft, and four honey-brown,
white-tipped pencils on somites 4-7. A subdorsal chain of red warts
sends red bars almost across the back of the other somites. Below them,
a line of paler ochreous warts. Head, reddish, black at mouth.

Foodplant: Astragalus cedreti, on which it feeds with larvae of
Inbanopacha schwingenschussi at 5-9000 feet in mid-summer.

Elburz: Larva, black, with yellow mottling and orange-brown warts
from which issue black hairs star-wise; a yellow transverse bar on each
somite posteriorly except the thoracic somites, and two yellow subdorsal
blobs on the fore part of each abdominal somite. The thoracic somites
bear several finer yellow transverse lines. Four black tufts with white
centres on somites 4-7. Anal pencil, white. Spiracles, indistinguish-
able. Feet, black and brown, orange centrally. Head brown, inclining
to yellowish at the fork between the lobes, and black on the face. Ven-
tral area, greenish. There are two orange circular dorsal buttons be-
tween the larger subdorsal warts. (Figure 4.)

Foodplants: Astragalus, Rumex scutatus, Silene. Observed at 8000
feet.

In both districts it is a day-feeder. Larvae usually produce a
majority of females. The female remains in its cocoon and never be-
comes free of its thin pupal exuvium.

Klburz larvae were full-grown in vii.39, and the first male appeared
from the cocoons on 25.vil.39.

ERIOGASTER PHILIPPSIT, Bartel.

The following description of a mature larva was made by me from a
skin sent me by Mr Talhouk :—

White, freckled with black; dorsal chain, velvety-black and inter-
rupted, each link containing two tufts of gold-brown hair. Similar
yellow-brown tufts on the sides of each somite. On somites 2 and 3
the dorsal patches are broader and contain redder-brown hairs; on
somite 1, a black collar split by a fine white dorsal line. Head, glossy
black with a few pale ochreous markings. Feet, pale yellow brown.
Spiracles, yellow-brown, black-rimmed.

Further details, from Mr Talhouk’s own pen, are given at the end
of this paper. The only comment I have to offer on them is on the

‘

EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. IV. UNE

opening sentence, which indicates that Mr Talhouk has found this moth
much commoner than did Mr Ellison or I. There are two possible ex-
planations of this: cither the species has increased greatly in numbers
since we left (cf., the irregular profusion of its relative Eriogaster
lanestris in England) or Mr Talhouk’s remarks apply especially to the
Aley region, where he lives, whereas I and Mr Ellison paid more special
attention to the Brummana-Shweir Middle Heights, further north.
Around Aley oak-trees are scarcer than further north, and infestation
of trees there might therefore be proportionately intenser. Probably
both these explanations operate together in this case.

Quite likely Mr Talhouk may find the caterpillars much scarcer again
in a year or two.

CHILENA PROXIMA, Stgr.

Egg: QOblong-oval, slightly flattened above and below, but not always
laid flat; laid in irregular strings or small batches; putty-white, with a
slight glaze, and a depression on the top side.

Larvu: I give below a tabular comparison between the larvae of
prozuna and sordida, Ersch, made from larval skins of the former from
Jraq in my own collection and skins of the latter in the British Museum
labelled ‘‘ Christoph. coll. 1902-195. obliauata, Klug. = sordida, Ersch.
Turkestan.”’

SORDIDA. PROXIMA.

TUFTS ON SOMITES 2 AND 3.
Black and yellow. Black and orange.

DORSAL LINE.
Cream-coloured, black-edged. Orange, indefinite.

DORSAL AREA, BETWEEN DORSAL AND SUBDORSAL LINES.
Blue, interrupted transversely with Blue, interrupted transversely with

brick-red and lightly mottled with brick-red and heavy transverse
black and yellow near the dorsal black dashes.
line.

SUBDORSAL LINES.

Brick-red, with a whitish infusion in Brick-red, defined above and below
the centre of each somite, and with black.
black freckling below.

LATERAL AREA, BETWEEN SUBDORSAL AND LATERAL LINBS.
Heavily freckled with black. Lightly freckled with blue, yellow and
black.
LATERAL LINES.

Creamy, with freckled black edging Yellow and orange, ill-defined, fiecked
above. with black, and having a heavy
black interrupted edging below.

SUBLATERAL AREA, BETWEEN LATERAL LINE AND SPIRACLES.

Pale creamy, thickly mottled with Ochreous, dappled with black, blue
slatey-lilac. and orange, with an interrupted
thick black line above the spiracles.

SPIRACLES.

Ochreous, black-rimmed; behind each Ochreous, black-rimmed.
is a conspicuous orange Seta.

72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VI/1940

The larva of proxima (Figure 1) has a blue-grey head, orange thor-
acic feet, and soft whitish hairs especially low down on the sides. The
underside is banded and dappled with blue, cream, black, and orange.
Claspers, orange, black-marked. On somites 2 and 3, a black dot fairly
high up on each side. Somite 1 is bluish-grey dorsally.

It feeds in broad sunlight on bushes of Prosopis stephaniana, often
accompanied by larvae of Taragama siva (which, however, feeds also on
Populus euphratica, pomegranate, and tamarisk), It moves briskly,
and grows rapidly, producing a succession of broods during the long
Mesopotamian summer.

The cocoon (Figure 2), which is usually spun high up in the food-
plant, is rather like a monkey-nut, but slightly woolly; it is firmer and
smaller than that of O. potatoria, and becomes bleached with exposure.
Pupal period, in summer, 9 days. I helieve the winter is passed in
the egg stage, but have not established this.

Imago: To light, Hassetche (Syria) and Mosul Desert, 1935; Table
Mt. and Bagdad (Iraq), 1936, ’37; Ahwaz (Khuzistan, Iran), 1938. A
characteristic insect of the Mesopotamian desert.

AGROTIS (CLADOCEROTIS) BENIGNA, Corti.

Ova: Bun-shaped, ivory-white at first, duller later, with brown api-
cal dot and ring; laid in patches in honeycomb formation, or singly.
Period, 13 days.

Larva: When freshly hatched, slug-grey, with a black head, thoracic
plate, spiracles and thoracic feet.

The instars are similar except the first, which is distinguished by
the black colouring of the head, etc.

The mature larva is putty-coloured, slightly brown-tinged, with
scanty darker grey mottlings, and a green internal colouring showing
at the joints and underneath. The skin is very thin; the habits are still
rather sluggish; the general appearance undistinguished. All the lines
are interrupted in the centre of each somite, and the dorsal line is only
visible on the fore-part of each somite. The dorsal line has a pale
centre and a darker grey edging; the subdorsal and sublateral lines are
formed of grey mottling, the former being the most defined of all, and
the latter being of varying intensity. Spiracles, black, conspicuous.
Tubercles, grey, or, on hindmost somites, fine and black. Head and
thoracic plate, light brown, speckled and dotted finely with black.
Thoracic feet, light brown. (Figure 5.)

Foodplants: Many kinds of low plants. It feeds above the surface
by night, concealing itself by day in crevices.

Imago: To light, Kermanshah, Iran (4800 feet), x.39.

The larva hibernates, but can be forced to attain full growth by
December or January, if kept warm indoors.

DISCESTRA ARENARIA, Hamps.

I am not entirely satisfied that this name is the earliest for the pre-
sent species. A thorough revision of the genera Discestra and Cardepia
is needed, and synonymies between species now attributed to different
genera are likely to be established. For instance, an examination of
the type of Rothschild’s Cardepia taylori has left me without any doubt
that this is a synonym of Scotogramma trifoli, Rott.

*
‘

EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. IV. 73

The present species, studied in Khuzistan, extends to the Sind desert,
and probably westward also.

The ovum is ivory white, later grey; bun-shaped; its sculpture is
clearly visible under a lens. Laid singly.

The larva when freshly hatched is grey-green with pale setae and
an ochreous grey head. The markings develop progressively in the
successive instars; in the first two, the head seems to have black dots,
but becomes glossy green in later instars; in the last, under a lens, it
is seen to be lightly mottled with brown and to have blackish antennae,
but when blown turns yellow. In instar 3 the larva is more notice-
ably swollen and rounded on somites 1-3 and 10-13 than when mature.
The bands of dappling, described below, .first appear in instar 3.

When mature, it is smooth, green, and of a lighter hue below the
spiracular line. The centre of each somite is dappled with a band of
blackish dappling, which is obsolescent in the light forms, and which,
in the darkest forms, is also found ventrally on the thoracic somites,
but is normally confined to the dorsal parts; where the dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines pass through this band, they are black edged. The black
dappling is sometimes intensified on somites 1 and 11, forming a blackish
thoracic plate on the former. Dorsal and subdorsal lines, white, in-
terrupted at the somital joints; the former has an interrupted black
edging on either side, the latter a similar upper edging. The anterior
half of the black dappled band is, when distinct, much more so than
the posterior, but the dorsal line’s black edging consists of two equally
clear black lines, one in the anterior part and one in the posterior part
of the band; thus, the black edging is interrupted, not only at the
somital joints but also in the middle of each somite. The posterior sec-
tion of black edging is the shorter and is obsolescent in the lighter forms.
Spiracles, yellow-white, black-rimmed, set (as in S. trifoli?) in a black
shade just above the sublateral stripe; their rim is less intensely black
and they are less conspicuous than the spiracles of trifolii. Sublateral
line, broad, whitish-yellow, with a yellow-brown clouding in its centre
on each somite; this line is conspicuous, but less vividly defined than in
trifolu. (Arenaria: Figure 3.)

The following are the chief characteristics by which arenaria can be
distinguished from trifoli larvae; the former’s ground-colour is invari-
ably green; the dorsal line, though interrupted, is white and clear, not
obsolescent as in trifolii; the dorsal line is black-edged; the black edg-
ing to the subdorsal lines is clearly interrupted in the middle of each
somite. Trifolti is more finely mottled, but the mottling is not black,
nor concentrated into bands. The two species occur together.

Rate of growth: Irregular; the fastest larvae pupated 17 days after
hatching from ova, but many of their brothers and sisters were then
hardly half-grown. Ova laid on 24.iv.38 hatched on 28.iv, and the first
pupa from these larvae was formed on 14.v.38. The first imago to
hatch, from = pupa formed on 16.v, hatched on 23.v.38, while the first
pupa did not develop till the autumn. The second summer brood was
not observed in a state of nature, and is evidently only partial. The
two regular broods are in late iv and late x. The imago comes to light.

Foodplant: Atriplex, and probably other plants to be found on salty
desert soil,

74. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1940 -

Pupa, glossy, red-brown, similar in structure to that of trifoli but
with a much thinner chitinous case, and hence lighter in colour.
Rather smaller than trifoiii.

The larva shrinks remarkably in pupating; an inflated mature skin
is 3.5 cm. long, and a living larva which before burying was 2.5 em. long
produced a pupa only half that length.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
(Enlarged.)

Fig. 1. Chilena proxima, Stgr., mature larva on fcod plant (Iraq)
Fig. 2. Chilena proxima, Stgr., two cocoons.

Fig. 3. Discestra arenaria, Hamps., larva (Ahwaz).

Fig. 4. Orgyia dubia, Tausch, larva (Elburz).

Fig. 5. Agrotis benigna, Cti., larva (Iran).

Fig. 6. Lacydes spectabilis, Tausch, larva (Elburz).

COLLECTING NOTES. Ii. JUNE-SEPTEMBER 1939.
By A. J. L. Bowes.

A spell of warm weather at the beginning of June awoke pupae
with a rush, among them a fine lot of Synanthedon vespiformis, which
was also emerging in the wild at the same time; at Netley Heath old
oak and birch stumps were full of empty pupa cases of S. vespiformis
and S. culiciformis. The first of my larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria
spun up on 5th June; when they reached their last stage they were put
into a 7 lb. biscuit tin with plenty of fungus laid on the bottom and
strips of old bark propped against the sides. This made a good dark
retreat for them, and all pupated successfully in spite of repeated
attempts at sabotage by late arrivals, which insisted on letting down
guy-ropes already in position, and even on utilising them themselves.

A flying visit to Wye Downs and the Ashford Woods on the evening
of the 10th was most enjoyable, but made unprofitable by a cool wind.
At dusk, Scoria lineata was very common, flapping lazily over the long
grass, an easy prey for hawking swallows. Fupithecia scabiosata, too,
was common, flying around a spindle bush, where it can be found year
after year even if none are seen on the surrounding hillside. Pachetra
leucophaea came to sugar and light thinly up tol a.m. During an hour
which T spent in the woods south of Ashford, barely half-a-dozen species
were seen, a figure which compares oddly with a bag of over a hundred
species on a similar date in 1934: even Stauropus fagi and Drymonia
trimacula, usually to be reckoned as regulars in these woods, made no
sort of a show.

Night work in Surrey was better sport. On the 17th, a night which
made no pretensions to warmth, at Byfleet, sugar was visited by
‘Acronicta leporina, Aplecta tincta, A. nebuiosa, Noctua festiva, Dip-
terygia scabriuscula, and smaller fry, and after dark there was a fine
emergence of Perconia strigillaria.

At the end of the month I paid several daytime visits to the downs
near Newlands Corner, where on posts which ran up over the hillside
sat a large number of assorted Noctuids. Hecatera serena and Cucullia
umbratica were common, with a good many Dianthoecia conspersa and

COLLECTING NOTES. II. 75

Hama sordida, and occasionally Mamestra contigua, Xylophasia sublus-
tris and Sphinz ligustri. The contigua laid me a good batch of eggs and
the resulting larvae flourished until their last stage on sorrel and dock.
Then, perhaps because they had to travel a long way by car in very hot
weather, they all damped off, and a bare dozen pupated.

At the first week-end in July some friends and I foregathered on the
Essex marshes not far from Southend. On our way, Mr Howard and I
stopped in the Lea Bridge Road and, helped by a bevy of keen and
grubby children, picked some pupae of Leucoma salicis off the railings;
the species seems to be in enormous numbers, and the joints of the rail-
ings where they pass through uprights were a solid mass of pupae, many
of them deformed and crushed by the intense congestion. The very
meagre foliage of the poplars appeared to be equally crowded, and yet
all my specimens came out well up to size. We had always understood
that the larvae of Malacosoma castrensis conceal themselves when the
sun is not out, but on this evening, in spite of rain and a cold wind,
they were sitting up in hundreds on the first likely marsh that we visited,
and little colonies could be seen ten or twenty yards off. These larvae
did well on apple, and Mr Howard had no trouble with his, even in the
middle of London; the difficulties of breeding this insect seem to be
highly exaggerated in the popular books. As dusk came on, the wind
and rain ceased, and moths began to fly: Acidalia emutaria was common,
while Zeucania favicolor dashed frantically over the short herbage. On
one spot flew a few Crambus salinellus, and Mr Huggins pointed out to
me Catoptria rubescana, which he has recently added to the British list.
Sugar was good; besides J. favicolor, L. pallens and L. impura were
common, and there was a good sprinkling of Mamestra dissimilis (with
a single melanic example), M. oleracea, and Aplecta advena. A few
Euchloris smaragdaria were found on herbage near their food plant, and
one we took flying: we were also surprised to see Hupithecia scabiosata
in so unlikely a spot. The next morning we gathered some pupae of
Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) at Benfleet, and from
among them there later emerged several Nola cucullatella. Looking over
my series of phaeorrhoea (chrysorrhoea), I notice that all but one of my
males from the Kentish side of the Thames (a dozen or so) have black
dots on the forewings, whereas not one of the hundred and more males
that emerged from these Essex pupae are spotted at all.

At the end of the month TI spent the first few days of my holiday in
Wilts and Dorset. On 30th and 31st July Mr C. M. R. Pitman and T
sugared in the N.W. corner of the New Forest, just in Wiltshire. Both
nights were bad, with a cold breeze and herbage dripping after a wet
day; however, a few Catocala promissa came to sugar, a token of what
might be expected on a good night in this district. A few common
insects came in numbers to a sheltered light—Agrotis strigula, Pachyc-
nemia hippocastanaria and Eupithecia nanata. A day trip to Hincheslea
Moor near Brockenhurst after Selidosema ericetaria was spoilt by a high
wind and intensive military operations over the heather; but I was
there long enough to see that the strong colony of the insect which I
had met there some years before had either moved or been burnt out.
In the Forest itself I saw very few Limenitis camilla, but Argynnis
_paphia and f. valezina were quite fresh and plentiful.

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1940

On Ist August I motored down to Swanage, stopping at Downton to
examine some Verbascum by the roadside, which was alive with minute
larvae of Cucullia lychnitis. Ballard Down was bathed in sunshine, and
there was the usual profusion of butterflies, including Thymelicus
(Adopaea) acteon. To my great surprise, I found a vigorous colony of
S. ericetaria at one end of the hill, confined to less than a hundred yards
of ground. They were beautifully fresh, and their food plant on that
very grassy hill is a mystery to me. Triphaena orbona was also kicked
up from the grass. Evening work at Durlston Head was very poor, in-
cluding little except the commonest Noctuids, and there was no sign of
my main object, Agrotis lunigera. On grass-heads inland were a few
Triphaena interjecta, and one Gnophos obscurata came to light.

' The next day I was joined by friends, and we went in a body to a
cove between Swanage and Lulworth, where Polyommatus (Lysandra)
coridon flew in countless hundreds. Experts who were there said that
not for twelve years had coridon been less variable. Even without ex-
treme variation, coridon is a good insect to watch, and it lives in pleasant
places. In this case there was a pair of ravens soaring over the hill, and
the ever-present threat of severe thunderstorms kept away boredom. T.
acteon was commoner here than at Swanage; so too was coridon, but
Eumenis semele, which swarmed on Ballard Down, appeared to be absent.
On this night and the next, since the coast was cool, we moved inland to
Studland, and lit our lamps there; sugar and ragwort enticed nothing,
but a few moths came to light, chiefly Zeucania litoralis and the exquisite
silvery form of Agrotis vestigialis, which has so far been found, I believe,
only on the heather of this area of Dorset and in a very few confined
localities in Surrey. A. nigricans, A. tritici, and A. strigula came in
small numbers, and there were plenty of second-brood Hupithecia nanata
on heather tips. In view of the inclement weather we could not com-
plain, although it is always, and quite illogically, irksome to find a
famous locality belying its reputation.

On the 4th I went back to Wiltshire. For several years I had wanted
to get to grips with Oria musculusa, and this seemed a good chance. A
friend and I spent the afternoon in touring around to find a suitable
spot; we chose some high ground under corn, with a good wide prospect,
and at dusk began to work in the corner of a field where there had stood
an old stack and where a few plants of last year’s crop were still left to
grow. Almost the first insect that I netted was a fine male musculosa,
which, to judge from its condition, must have bred on the spot. A very
cold wind spoilt our chances of taking anything at the lamps after dark,
although we kept them going until the early hours. The next night
began by being warmer, though the wind was still strong. We found a
spot in the lee of a tall hedge, and there manoeuvred car and lamps to
shine over a field of standing wheat. Nothing was seen at dusk, but
between 10.30 and 11 p.m. moths swarmed at the headlights, including
many Calocalpe cervinalis (Hucosmia certata), Cleora lichenaria, and
Crocallis elinguaria. Two O. musculosa came too, both rather worn. At
11.15 moths stopped, and never moved again before we left at 1 a.m.
We were pleased with our detective work on musculosa, and it was not
until later that we learnt that musculosa had been taken in the very
same spot'ten years before. Clearly the species is indigenous over a
wide area in Wiltshire; a good number were taken by other parties in

‘

SYNONYMY IN THE GENUS MYOPITES. 77

1939 not far from our locality. Owing to an engagement at home, these
two unfavourable nights were all that I could spare last year, and I
fear that the coming season will not see our lights lit there. Food plant
and habits still remain something of a mystery, but evidence is gradu-
ally accumulating, and before long this insect, which has for thirty odd
years been a sadly neglected unknown quantity on the British list, may
well be found to be a regular breeder in England on wide corn-lands.

When I had returned to Kent, visits were paid to Sandwich and the
Ashford woods. Sugar-was disappointing at Sandwich, only twenty
species coming on the night of 9th August; and those who went to
Dungeness reported that there, too, insects were scarce. And yet the
year before the sugar had been plastered with moths all through August;
one would like to know what factors govern plenty or scarcity at this or
that attraction, not merely on a few isolated nights, but over the period
of a month or two. The woods were more exciting; on 20th and 24th
August Agrotis agathina was fairly common on a small patch of heather,
and there were second broods of several Prominents. On the 20th,
after a terrific thunderstorm, a male Oeonestis quadra came to light—
the third recent record for this part of Kent. Larvae of Cucullia asteris
had all pupated by this time in these woods, but on the marsh at Ebbs-
fleet near Ramsgate a fine colony of monstrous larvae was found on
the 23rd, feeding on Aster tripolium. Mr and Mrs Peyton, who visited
the spot a few days later, found several larvae of asteris feeding gaily
on Artemisia, a plant which I have not seen recorded as a food of this
species. .

After the end of the month, when my collecting came to a sad and
early end, I did nothing of note. The Old Adam would not be denied
on warm nights in October, and I went out for one or two murky ex-
peditions armed with an umbrella and a stick, and assaulted the garden
ivy, to little purpose. There is a poor consolation in the fact that
August did not promise plentiful migrants in the autumn; one hopes
that when hostilities are over, we shall be treated to a series of bumper
years such as now occur only in our dreams.

SYNONYMY IN THE GENUS MYOPITES (DIPTERA, TRYPETIDAE).
By J. E. Corin, F.R.E.S., Hic.

Two distinct species of Myopites occur in this country, one with a
comparatively short head, more predominantly yellow abdomen, and
stigma of wing more extensively darkened, the larvae of which form
galls in the flowerheads of Pulicaria dysenterica (though apparently
only near the south coast); the other with a longer head having a more
projecting epistoma, darker abdomen, and stigma only dark on about
apical half, the larvae forming galls in the flowerheads of Inula crith-
moides. No less than seven different names have at various times been
used for one or the other of these two species, the latest being M.
eximia, Seguy, used by Mr Niblett in the recent February number of
this magazine, for the species from Inula crithmoides.

The following notes on the old descriptions and records were made
as an attempt to clear up the synonymy of our two British species, and
are now published in the hope that it may lead to the confirmation (or

78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / VT /1940

otherwise), by those in a position to undertake the work, of certain
doubtful points.

M. bdlotu, Breb. (1826), was described from specimens bred from
larvae found in autumn and winter in the galled flowerheads of ‘‘ Inula
dysenterica ’’ growing in marshes and other sea-coast situations in Nor-
mandy ; the flies themselves were said to be very common on the flowers
of this plant in July, August, and September. The description of the
insect itself is valueless for purposes of identification but the biological
details fit so well with our species, having a similar life-history, that
we might use the name M. blotii with confidence for our species except
for the fact that a species certainly distinct from ours (M. inulae, v.
Ros.) was originally recorded as living in the same foodplant in Cen-
tral Europe (see, however, the note under that species). Jt is note-
worthy that the distribution of this species of Myopites in England coin-
cides with the distribution of a closely allied plant, Pulicaria vulgaris
(Inula pulicaria), and not with the distribution of Pulicaria dysenterica,
but T am assured by those who have collected the galled seedheads in
the Isle of Wight that the plant concerned was certainly P. dysenterica.

In 1833 Newman described a Tephritis hebe from a single specimen
taken at. Southgate by. Mr F. Walker. This was redescribed and the
wing figured by Walker in 1836 under the name Sphenella siqgnata, Me.
The synonymy of hebe, Newm., with signata, Meg., was certainly incor-
rect, but the description and figure prove that the insect concerned was
a Myopites, though it does not help in identifying the species. Walker
appears to have seen other specimens in addition to Newman’s type,
because he gives the species as occurring ‘‘ in the south of England
during the summer; but not common ’’; he may, indeed, have had both
our species before him, but, the locality for the type specimen of hebe
(Southgate) is a northern suburb of London, and of the known food-
plants of the two British species of Wyopites the only one likely to be
found growing in that locality is Pulicaria dysenterica. It is probably
correct, therefore, to infer that T. hebe, Newm., is a synonym of the
species we know as M. blotiz, Breb.

M. inulae, v. Ros. (1840), as redescribed by Loew in 1846 from speci-
mens sent to him by v. Roser, is certainly a species distinct from our
M. bloti, having particularly a longer female ovipositor. I possess
Continental specimens and can confirm the distinction. According to
Loew, this species was bred by v. Roser from ‘‘ Inula dysenterica,’’ but
there may well have been a mistake over this food plant record.
Frauenfeld* recorded breeding it ‘‘ freely from Inula hybrida, occasion-
ally from I. ensifolia, but never from I. dysenterica’’; Schiner bred it
freely from I. ensifolia, and there is no record, other than that of Loew,
of the breeding of the species from J. dysenterica. The record of M.
inulae as British is due to Fitch (Hntomologist, xv, 1882, p. 138), but
his species having been bred from Inula crithmoides must have been our
M. frawenfeldt. The true M. inulae is not. likely to be found in this
country.

M. longirostris, Lw. (1846), was described from two males and one
female from Sicily which were not bred, and the MW. longirostris re-

*This record is incorrectly placed under the synonym “ ? stylata, F.,’”? in
Kertesz’s Catalogue.

‘

THE MISUSE OF THE HOMONYM RULE. 79

corded by Frauenfeld as bred from Inula viscosa was not Loew’s species
of that name and was described as M. limhardae by Schiner. The re-
ferences in Kertesz’s Catalozue under M. longirostris to Schiner and
Kaltenbach also relate to M. limbardae because they both refer to
Frauenfeld’s breeding record. Mr Niblett has established the fact that
our species from Inula crithmoides is not M. longirostris, Lw., and it
is most improbable that Loew’s species will ever be found in this country.

M. frauenfeldi, Schin. (1864), and M. eximia, Seguy (1932).—It is
certainly incorrect to sink MM. frauwenfeldi, Schin., as a synonym of M.
longirostris, Liww. One has only to compare the descriptions given by
Schiner for frawenfeldi and by Frauenfeld for the ‘‘ ? blotii ’? which
Schiner subsequently named frauenfeldi, with Loew’s description of
longirostris, to realise that they could not apply to the same species.
M. longirostris is a more extensively yellow species, while M. frauen-
feldt was described as having the very same darker -colour characters
used by Seguy for distinguishing his species eximia. So far as one.can
be certain without comparing types, our species from Inula crithmoides,
Seguy’s eximia, and Schiner’s frawenfeldi (both bred also from this food-
plant), are all the same species, which must be known as M. frauenfeldt,
Schiner, the name under which TIT added it to the British List in 1910
(Ent. Month. Mag., xlvi, 174). The breeding of this species from Inula
crithmoides in Britain was first recorded by Walker in 1871 (Entomo-
logist, v, p. 450) under the name of T. sianata Mg. (v. Fitch in Entomo-
logist, xv, 1882, p. 138). Fitch called the species M. inulae, v. Ros.,
failing to recognise it as M. frauenfeldi, prohably because Schiner in-
cluded this latter species under his couplet ‘‘ Fliigelrandmal gelb,’’
whereas the species really has the stigma yellowish about the base and
darkened towards tip.

I have bred both of our British species in very large numbers and
there is considerable variation in both species in wing markings and,
to a certain extent, in colour; for instance, in frauenfeldi the legs,
usually yellow, may be extensively tawny-brown, and the dark mark-
ings on abdominal tergites may be restricted to a pair of large isolated
spots on each tergite, always larger than in blofii, and never approach-
ing the very restricted (or even absent) markings of longirostris; in
any case, the palest frawenfeldi can always be separated from the
darkest blotit by the shape of the head, while the stigma of wings is
always more extensively darkened in the latter than in the former.

THE MISUSE OF THE HOMONYM RULE.

Our colleague, Rev. Geo. Wheeler, has called attention to the abso-
lutely unnecessary suggested replacement of the Erebiid name arete in
that splendid book on the genus Erebia issued by the Trustees of the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.). I have looked closely into this in connec-
tion with the Homonym Rule. This rule was formulated to obviate the
redundant use of the same specific name in any circumstances where
confusion as to the particular species might arise with another species
labelled with the same name. The only control as to its use in every case
should be ‘‘ confusion ’’ and nothing else.

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1940

Now, how do we stand about the name arete. In 1764, at a period
when specific names were given to all forms as they superficially appeared
to differ from previously named forms (species), Miiller, in Fuun. Ins.
Fridrichsdalina, p. 36, described a butterfly form new to him, ‘ Alis
dentatis utrinque cinereo-fuscis: primoribus duobus, posticis quinque
punctis albis,’? to which he applied the name Nymphalis arete. On
p. 33 of the same work Miiller had included hyperantus, L., as a Danaus
species. [Actually, as was the custom, Miiller wrote Papilis Nymphalis
arete which was in fact simply saying the butterfly Nymphalis arete. |

Twelve years later Miiller revised his previous work and in Zool.
Dan. Prod., p. 114 (1776), gave a list of nine varieties to the species
hyperantus, including his own arete. Thus he had become convinced of
his own error in at first considering arete as a good species.

The descriptions of these nine varieties of hyperantus were repeated
in the Beitr. of Goze, Vol. III (1), 197 (1779), and also by Esper, Abbild.,
I (2), 38 (1780?), and the latter figured 3 of these forms including arete
(plt. 57, figs. 2, 3, 4). We thus see that the name arete had been applied
to what was really a pure aberration (not even a subspecies) of a pre-
viously described species. In this circumstance Fabricius was quite in
order in describing his (Erebiid) species under the name arete, in the ©
Mantissu, If, 42 (1787).

Borkhausen, Naturg., II, 204 (1789), in his eagerness to name another
species, renamed this arete of the Mantissu, stating ‘‘ Herr Fabricius
named this species arete: I have named it claudina, because my Herr
fellow-worker in his systematic descriptions of European (butterflies)
Lepidoptera has dealt with a supposed variety of hyperantus under the
name arete as a true species and I think he is right.’’ This in spite of
all the information Borkhausen could have obtained. No one followed
him in this.

There is no reason whatever for the substitution of claudina for the
long-used arete. The name arete had been used for a form of insect
which was shown to be only an aberration of a previously well-known
species, and was recognised as an aberration by its sponsor twelve years
later. No confusion of the application of this name ever existed until
this unwarrantable substitution.—Hy. J. T.

[In view of the full descriptions of these nine forms of hyperantus
given by the above three authors it is strange that Fabricius in his Ent.
Syst. emend., III (1), 216 (1793), six years later omits all reference to
Miiller, Géze and Esper, although he gives reference to no less than
eleven other works. |

COLLECTING NOTES.

PTrILOPHORA PLUMIGERA, Esp., IN BouRNEMouTH.—-A male specimen of
this very local species came to light on the night of 10th November 1938
in the centre of Bournemouth. Maple is almost absent in the district,
but sycamore is common.—S. C. Brown.

NEPTICULA AURELLA, STAINT., IN FEBRUARY.—On the morning of 9th
February 1939, a warm sunny day, I noticed a specimen of this species
sunning itself on a leaf in a hedgerow in Kinson, Dorset.—S. C. Brown.

CURRENT NOTES. 81

DroseRA ROTUNDIFOLIA, L., captuRING Bupatus PINrARIA, L.—It is
seldom that Drosera plants are able to capture anything much larger
than small Diptera, yet in May 1937, in the New Forest, I found a
female of Bupalus piniaria, L., firmly attached to a plant of Drosera
rotundifolia, L., by the abdomen and hindwings. The moth was dead.—
S. C. Brown.

Spring DipterRA.—On the 3]st March of this year I was fortunate
enough to add to my collection and to my local list a series of the Tachi-
nid fly, Gonia fasciata, Mg. There do not appear to be many records of
this species, probably on account of the early date of emergence and its
habit of only flying in sunny weather. I found it on flowers of coltsfoot
in the Thames Marshes near Stone, Dartford. It has been recorded by
Mr Wainwright from Ventnor, Isle of Wight, and Mr Collin tells me it
has also occurred at Eastbourne. At the same time and place the Syr-
phid, Chilosia grossa, Fln., was not uncommon at coltsfoot flowers,
though some sallows nearby, where it might have been expected, were
quite barren of insect visitors. On the following Saturday, 6th April, I
went again, but this time the weather was dull and cold and no Diptera
were seen. A third visit on 21st April in bright warm weather showed a
few G. fasciata still about, but the commonest species on that date was
Eristalis aeneus, Scop., which occurred both on coltsfoot flowers and
blackthorn blossom, which latter also proved attractive to Eristalis tenaz,
L., and EH. intricarius, L.—H. W. ANDREWS.

CURRENT NOTES,

There are stil! a few subscriptions outstanding for 1939 (Vol. 51).
Will these subscribers, and ail who have not already paid for 1940 (Vol.
52), please send their subscriptions to the Hon, Treasurer, 6 Footscray
Road, Eltham, S.E.9, as soon as possible, in order to help the magazine
in these difficult times. Bankers Order payment forms will be sent on
application to any who may desire to save trouble and postages by
subscribing through a Bank.

As somebody once said, ‘‘ War is Hell,’’ a saying which seems to
have dogged the International Congress of Entomology. The Third
Congress, which should have been held in Vienna, was delayed for ten
years and finally took place in Ziirich. Of the Seventh Congress, held
in Berlin in 1938, we have so far received only an incomplete account
(two volumes) of the Proceedings and the receipt of the final part is
presumably delayed ‘‘ for the duration.’’ Of the Sixth Congress, held
in Madrid in 1935, we had despaired of ever seeing any Proceedings at
all, but of these Volume I has now turned up, quite unexpectedly, hav-
ing been sent out on 30th April 1940, after an interval of nearly five
years, and we must congratulate our Spanish confréres not only on the
persistent energy which they have displayed in overcoming the unusual
difficulties in its publication but also on the excellent format in which
they have produced it. This first instalment consists of over 400 pages,
with 12 plates and numerous text-figures, and contains over 40 of the
- papers presented to the Congress. Space prevents even a list of the

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VI/ 1940

titles of the papers and it must suffice to say that their very diversity
shows what a vast subject is Kntomology nowadays. Plate 12, showing
damage to books in Catalonia, looks at first sight like a relic of the -
late civil war, but is merely another example of the constant and in-
sidious warfare waged by Insect Pests, especially in warmer climates;
what with Insect Pests, Moulds, dry heat and excessive damp, a
Librarian’s life in the Tropics is by no means a happy one.—T. B. F.

No doubt readers have noticed in some natural history matter that
the author’s name is fenced in by brackets. This is only another unneces-
sary stupidity without giving any information of definite use. We are
told that the indication intended is that the species so decorated is not
now in the original genus in which it was placed by its describer, an
indication practically of no use as the vast majority of species are in
that category. How much better to attach the name of the author of
the genus, as well as of the species, a piece of useful, informative, posi-
tive information, instead of fencing the species with useless, non-informa-
tive scratches, which presume to indicate imperfectly what has hap-
pened to the bulk of species,

Some twelve years ago Rev.-George Wheeler gave his Collection of
Western Palaearctic Butterflies to the Worthing Museum. It then con-
sisted of some 1U,000 specimens. Since that time some 3000 specimens
have been added from several sources. As he now will be unable, at
least for the present, to continue his annual visits abroad he is anxious
to add still further to the collection and is asking collectors to spare some
of their duplicates to fill the numerous gaps.

There are, for instance, no English specimens of C. hyale, A. iris,
or C. palaemon, and very few P. machaon or Z. quercus; Scotch
and Irish forms of many species are also in many cases poorly
represented. In Europe there are no specimens from Denmark or Hol-
land, and the Eastern countries show many gaps, a good many species
being completely lacking. In Africa there are no specimens from Egypt,
the Canaries or Madeira, in Asia very few from Syria or Asia Minor,
there are also a good many spaces only partly filled and a few still quite
empty among the Arctic species.

He will gladly pay postage and will also return all boxes in which set
specimens may be sent.

[Since the request was first sent out Mr Wheeler has received numer-
ous additions for which he is very grateful. Please note that only
Western Palaearctic species are required.—Hyvy. J. T.]

Dr Bytinski-Salz, in his fifth study of hybrid Lepidoptera (Archiv.
exper. Zellforschung, 1938, 22, 217-237), deals with the four species of
Platysamia (Saturniidae) and discusses their geographical range, food-
plants, colour, pattern, and genitalia. He gives a detailed account of
the cytology of the four hybrids he obtained and gives an ingenious
table showing all the hybrids which have been bred and their fertility
so far as it is known. He finds a close parallel between chromosome
affinity and fertility, and gives the following order of relationship :—
cecropia, columbia, ewryalis, gloveri.—E. A. C.

REVIEWS. 83

The Tunbridge Wells Municipal Museum now has an Entomologist
on its staff and possesses collections of local insects of nearly all Orders.
We are anxious to secure the co-operation of anyone studying or col-
lecting insects in this district, and can provide facilities for identifying
species of all orders of insects. Jf any of your readers are in this dis-
trict this summer, they would certainly find a visit to this museum worth
while. The area in which we are particularly interested extends from
the escarpment of the North Downs in the north to the Forest Ridge of
Sussex in the south, westward to about the line of the Surrey boundary
and to a line approximately North and South through Goudhurst in the
east. We should particularly like detailed records of the occurrence of
Coleoptera in that area.

REVIEWS.

ZooLocy oF OxFoRDSHIRE. Edited by B. M. Hobby, M.A., D.Phil.,
F.R.E.S. (Reprinted from the Victoria County History of Oxfordshire),
168 pp., large 4to.—No less than 117 of these pages form a splendid re-
cord of the Insect Fauna of the County. Each Order has been compiled
by a well-known local entomologist each a specialist in his own branch.
The result is that a mass of well authenticated records has been coliected
of inestimable value and a book of lasting reference for the University
students and local societies in the County. The Lepidoptera, in which
we are more particularly interested, occupy some two dozen pages, and
for these records the late Commander J. J. Walker and Dr B. M. Hobby
made themselves responsible. In the short introduction to this section
we read ‘‘ We are much indebted to the entomologists of Reading and
its neighbourhood, and in particular to Mr A. H. Hamm and the late
Mr William Holland.’’ About the year 1908 these active collectors com-
piled a catalogue for the County History which remained unpublished
till now, when it has formed the basis for the present list. Some portions
of the Oxford area are very prolific; one small area including a wood has
produced 39 species of butterflies, the five ‘‘ hairstreaks ’’ among them.
There had been no list of the Micros extant until the late and much
regretted Prof. E. G. R. Waters commenced their study in 1911; in about
20 years he was able to record more than half the British species as
occurring within the Oxford county. It is perhaps best in such works
as this to use the Nomenclature and Classification of Some well authen-
ticated list or book in more or less general use. In this case the R.E.
Society List has been used for butterflies. The Inst of Brit. Geometers
based on Prout’s work and published in our magazine is used for that
group. The Moths of the British Isles, R. South, is the basis of the
Noctuae, etc., while Meyrick’s Handbook is used for all the Micro-
lepidoptera. ‘‘ Ill weeds are sure to grow apace,” e.g., hyperant(h)us,
L.; even the R.E.S. could not spell this word aright. We can never
understand why some family names in the Lepidoptera have ‘“ -idae ”’
and others ‘‘ -daec ’’ as their family designation ; -idae contains a ‘‘ root’
basis with a definite meaning of similarity, whereas ‘‘ -dae’”’ has no root
basis. The compilers of the Zoological Code of Rules of Nomenclature
“were quite aware of this as they said definitely that idae was to be the

84 7 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /V1I/1940

ending of all Family Names. It should be Hesperiidae and not Hes-
periadae ; this latter is an absolutely wilful error in more ways than one.

Turning to the Coleopterous Fauna we have a very fine survey of the
County written in preparation for this list by the late Comm. J. J. Wai-
ker, whose experience of over thirty years active collecting in the dis-
trict gave him an unequalled knowledge of this Order. His estimate
based on his own knowledge and with the assistance of Mr J. Collins of
the Hope Museum, was that nearly 60% of the British species were to be
taken within the county boundaries. These records cover some 27 pages.

Other Orders are dealt with in a similar way. Diptera have some 22
pp. of records; Hymenoptera about the same, and so on.

The format of the volume is admirable and the printers and pub-
lishers are to ke congratulated on their work. Particular thanks and
praise are due to Dr Hobby for his share in the successful editing and
bringing into line the work of the various contributors, the lst of whom
is printed on the opening page, and we heartily congratulate them all
on their share.—Hy. J. T.

BritisH Buioop-Suckine Fures. By F. W. Edwards, Sc.D., F.R.S.; .
H. Oldroyd, M.A.; and J. Smart, Ph.D. Royal 8vo., pp. vili-156, 64
figs., 45 plates (44 in colour). Published by the Trustees of the British
Museum, London; price, 15s.

This book deals with the identification, distribution, life-history, and
habits of 117 species of 7 families of Diptera known to be blood-suckers.
Jt is an enlargement of a previous work by the late Major EK. E.
Austen, but whereas that dealt with only one blood-sucking family, the
Tabanidae, Dr Edwards and his colleagues have included in this volume,
in addition to a revision of Major Austen’s work based on material left
by him, the blood-sucking species of the following groups :—Nematocera
(gnats, midges and sandflies); Afuscidae (stable and biting flies); and
Hippoboscidae and Nycteribudae (parasitic flies associated with ani-
mals, birds, and bats). Incidentally, this is the first British publica-
tion dealing with these last two families.

There are Keys for identification purposes of the females of each
family—the males with very few exceptions not being blood-suckers—
and to the individual descriptions of species there are added useful de-
tails of life-history, distribution, and habits. In an appendix, Dr
Edwards has a valuable description, with figures, of the genitalia of the
Culicoides (Nematocera). There are bibliographies of each group.
The coloured plates are of the usual exceptionally high standard associ-
ated with British Museum publications, and the numerous text figures
add greatly to the usefulness of the book. In view of the illustrations
and general get-up, the price of 15s must be considered moderate, but
it might have been made more available for students of limited means
if it had been issued in separate parts for the three main groups, in
paper covers after the Continental fashion. As it is, this book should
be in the libraries of all Entomological Societies, and of all others who
can afford to buy it in war-time.—H. W. ANDREWS.

TC
ie LP rooioay
}3, BLY ‘(" JUL 8 1940

2 HEI ARIETIMS. 2
THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR V LIBR ary’

Wood, Ind. Ent., p. 39, plt. 10, f. 170 (1834), gave a very dark
figure, good under a lens.. :

H.-S., Bearb., II, 196, fig. 125-6 (1845), said that Hb.’s fig. 112 was
not correct. He treated gothicina, Kef., as probably a species, his
examples having come from Lapland. He used the genus Orthosia.

Gn., Hist. Nat., V, 346 (1852), referred to its colour variation; more
or less blackish-violet, or more or less reddish as insufficient even to
form two races and certainly not two species as some older authors had
done. He placed it in his genus Taeniocampa.

In the Young Naturalist, p. 121 (1888), Robson called a form of
gothica of ‘‘ a dark smoky-brown with the black Hebrew character very
distinct,’’ ab.-mgra. Tutt, Brit. Noct., IV, 120 (1892), said that it
represented the Linnaean type, ‘‘ Alis superioribus fuscescentibus ; arcu
nigro linea alba marginato.”’

Meyr., Handb., 75 (1895), used the genus name Monima. In the
Rev. Handb., 145 (1928), he again used Monima.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 418, fig. (1905), gave a very poor b. and w.
figure. He recognised the askoldensis, Stdgr., and gothicina, H.S.,
with the nun-atrum, Schiff., as a syn. He used the genus name Monima,
Hb., which had long been invalid as out of use from transfer of its
two species miniosa and pulverulenta to Taeniocampa by Gn. (1838 ?
1852). ;
Spuler, Schm. Eur., I, 239, plt. 45, 1 (1906), referred to Tutt’s named
aberrations ‘‘ ab. pallida, Tutt, pale grey to brown grey; often violet-
brown grey (Linné); and through red-yellow grey, ab. rufescens, Tutt;
to bright grey-yellow red or grey-violet red, ab. rufa, Tutt; and finally
deep red-brown, ab. brunnea, Tutt.’? His figure is quite good, but the
basic ground is too much shiny brown.

South, M.B.1., I, 326, plt. 155, 7-8, 9-10 (1907), gave two figures of
gothica and two figures of gothicina, all not good.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 89, plt. 22b (1910), treated nun-atrum,
Hb., as a synonym; gothicina as an ab.; askoldensis, as a subsp.;
adopted abs. pallida, rufa, rufescens and brunnea of Tutt; and added
ab. hirsuta himself for a dark powdered form of ab. pallida. He gave
seven figures, all having the ground colour too much dominated by the
basic rufous brown of the plate, otherwise they are fairly good. They
illustrate gothica, gothicina $ and @, pallida, rufescens S and 9, and
hirsuta. Genus Monima, Hb.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 62, plt. 49, 15-16 (1914), gave a good figure of
gothica and of gothicina.

Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 115 (1934), said that ab. circum-
scripta, Hasebrk., is probably the same aberration as the conflua, Kief.,
the black circumscribes the entire stigmata; if identical the name con-
flua would have priority. They referred to a hybrid which had been
obtained, stabilis ¢ x gothica 9, of which the resultant moths were
scarcely to be differentiated from very dark gothica. Lower Austria.

Of the Variation Barrett says :—

‘“ Exceedingly variable, the ground colour ranging from the palest
purplish-drab or even purplish-grey, or light red-brown, to rich dark
purple-red and blackish purple-brown; the pale clouding varies also in
- almost every possible degree, being sometimes almost absent, in other

(230) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1I/1940

cases invading large portions of the basal, costal, dorsal and hind-
marginal regions or any of them, and in almost any degree; or instead
of the hind-margin, lying in large clouds along the subterminal line.”
(Lowland Scotland.)

A further range of variation, found more especially in Scottish
mountain districts, ‘‘ has lost the rich tone of colouring altogether, and
instead of some shade or tone of purplish-brown is of a dull reddish-
drab of various degrees, clouded with paler, but without the usual gloss.
The ordinary black markings in the middle of the forewings are fre-
quently red-black, dull red, or red-brown, and sometimes scarcely per-
ceptible.’? The paler so-called var. gothicina (incorrectly), in which
these markings are not black ‘‘ is represented in great variety and
beauty in specimens from Sutherlandshire, ranging from red-brown to
pale brown and almost to buff, sometimes almost devoid of markings,
often having them rather dull and obscure and the ‘ gothic’ mark red,
brown, indistinct or invisible, while sometimes the stigmata are blurred
by large pale or whitish clouds.”’

A local variation at Haslemere ‘‘ Has the black markings divided
and the separated portions much reduced in size even to mere isolated
black streaks.’’

He reports a specimen from Howth ‘‘ With forewings almost entirely
of a rich chestnut red.”’

Another ‘‘ Entirely rich dark purple-brown.”’

Another ‘‘ With the black markings extended very large.”’

In another ‘‘ The usual black mark is represented by a wedge-shaped
umbraceous blotch.’’

One bred from a Perth ovum “‘ Is of a brilliant coppery-red.’’

Another ‘‘ A dark rich purple-red clouded with darker red and hav-
ing the ‘ gothic’ mark still darker and edged with bright light red.”

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
gothica, L. (1758), Sys. Nat., Xed., 515.
nun-atrum, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 78.
nun-atrum, Hb. (1802), Samml. Noct., 112.
ab. gothicima, H.-S. (1845), Sys. Bearb., II, 196.
nigra, Robs. (1888), Young Nat., 101 = typical gothica, teste Tutt.
ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 149.
ab. variegata, Tutt (1892), l.c., 149.
ab. rufescens, Tutt (1892), I.c., 149.
ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), U.c., 150.
ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c., 150.
ab. brunnea, Tutt (1892), U.c., 150. .
ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), l.c., 149.
ab. obsoleta-pallida, Tutt (1892), l.c., 149.
ab. obsoleta-variegata, Tutt (1892), l.c., 149.
ab. obsoleta-rufescens, Tutt (1892), l.c., 150.
ab. obsoleta-rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c., 150.
r. askoldensis, Stdgr. (1892), Rom. Mem., 496.
ab. hirsuta, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 90, plt. 22b (1910).
ab. conflua, Kief., Ent. Rund., XXX, 32 (1918).
ab. circumsignata, Hasebrk., Int. ent. Zt., 1X, 36 (1915).
ab. (unnamed), Hoffm. & Kloss., Schm. Stierm., TIT (1915), 133.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (231)

ab. nictitans, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 312.

ab. obscura, Lenz. (1927), l.c.

ab. obsolescens, Lenz. (1927), l.c.

ab. reducta, Lenz. (1927), l.c.

ab. taeniata, Lenz. (1927), l.c.

ab. expuncta, de la Hey. (1933?) [quoted from Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp.,
FEE 115].

ab. aurifiua, de la Hey. (1933°), l.c.

Tutt dealt with (1) gothica, L., dark blackish-grey, with dark gothica
mark; (2) nigra, Robson; (3) ab. gothicina, reddish with pale or obsolete
gothica mark; (4) ab. pallida, pale whitish-grey, with distinct gothica
mark; (5) obsoleta-pallida, with gothica mark absent; (6) variegata,
dark grey mottled; (7) obsoleta-varicgata, with gothica mark obsolete;
(8) obsoleta, dark blackish-grey, with pale or obsolete gothica mark;
(9) rufescens, pale reddish-grey, mottled, dark gothica mark; (10)
obsoleta-rufescens, pale reddish-grey, gothica mark very pale or obsolete;
. (11) suffusa, unicolorous reddish with dark gothica mark; (12) rufa,
bright red, with dark gothica mark; (13) obsoleta-rufa, bright red with
pale or obsolete gothica mark; (14) brunnea, deep red-brown (purplish
tinge), with dark gothica mark.

race askoldensis, Stdgr., Rom. Mem., VI, 496 (1892).

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ They have the ground colour a violet-grey instead
of reddish brown, such as is approached only in a few specimens of the
northern var. gothicina. But the three black spots in the forewing of
the Amur specimens are sharply defined, whereas they are not developed
in gothicina.”’

ab. hirsuta, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Gr. S., III, 90, plt. 22b (1910).

Orica. Descrrp.—‘‘ A dark powdered form of ab. pallida, grey with
a faint rufous tinge, plainest, as usual, at base of vein 2, thickly dusted
with dark grey; the lines black, the inner preceded, the outer and sub-
terminal followed, by a thick fuscous blackish shade, the black mark on
sub-median fold before outer line slight, and the black of the cell re-
duced to two narrow spots, one horizontal, pointed outwardly, touching
inner line, the other narrow, oblong and vertical, before reniform;
hindwing pale luteous grey with broad fuscous terminal border, the
whole dusted with darker; the cell-spot well marked; the fringe pale
rufous.”’

ab. conflua, Kief., Ent. Rund., XXX, 32 (1913).

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ The dark brown area of the forewing upper side
between the two stigmata is united with the dark longitudinal streak,
also dark brown. Ground colour as in the typical form.’’ Admant,
Austria.

ab. circumsignata, Hasebrk., Int. ent. Zts., IX, 36 (1915).
Orig. Drescrie.—‘‘ In which the black of the orbicular wholly sur-
rounded it.”’

ab. (unnamed), Hoffm. & Klos., Schm. Stierm., III (1915), 133.
_ Oric. Duscrip.—‘‘ A beautiful, pale and dark marked form, in both

(232) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / VI/1940

sexes, affords a striking contrast to this. Had he seen it Tutt would
probably have named this striking form.”’

ab. nictitans, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 312 (1927).

Fic.—l.c., plt. 15, f. 26.

Orig. Descrie.——‘‘ The stigmata stand out unusually clear on account
of their distinct margin.”’

ab. obscura, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 312 (1927). —
Fic.—l.c., plt. 15, 25.
Ortc. Descrip.—’‘ Ground colour dark brown.”

ab. obsolescens, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 312 (1927).

Fie.—l.c., plt. 15, 29.

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ All the markings with the exception of the black
elements in the discal area more or less obsolescent.’’

ab. reducta, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 312 (1927).

Pie.-—1c., “play lar 28:

Orig. Descrip.—-‘‘ The orbicular without black at the base. Only
half of the horse-shoe mark present.”’

ab. taentata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay, II (2), 312 (1927).

Fig.--l.c., plt. 15, 30.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ With a strikingly distinct band inside the waved
line before the outer margin.”’

ab. expuncta, Delahaye [quoted from Seitz, Pal. Noctuae Supp., III,
115] (1938) P

Descrip.—‘‘Is an ashy-grey mottled form without transverse
lines, only the double subterminal line is retained. The black patch
is absent except for a small triangular spot, all other markings are
almost obsolete; obviously this is a form that exceeds obsolescens, Lenz.’’
Draudt in Seitz. Supp. t

ab. aurifera, Delahaye [quoted from Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III,
115] (19383) ?

Descrirp.—‘ Is a nice reddish-yellow to golden-yellow form, brightly
marked and dusted with violet.”” Draudt in Seitz Supp.

I have been unable to find a reference for the original descriptions of
the above two forms.

Taeniocampa, Gn. (1839?) (1852), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot
[Monima, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Meyr.: Orthosia, Hb.
(1821), Steph., Frr., H.-S.] stabilis, Schiff. (View.).

The name stabilis was used in the Verz. by Schiff. to denote a Noctuid
whose larva was attached to the Linden (lime), p. 76 (1775).

Fabricius, Sys. Hnt., 600, No. 42 (1775), described a species under the
name cerast, which has been considered by many to be stabilis, but as he
gave the reference to a good figure in Résel, Ins. Belust., I, phal. 2,
plt. 53, which undoubtedly gives a form of incerta (instabilis) and of its

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CONTENTS.
NOTE ON PLATE NO. V, E. S. A. BOYNES, F.R.E.S. ceccccccseeedece ees eennee sees te ttnneseeees 85
DASYCHIRA PUDIBUNDA, L., AB. BICOLOR N.AB. AND AB. CONCOLOR,
- STDGR. (Plate), E. A. Cockayne, D.M., B.R.C.B. ciccccecccicsectceeeteeestsesesen seen 86
EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, IV, Abdul
Munim S. PRED TRIE so ee Aes Nara aeeWenv somaueegaaacetapdseaershcdeamapecedénswss 87
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Oy at

ee ae ee ee

ae “uel

PLATE JV.

VOL. Lil.

°
—
—

lll.

Tams.

Ih

)

H

W
(enlarged

Photo

RITISH LEPIDOPTERA

S OF B

BERRATION

A

NOTE ON PLATE NO. V.

\3, Sao

NOTE ON PLATE NO. V.
By E. S. A. Baynes, F2R.E.S.

LIBRARY

Figures (i) and (ii) on the accompanying Plate illustrate examples
of moths the opposite sides of which exhibit the colouration and mark-
ings of different forms of the insects.

Figure (i) shows a specimen of Apamea secalis (taken at sugar at
the Lizard, Cornwall, 10.viii.39) in which the moth is a gynandromorph,
the left side being male and the right side female, while Figure (11)
shows a Diarsia festiva (taken at sugar at Aviemore, 24.vii.09) in which
the moth is a soinatic mosaic and the sex female throughout.

The principal markings of the two insects are as follows

Apamea secalis, L. ¢G.—Ground colour of the left upper wing
ochreous, reniform white, cross lines united by a thick blackish bar.
The right upper wing is of the blackish brown almost unicolorous form
with ochreous reniform,

Diarsia festiva 2.—Ground colour of the left upper wing rather
bright reddish, stigmata paler, especially the reniform, with the area
between the two darker than the ground colour. Ground colour of the
right upper wing smoky grey, stigmata barely distinguishable with the
area between them pale reddish ochreous.

Figure (iii) shows the genitalia of the Apamea secalis, which have
been dissected by Mr W. H. T. Tams, who was good enouetl also to
take the photographs and prepare the diagram. The genital armature
of both sexes is almost completely represented.

The two insects have been examined also by Dr E. A. Cockayne,
who writes of the Diarsia festiva as follows :—

‘‘ There is no doubt that it is a somatic mosaic; the head, collar and
thorax are beautifully divided with the two colours. Antennae, frenu-
lum and (so far as I can see) genitalia are 2 on both sides.

‘“T presume it arose from a binucleate ovum like the secalis
gynandromorph. The colour and pattern (in both insects) of both sides
is found in both sexes, and neither can be sex-linked, so that loss of
an X-chromosome cannot be the cause of the gynandromorphism.

‘‘ Wither the spermatozoa carried different genetic characters or the
two nuclei in the ovum were genetically different. In the secalis one
nucleus must have had an X- and the other a Y-chromosome.”’

Figure (iv) shows a hitherto unrecognised form of Procus (Miana)
versicolor, kindly identified by Mr Tams, and taken with two other
similar specimens in North Wales in June 1917. In this form the
ground colour is pale brownish, the central band darker with a cherry
reddish tinge, while the stigmata, being of the same tint as the ground
colour, stand out distinctly from the central band. One of the three
specimens was accepted for the British Museum collection by Mr Tams.

Fig. (v) shows a typical specimen of Procus versicolor for comparison.

Figure (vi) shows a specimen of Notodonta camelina bred from a
larva taken in Anglesey in September 1907.

The general colour of the upper wing on the left cif is a typical
reddish brown but on the right side the colour is reduced to a pale buff
with traces of reddish brown at the base. The reduction in colour on
the right side extends to the hind wing and is presumably due to some
fault in the pigment. The photograph is by Mr Tams. ;

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VII/1940

DASYCHIRA PUDIBUNDA, L., AB, BICOLOR N.AB., AND AB.
CONCOLOR, STDGR.

(Plate VI.)
By E. A. Cocxayng, D.M., F.R.C.P.

Specimen: of a very beautiful aberration of Dasychira pudibunda,
L., were shown by the late Dr J. Hope at the Annual Exhibition of
the South London Entomological and N.H. Society in October 1937.
Five were bred by H. W. Head in June 1937 with a considerably larger
number of normal specimens from eggs laid by a normal female taken
by Mr Smith near York.

Unfortunately, the exact figures are not known, but the fact that
they formed a small proportion of the brood suggests that the aberration
is recessive.

Ab. bicolor n.ab. Male: The extreme base of the forewing proximal
to the basal line is pale grey; between the basal and antemedian lines
there is a broad black band 10 mm. wide at the costa, narrowing to
about 5 mm. at the inner margin. The median band is pale grey with
a slightly darker central shade, which becomes darker and broader so
as to occupy the whole costal area, and there is a conspicuous black
crescentic discoidal mark. The whole marginal area distal to the
postmedian line is a deep blackish grey, nearly black. The distal half
of the hindwing is dark grey. The fringes of the forewing are nearly
black, those of the hindwing are dark grey and slightly chequered.
The median part of the thorax is blackish grey.

Female: The markings are the same, but not so dark; the pale grey
median band is much wider and the central shade is wider and. paler;
the discoidal mark is only faintly visible. The central part of the
thorax is only a little darker than the rest.

The dark marginal band is much narrower on the underside of the
forewings in both sexes.

Types: Male and female figured Proc. South Lond. Ent. and N.H.
Soc., 1937-38, plate vi. Paratype: Another female of the same brood.
All three are now in my collection.

So far as J am aware this aberration has not been recorded before,
but parallel forms in other species are well known, examples being Ectro-
pis consonaria, ab. waiensis, Richardson, and Entephria caesiata, ab.
paradoxa, Lange.

D. pudibunda, ab. concolor, Stdgr., which is depicted in Seitz, fig.
19e, has the forewings uniform dark grey with the transverse lines more
or less distinct, but the hindwings are pale grey as in the type. I
have two males with the forewings uniform brownish grey and the trans-
verse lines indistinct. The hindwings are pale brownish grey, darker
than the type. One is labelled ‘‘ Sutton Coldfield, bred 1914, G. C.
Alston Coll.,’’? the other ‘‘ New Forest, bred 1893, N. P. Fox Coll.”
I am informed that others have been taken in the latter locality.

D. pudibunda, ab. fusca, Lempke (Tijdskr. v. Ent., 1937, xxx, 278),

with all four wings unicolorous sooty coffee colour, has not yet been
recorded from Britain.

VOL. Lil, PLATE VI.

DASYCHIRA PUDIBUNDA, L., AB. BICOLOR, N. AB.
With kind permission of the S.L.E. and N.H. Society.

‘

EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, IV. 87

EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA.
1V.*

PARTE.

THE OAK TREE TENT CATERPILLAR, ERIOGASTER PHILIPPSIT,
BARTEL.

Its Life History, Habits, and Parasites in Lebanon.

By AsBptuL Mun’im §. TaLHoux.

It is scarcely possible to find a fair-sized Oak tree in the middle
heights which contains less than three or four nests (tents) full of hun-
dreds of gregarious larvae. The nests are situated on the outermost
shoots of a branch, usually on the westward side of the tree. I shall
here attempt to describe the life-history of the insect and its habits.

DistRIBuTION AND Hosts. The Oak Tree Tent Caterpillar is found
especially at middle heights, where it feeds on the foliage of trees of
the genus Quercus, mostly Q. lusitanica and Q. coccifera.

Lire History anp Hasrrs. This insect has one generation per year.
It passes the winter in the egg stage.

THE EGG.

The egg is creamy white to pearly white, cylindrical in form, and
measures 1.2 mm. in length and 0.5 mm. in diameter. The upper end
has somewhat rounded edges. The head of the embryo can be seen
through the shell with the help of a powerful magnifying glass.

The eggs are deposited in the form of a ring around a twig at the
latter end of November and are coated with a gummy substance so as
to solder them firmly to the twig and preserve them against adverse
weather conditions.

The ring is composed of about 275-300 eggs, depending on the fer-
tility of the individual female. They hatch about the middle of April,
the incubation period being about five months,

THE LARVA.

The newly-born larvae are about 1.5-1.8 mm. in length. After they
emerge they soon begin to construct a web (tent) in which they inclose
newly-formed foliage to feed upon, since they do not leave their tents
before they moult for the first time, which is usually about a week after
emerging.

Then they begin to leave the tents to feed upon the tender leaves
outside. This is done during the day. At night and whenever the
weather is cold or rainy they do not leave the tents.

At about the 20th of May the larvae will have attained their full
size and pupation follows after a period of wandering on the part of the
larvae.

In captivity, the greater majority of the larvae spin their cocoons
inside the ‘‘ tent ’’ and the rest under the moss in the cage. In nature,

a
*Previous articles in this series appeared in (1) Ent. Rec., Vol. xlvii, July-August
1935 (No. 7-8); (2) Ent. Rec., Vol. xlviii, October 1936 (No. 10); (3) Mitt. Muench.
Ent. Ges., e. V. xxix, Jahrgang 1939, Heft 1; (4) Ent. Rec., Vol. lii, June 1940
(No. 6).

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VII/1940

pupation takes place anywhere except in the “‘ tents ’’! It may take
place between bunches of twigs, under loose bark flakes, but the
majority of the larvae spin their cocoons anywhere around the trees
(between the stones of terrace walls, in the soil, under fallen leaves,
etc., in houses and barns near Oak trees).

The caterpillar of this insect has the marked ability to flatten and
squeeze out from between the gauze and the wood of the cage, though
the space does not exceed 1 mm. in width. Also they spin threads
which they use as paths to guide them home even when they are in
the cage.

As to the markings, colour, and size of the larva of this moth, I
refer the readers to Mr Wiltshire’s description.

THE COCOON.

The male cocoon measures 13.5 mm. in length and 8.5 mm. in dia-
meter, while that of the female measures 16 mm. in length and 9 mm.
in diameter. These dimensions are for the ordinary forms. Some-
times there occur some distorted cocoons, triangular or shapeless.
These never yielded any moths.

THE ADULTS.

I do not think it necessary to describe the appearance of the adults
of this moth as this can be easily found somewhere else. Therefore, I
shall restrict myself to the description of their habits only.

Male and female moths of H. philippsi, Bart., emerge on the same
date, the earliest being on the 2nd of November and the latest on the
28th of the same month, but the majority in the last third of the month.
Their time of emerging is between 12.30 p.m. and 1.30 p.m. It takes
them about four hours before their wings dry and they begin to hover
in the cage, when they readily copulate. The copulation period ex-
tends about 30 minutes, after which the male does not fly at all, but
remains about 24-36 hours almost motionless, then dies from hunger.
The female, after the end of the act, remains still for about two hours,
then flies to a forked twig situated on the outside of an Oak tree and
deposits its eggs in a ring, after which she too dies from starvation.

The female is much less active than the male, for it is about three
times heavier, the individual female (turgid) weighing 0.233 gm. and
the individual male weighing 0.083 gm.

After cutting open the abdomens of several turgid females I found
out that the average number of ova in a female is 278.33, the maximum
being 305 ova, the minimum 242.

As in other Lasiocampids, the males are attracted by the virgin
females from fairly long distances (the nearest Oak trees being 600 feet
distant), and on several occasions males were found flying around the
cage trying to copulate with the imprisoned females though they were
separated by a wire gauze. Only once was I able to find a female at-
tracted to the cage, though there was only one male in copula inside.

The males are much more abundant than the females. Out of 144
larvae that pupated 106 were males and 38 females, _the ratio being
2.79 : 1 in favour of males.

Parasitiim. The natural enemies of the Oak Tree Tent Caterpillar
are very important in keeping this pest from being far more serious
than it now is.

‘

A COLLECTING NOTE ON DIPTERA, 89

In the course of my breeding studies I obtained three different
insect parasites and was also able to see a few larvae, in fact, only
three, that were attacked by a fungous disease, which I was not success-
ful in my attempts to have identified for me. I shall later describe the
typical appearance of the diseased larvae.

That there may be more than three parasitic insects preying on the
larvae of this moth is very likely to be the case, since the larvae that
I have collected were in their second instar; that is, they were not sub-
jected to the attacks of parasitic insects that may attack them in the
later part of their larval stage.

The parasites are :—

Sturmia inconspicua.—A Dipteron which attacks the larvae of
this moth only very rarely.

Ophion luteus, Linn.—A Hymenopteron which, with the following
species, attack the larvae of this moth in considerable numbers; the
wasps emerged in autumn, that is when the adults of H. philippsi, Bart.,
themselves emerge. This suggests to me that Ophion luteus has other
host species than E. philippsi.

Metopius fulvicornis, Hoes.—Another Hymenopteron, which
emerged in spring, that is when the larvae of the Oak Tree Tent Cater-
pillar show up.

All these parasites attack this insect in its larval stage.

JT am indebted for the determination of the parasites to Dr Ender-
lein, of Berlin, for the Dipteron, and to Herr J. D. Alfken, of Bremen,
for the two species of Hymenoptera. To these two gentlemen I wish
here to express my thanks.

The diseased larvae had a peculiar appearance; their fourth, fifth,
sixth, and seventh segments became swollen and black. Then they be-
came motionless, fixed themselves to the wall of the breeding cage, and
turned their heads and the two segments following it to one side, a
position which they kept’ until they died. TI have also noticed some
larvae of Papilio machaon, L., and P. podalirius, L., attacked by the
same disease.

A COLLECTING NOTE ON DIPTERA,
By H. W. AnvRews, F.R.E.S.

Notes on Diptera are not too frequent in our magazines and usually
consist either of lists of species taken in special localities or descrip-
tions of new species. This present note, however, does not deal with
either of these subjects, but is to comment on the spasmodic appearance
of certain species, in comparatively large numbers, in places where they
generally occur in small numbers only or not at all. To make quite
sure of this would necessitate continuous observation, which I have not
been in a position te carry out, but I have taken examples from my local
North Kent district, in which I have collected since 1899; and as three
of the species concerned are both large and conspicuous, I think I am
safe in assuming that they do not occur normally in this district in
sufficient numbers to attract a collector’s notice.

Taking them in chronological order, the first species is Tabanus
autumnalis, L. On the 12th July 1902 males of this species—which are

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1940

usually uncommon compared with females in all Tabanidae—occurred
in large numbers on tree-trunks and a paling at Chattenden. I see
from my diaries that I took 18 males and six females between 4 and 5
p.m. on that date. I did not come across this species on my subsequent
visits to Chattenden up to 1914, since when I have not revisited that
spot, and I have only one other record—of a single female—taken in N.
Kent, in which district the larger Tabanids are distinctly scarce.

The next species is by contrast quite a small one, Platypeza rufa,
Mg. For 6th October 1906 I have a note in my diary :—‘‘ At Darenth
Woods I took some 28 Platypeza rufa.’ I can clearly recollect that it
was swarming on leaves of the wild clematis growing over bushes at the
side of the road. 1906 was a good year for Platypezidae generally, but
neither before nor since have I seen any one species of that family in
such numbers.

In June 1908 Leptis lineola, F., a species not usually common in the
district, was very abundant on tree-trunks in the Bexley Woods, where
I counted between 40-50 on a dozen consecutive trees.

On 21st May 1921 Dtoctria oelandica, L., occurred commonly in a
limited area in Farningham Woods. I took 20 specimens and could have
taken more. This is a species which, both from its size and its wholly
darkened wings, is not easily overlooked, but this was the first time
I had taken it in N. Kent, and I have not seen it again in that dis-
trict.

On the 16th August 1924 I took, also in Farningham Woods, 22 speci-
mens of the rare Asilid Eutolmus rufibarbis, Mg. This species has oc-
curred since in the same locality from time to time, but only in very
small numbers.

Another Asilid, A. crabroniformis, L., one of the largest of our
British Diptera, was very common in August 1926 on paths in some
fields near Swanley; on the 22nd and 28th of that month I took 18 and
could have taken more. Up to that time I had only seen one specimen
(in the Farningham Woods nearby) and although I have in the last four
or five years found odd specimens on the chalk downs at Eynesford and
Shoreham (Kent), some half dozen miles away, I have not again met
with it in any considerable numbers. [Common every year at Rod-
borough.—T.B.F. ]

Two other records, although they do not come under the same cate-
gory as those given above, are of a somewhat similar nature. On 30th
July 1910 I took at Shoreham, on the southern side of the chalk downs,
10 specimens of the Asilid Isopogon brevirostris, Mg., the first time IT
had met with it in the district. I did not see a single specimen again
until 1934, when on the 3rd June it was extremely abundant in a small
area on the northern side of the same downs about three miles away
from the Shoreham locality. .

Again on 21st July 1934 I took in a lane near Farningham 8 speci-
mens of that large and handsome Tachinid, Hchinomyia ferox, L., of
which IT had only taken a single specimen (at Bexley, 20th September
1931), and in August of the same year it was quite common at Bem-
bridge, Isle of Wight. I have not seen the species since in N. Kent,
nor did I see any specimens when I revisited Bembridge in August 1935.

In a paper by Mr Collin in this magazine in 1915 on the Trypetid
Tephritis (Oxyna) flavipennis, Lw., he says, of Trypetidae in general,

‘

ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. AB. BRUNNESCENS N.AB. 91

‘‘ the imagines in many cases are often sporadic in their appearance,
so that a‘species which for many years may have been considered a great
rarity suddenly turns up in considerable numbers . . . over forty years’
collecting by the late Mr Verrall produced only two specimens (of T.
flavipennis), but in June and July 1904 and 1911 Mr C. G. Lamb, of
Cambridge, found the species in a very limited area in the parish of St
Merryn (Cornwall) and could have taken any number of specimens.’’
This seems to me a parallel case to those I have quoted, but apart from
this instance I cannot recall comments in text books or monographs on
such spasmodic appearances as I have given in this paper.

I have no explanation to offer as to the cause of this phenomenon
unless it be that it is the result of the recent emergence of a brood
which has not yet had time to disperse. This explanation might meet
the cases of Leptis lineola and Eutolmus rufibarbis, as both these species
may be met with any year in my district, though in small numbers; but
it does not seem to meet the other examples.

Lastly, the moral to be drawn by the collector: Never, when coming
across any species in large numbers, neglect to take it on the ground
that being common it will recur another season. It probably won’t.

ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L., AB. BRUNNESCENS N.AB.
By E. A. Cocxayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

Ab. brunnescens n.ab. The red spots on the forewings and the red
part of the hindwings replaced by pale brown. Types male and female,
Orpington, Kent, July 17, 1937, R. Garner. Paratypes, two males and
one female with the same data.

Oberthiir (Etudes d’Entomologie, 1896, 20, Pl. 8, fig. 1384) gives a
figure of a specimen of Z. filipendulue from Paris and says that it is
transitional to ab. chrysanthemi, Borkh., adding that he has two others
from the same locality. The one figured is rather darker than the
darkest from Orpington, which is a male, and much darker than the
others. The specimen recorded by R. B. Robertson (Entomol., 1893,
xxvl, 131) as approaching ab. chrysanthemi, and taken by Holland near
Swansea, may be an example of the same form. There is no evidence
that ab. brunnescens has any genetic relationship to ab. chrysanthem1,
unless 1¢ be an allelomorph, for I know of no record of such a speci-
men having been taken in any colony in which ab. chrysanthemi occurs,
such as that at Birmingham or at Fleetwood. It is true that a ‘‘ modi-
fied example ”’? with spots and hindwings suffused with dark brown was
bred from a Lancashire pupa by Baxter of St Anne’s (Entomol., 1882,
xv, 39), but this probably falls within the limits of variation of ab.
chrysanthemi. In the majority of ab. chrysanthemi from these locali-
ties and in the others recorded from this country the spots on the fore-
Wings are nearly black and the hindwings are a deep blackish brown,
whereas in the new aberration the colour varies from light brown or
smoky yellow, no darker than ab. flava, Robson, to medium brown. A
sunilar form occurs in Zygaena hippocrepidis, Hbn., which is a sub-
species of Z. transalpina. This has been named ab. nigricans by Ober-

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII /1949

thiir and is depicted on the same plate as the transitional form of Z.
filipendulae. It must not be confused with Z. hippocrepidis, Stephens,
which is a form of filipendulae.

CURRENT NOTES,

The reviewer of Dr Malcolm Burr’s book, ‘‘ The Insect Legion,’’ in
a recent number of the ‘‘ Daily Telegraph and Morning Post,’’ speaks
of the author as being far more accurate than Fabre. A subsequent
writer in the same paper says, ‘‘ I have always understood that Fabre

was noted for his meticulous accuracy. How far, one wonders, are
Fabre’s observations regarded as reliable to-day?’’ Fabre undoubtedly
made mistakes in recording some of his observations. It would be

remarkable if in his multitudinous writings errors did not occur.
When one finds that any of his observations do not agree with those
appearing in English translations of Fabre, it is always advisable that
reference should be made to the original ‘‘ Souvenirs Entomologiques.”’
Unfortunately, our translators were more literary than scientific or
they would not have made the howlers that one comes across. In
‘¢ Social Life in the Insect World,’’ Fisher Unwin, p. 124, it 1s surpris-
ing to see a reference to ‘‘ the Bousier (dung beetle) and the Necro-
phorus, those lively murderers.’’ A naturalist would recognise at once
the libel on these useful insects. Fabre referred to them as ‘‘ precieux
assainisseurs,” translated by another author correctly as ‘‘ invaluable
scavengers.’’—HucuH MaIn.

In the Proc. U.S. National Mus, Nathan Banks has published a
‘‘ Report on Certain Groups of Neuropteroid Insects from Szechwan,
China,’’ in which he summarises the results and indications of the
numerous collections sent from the area during the past 15 years. He
says:—‘‘ It has been extremely interesting to me to discover that there
is a true Himalayan fauna, utterly different from the European, from
the Mediterranean, and from the American, either North or South, a
fauna that spreads south into at least Upper India (not Ceylon), down
the Malay Peninsula, and often to some of the Sunda Islands, east-
ward over China, Burma, Siam, Indo China and even to Japan and
Formosa.”’ It would be most interesting to know if the extensive col-
lections which have been made of Lepidoptera in this area for a much
longer period afford any similar indication. The area to which the
writer refers is, in the main, the northern portion of the Oriental
Region as defined by Wallace, that portion dominated by more or less
high mountainous areas of the eastern Himalaya Mountains and of
Southern China, omitting the low tropical portions. In fact, an in-
termediate area between the true Palaearctic faunal districts and the
actual tropical faunal districts.

We may now and again drop four pages owing to shortage of paper.
Long articles must be divided in publishing.

Short notes (postage 1d unsealed) please; early to get in the next
number,

‘

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (233)

larva, and he gave the same reference in all his subsequent writings.

When Fab. inspected the Schiff. collection, before the Mantissa
was published in 1787, he must either have compared Résel’s figure with
the specimens in the collection, or he did not do so. If he did he found
the figure and insect identical, if he did not compare them he relied on
his previously published statement in 1775. In this dilemma we must
not accept cérasi as a name for stabilis. And the name should be
stabilis, View. (Schiff.) and not as put above,

Ilhger, N. Ausg. Verz., I, 230 (1801), gave references to Brahm
(1791), Borkh. (1792), Fab. (1794), the two former stabilis and the last
cerasit. Brahm, Ins. Kal., II, 12, said that he has no doubt of the
identity of the two, but that Fab. had erred in his reference to Résel’s
figure. Subsequently, l.c., p. 347, he gave the result of the rearing of
larvae like those figured by Rosel, which was a brood of instabilis! Bork..,
Naturg., 1V, 590 (1792), stated the same fact of discrepancy.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 151 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 73 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 202, plt. 209, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IITed., 201 (1901):
Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 419 (1905): Splr., Schm.-Hur., I, 240, plt. 45, 6
(1906): South, Moth. B. I., I, 328, plt. 158, 1-2 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal.
Noct., III, 91, plt. 22e, f (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 64, plt. 50, 3-5
(1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 148 (1928).

Villers, Linn. Sys. Nat., II, 257 (1789), to his description of obliqua
gave a figure in l.c., IV, plt. 5, f. 7, which is quite unrecognizable.

Tutt gave Vieweg, Tabell. Verz., II, 12 (1789), as the author for
staubilis no doubt because the description in the Verz. was inadequate
being practically non-existent, and because the description of View. was
the first.

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Hurope, VII, 13, figs. 412 (1790), 412b.
Treit. call it populeti, but Wernb. remarked ‘ although it has red-brown
wings and distinctly depicts a stabilis;’? and 415 a-b is stabilis. The
figures are too vivid in the red coloration.

Htib., Samml., f. 171 (1802), gave a red-brown form of stabilis to which
Tutt gave the varietal name of suffusa. Fig. 171 in my copy of Hb.
does not agree with Tutt’s description of the same fig. in the copy he
used. Nor does Tutt’s description of his suffusa agree with either the
fig. 171 or his own description of it. . Thus we have a figure, and two de-
scriptions of the one insect all different. (1) Suffusa has ‘‘ the whole
area of the wing becomes suffused with black scales. The general colour
is usually blackish-grey, but is sometimes brownish.’’ (2) Tutt’s de-
scription of the figure of Hb. 171 ‘‘ dull dark greyish-brown.’’ (8) The
figure itself in my copy is of a red-brown (not grey) and not suffused
the slightest with black scaling. There is little in common in the three.

Haw., Lep. Brit., 123 (1803), described this species under the name
cerast, Fab., among the Bombyces, and l.c., 243 (1809), removed it under
the name cerasus, to the Noctuae. His description agrees with that of
View. and the name cerasi(us) falls to a synonym of stabilis.

flavilinea, Haw., Lep. Brit., 243 (1809) [Heinr., Deut. ent. Zeit.
(1916), p. 518).

.

(234) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1940

Oric. Descrirp.—‘‘ Alis rufescentibus, striga postica obliqua rectis-
sima flavicante intus rufa, punctoque basi fusco.’’ This is now con-
sidered to be a macilenta form.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 127, plt. 81, 2 (1826).. The figure is not good.

Frr., Neu. Beitr., IV, 44, plt. 316 (1842), gave an excellent figure of
a very slightly red tinted grey form in which the stigmata were very
plainly white circled and with the white curve below the orbicular well
marked, the white waved line, the marginal black dots, the slight cen-
tral shade were all present but not too emphasized.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V, 354 (1852), said that rufangulata, Haw.,
was not a variety but a stabilis which was described in comparing the
species to his flavilinea (1.e., to macilenta, Hb.).

‘Splr., Schm. Ewr., I, 240, plt. 45, 6 (1906), gave an unusually dark
figure, not recognizable as stabilis of any form usually met with.

South, W.B.I., 1, 328, plt. 158, 1-2 (1907), gave 2 figures, a very dark
brown one and one of a pale dull sandy grey.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 91, plt. 22e, f (1910), treated cerasi, F.,
cerasus, Haw., as synonyms. He dealt with pallida, Tutt, as =grisea,
Splr.; obliqua, Vill.; suffusa, Tutt, as the stabilis, Hb.; rufa, Tutt;
junctus, Haw.; rufannulatus, Haw., and named the Japanese form
ssp. japonica. The nine figures represent stabilis g and 9°, pallida ¢
and 9, rufa, junctus, rufannulatus, and japonica g and Q, all very
poorly differentiated, the general brown tone of the whole plate being
much too overwhelming.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 64, plt. 50, 3-5 (1913), as usual gave three
very good figures. He repeats the observation that the species is very
variable but without anv strikingly characterized form.

Steph., Zil., If, 143 (1829), said of the Variation :—‘‘ The varieties
of this inconstant species are endless; in some examples the strigae are
very distinct, in others completely obliterated; some have a broad, an-
gulated dusky fascia between the stigmata, others want it; the stigmata
are frequently remote, occasionally united, and a third situated in place
of the teliform one of the Agrotes, is frequently indicated by a yellowish
hook; the anterior wings are found of a dusky-ash, irrorated with pale
and darker atoms, or of a plain hoary-ash; and the posterior margin is
sometimes destitute of the row of black spots.’’

“Var. 8. Anterior wings with the stigmata united, the pale margins
forming a figure of 8.”’

“Var. y. Anterior wings with the margins of the stigmata, and the
posterior striga, more or less rufescent.”’

Barrett says of the Variation :—

‘‘ Variable in colour from the palest drab to red-brown, or to greyish-
drab from a dusting of black scales.’’

He reports a specimen ‘‘ Of a dark grey.’’

Others ‘‘ Of a pale drab with no indication of stigmata, of which
one has the transverse lines slenderly black.’’

A northern variation consists ‘‘In that the margins of the two
large stigmata approach closely to each other, or in many cases actually
coalesce, while in a very few the junction is so complete that the mar-
gins at that point have broken, and the two stigmata become a con-

stricted loop having the figure of a prostrate cottage loaf of which the
reniform is, of course, the base.’’

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (235)

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—

[cerasi, Fab., Syst. Ent., 600 (1775). ]

[stabilis, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 76. ]

[cerasi, Fab. (1781), Species Insect., 11, 219. ]

stabilis, View. (1789), Tab. Verz., II, 12.

obliqua, Vill. (1789), Linn, Sys. N., IJ,~257, IV, plt. 5, 7.

stabilis, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 171 fig.

cerasus, Haw. (1803), Lep. Brit., 123.

junctus, Haw. (1803), l.c., 128.

cerasi, Haw. (1809), l.c., 243.

[flavilinea, Haw. (1809), l.c., 248.]

rufannulata, Haw. (1809), l.¢., 243.

suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., 1651.

rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c., 1o1.

pallida, Tutt (1892), l.c., 151.

grisea, Splr. (1906), Schm. Ewr., I, 240.

dalmatica, Wagn. (1909), Ent. Zeits., XXIIT, 18.

japonica, Warr. (1910), Pal. Noct., III, 91, plt. 22, e f.

tangens, Heinr. (1916), Deut. ent. Zts., 518.

extincta, Heinr. (1916), l.c.

flavilinea, Heinr. (1916), l.¢. (non Haw.).

cruda, Lenz (1927), Ost. Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 314, plt. 15, 23.

fasciata, Lenz (1927), l.c., p. 315, f. 22.

nictitans, Lenz (1927), l.c., plt. 16, 6.

obsolescens, Lenz (1927), [.c., plt. 16, 7.

variegata, Dnhl. (1929), Mitt. Miinch., XTX, 114.

violacea, Caradj. (1931), Acad. Romana Mem. Soc., Stiint., 5, TIT, Tom.
VIT, Mon. 8.

Tutt dealt with: (1) stabilis, View., the type, ‘‘ pale reddish-grey.”’
(2) £. obliawa, Vill., ‘“‘ dark grey.’’ (3) stabilis, Hb., ‘‘ brownish or
blackish-grey ’’ (??). (4) ab. junctus, Haw., with united stigmata. (5)
ab. rufannulata, Haw., ‘‘ dark reddish.’* (6) ab. suffusa, Tutt, ‘‘ whole
wings suffused with black scales.’’ (7) ab. rufa, Tutt, ‘‘ bright red.’’
(8) ab. pallida, Tutt, ‘‘ pale stone-grey, sometimes slightly ochreous.”’

ab. grisea, Splr., Schm. Eur., 1, 240 (1906).
Orie. Descrip.—‘' Pure grey; rare.”’

ssp. dalmatica, Wagnr., Ent. Zeits., XXIII, 18 (1909).

Orte. Descrip.—‘‘ The specimens lying before me have a warm red-
dish tone (somewhat as Agrotis castanea), while the colour of the typical
form is a more or less pale grey-brown or brownish-grey, the hindwings
are much darker, blackish, against which the reddish fringes stand out
in contrast. This contrast in the typical form is not so evident. The
wing markings are about the same as in typical stabilis.’”’ Dalmatia,
Zaras.

ssp. japonica, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 91 (1910).

Hie .—l.c. Plt. 22 .f.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The veins of forewing are not pale, and the hind-
wing shows more clearly a dark dotted median line; the apex of fore-
_ Wings is more acute.’’

(236) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIT/1940

ab. tangens, Heinr., Deut. ent. Zt. (1916), 518.
Ornic. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata of the forewing, upperside,
touch each other, without combining under a common marginal ring.’’
_ This is not the same as ab. junctus, Haw., in which the two stigmata
are actually combined.

ab. extincta, Heinr., l.c.
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The margining of stigmata not pale but of the
ground colour so that it is only to be seen by examination with a lens.

This particular appearance T have noted only on specimens with red
ground colour.”’

ab. flavilinea, Heinr., l.c., =Haw. (?).

Ortc. Drscrip.—-‘‘ The waved line of the forewing upperside, fairly
wide, yellow and without the innerside shading.’’ The author suggests
that it may be the flavilinea, Haw., Lep. Brit., 248 (1809). ‘‘ The yellow
line Quaker ’’ = ‘“‘striga postica flavicante,’’ ‘‘ alis rufescentibus.’’
There seems no doubt that this is a name of Haworth for macilenta, Hb.

(1808), as generally accepted (Gn., Warr.-Stz., etc.), and the reference
to Haw. wrong.

ab. cruda, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 314 (1927).

Fie.—l.c., plt. 15, 23.

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ With sharply defined lines on the edges of the
discal area..”’

ab. fasciata, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 315 (1927).

Fie.—l.c., plt. 15, 22.

Oric. Descrrep.—‘‘ With dark central band and the reniform similarly
filled in.’’

ab. nictitans, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 315 (1927).

Fie.—t.c., plt. 16, 6.

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ With strikingly clear margining of the stigmata
and similar lines before the outer margin.”

ab. obsolescens, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 315 (1927).

Fig.—l.c., plt. 16, 7.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ All the markings more or less lost in the ground
colour.”’

ab. violacea, Caradja, Acad. Romana Mem. Soc. Stiint., 5, ITI, Tom.
VII, Mon. 8, 1981.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Among many examples of the typical form, a 92
with the marginal area suffused with purple-violet, probably similar to
var. dalmatina, Wenr., which is unknown to me.’’ The type in H.
Alexinschi coll.

ab. variegata, Dnhl., Mitt. Miinch., XTX, 114 (1929).
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Examples with strongly emphasised central shade,

also the narrow band along the inner border of the reniform extends out
to the inner margin.’’

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (237)

Taeniocampa, Gn. (1839?) (1852), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot,
ete. [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., Steph., H.-S.: Monima, Hb.
(1821), Meyr., Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Meyr.] (cruda, Schiff.) = pulveru-
lenta, Esp.

This species and miniosa were originally placed in a genus by them-
selves by Hb. under the genus name Monima, and not associated with
the other species which Gn. subsequently collected under the genus
name Taeniocampa. From the species in this latter genus they are
conspicuous by the absence of the extreme variation in ground colour
and in markings found in them. In these circumstances it might be
politic to retain the genus Monima, Hb., for these two species pulveru-
lenta and miniosa, and other species of this little group to be retained
in the genus Taeniocampa, Gn. The other species now included in
our genus Taeniocampa were scattered in other genera by Hb. In
Orthosia, 4, munda, instabilis, opima (firma) and gracilis; in Hpisemia,
1, gothica, and in Cuphanos, 1, stabilis.

I have gone into the question of cruda versus pulverulenta and
although the name cruda was first used by Schiff. in the Verz. (1775)
there was no description until that of Esper in Abbild. Bomb., TIT, 356,
plt. 77, 5-6, pulverulenta (1782-67). :

Esper gave two recognizable figures, with which his description was
in accord. He named these figures pulverulenta, as a Bombyx. Werne-
burg, Beitr., IT, 33, said that this was the cruda, Schiff. Esper, l.c.,
Noct., IV, 73, plt. 152, 4, described and figured an insect he called
cruda, but this was undoubtedly a form of instabilis.

Borkhausen (1792) and Tlliger (1801) are both very confused and in-
determinate in their contributions.

Treit., Schmett., V (2), 230 (1825), referred the name cruda to Schiff.,
Verz., 77, the ‘* Oak-bush Noctua,’’ and also to the confusion among
collectors and in collections as to this species. Treit. cited the ambigua,
Hb., Samml., 173, the pulverulenta, Esp., Abbild., III, 386, plt. 77, 5-6,
and Bork., Naturg., IV, 611, and considered the references of Tlliger,
Neu. ausg. Verz., as in error. He treated pulverulenta, Esp., as being
the same as cruda, Schiff., ‘‘ as then generally recognized.”’

Werneburg, Beitr., I and IT (1864), went thoroughly into this iden-
tification in his study of the old authors before 1800 and endeavoured
throughout to establish the name cruda, Schiff., as the prior reference
in spite of the complete absence of a description.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 153 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 74 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 197, plt. 209, 1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IITed., 201 (1901) -
Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 420 (1905): Splr., Schm. Fur., I, 240, plt. 45, 4
(1906); South, M.B.7., J, 328, plt. 158, 9-10 (1907): Warr.-Seitz, Pal.
Noct., IIT, 91, plt. 229 (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 63, plt. 49, £. 18
(1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 144 (1928): Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp.,
ITI, 116 (1931).

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d@’Eur., VII, 15, fig. 413 (1790), gave two
figures of this species both with too much emphasis of the red colour
and all the markings far too heavy, and on page 14 they stated that
Schiff., Verz., p. 77, had given it No. 10, fam. L., that is the ambigua,

whose larvae feed on low-growing plants and not on oak like cruda,
Schiff.

(238) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VII/1940

Hb., Samml. Noct., 173 (1800-3), gave a very good figure under the
name ambigua. Hb. named his figure 172 cruda, but this figure in no
way resembled fig. 173, and was, according to H.-S., dolosa (1849).

Haw., Lep. Brit., 124 (1803) and 244 (1809), treated it as a Bombyx
as déhiods of that ree did but later when dealing with the Noctuae
again referred to it. His pusillus, p. 124, as a dull grey form. His
nanus, p. 123, is a pale reddish-grey form. He calls them the ‘‘ Dwarf ”’
quaker and the ‘‘ Small’’ quaker. He refers to them again, p. 244,
and says that nana(us) is the ambigua, Hb., and of Fab. This latter
reference to Fab. is doubtless an error, as ambigua, Fb., is related to
blanda and cubicularis, and the larva feeds on low plants, e.g. dande-
lion, not on oak, ete.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 61, plt. 76, 3 (1826), gave a good figure, but
the black ‘‘ atoms ’’ were too much dot-like. He used the name ambigua,
Hb. In his Cat., 106 (1844), he placed it in the genus Orthosia.

Stephens, Jil., II, 144, called it cruda, Schiff., in the genus Orthosia.

Frever, Mean Bedi. AV, 86, -plt..a41 (1842), gave two good figures
under the name cruda, in the genus Orthosia.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 357 (1852), accepted the cruda, Schiff.,
and treated pulverulenta, Esp., ambigua, Hb., nanus, Haw., and pusilla,
Haw., as synonyms.

Gregson, Young Nat., p. 121-2 (1888), named a form irroratae, which
Haw. had long before called pusilla (see Tutt, B. Noct., IV, 120).

Mevyr., l.c., in both editions used Monima. pulverulenta as the name.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 42, called the species Monima cruda, Schiff. ;
thus he fully recognized the decision of Werneburg.

Splr.. Schm. Eur., I, 240, plt. 45, 4 (1906), gave a very fair figure
under the name pulverulenta. He wrongly ascribed the figure 172 of
Hb. as ab. cruda of this species, an undoubted error as that is dolosa.

South, Moths B. I., J, 328, plt. 158, 9-10, ¢ and 9 (1907), gave two
very fair figures but somewhat too ochreous of the general colour of
the plate.

Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 63, plt. 49, 18 (1913), gave a very good figure.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., IIT, 91, plt. 22g (1910), gave six figures,
typical ¢ and 9°, pusillus ¢ and °, rufa ¢ and Q, treated cruda, Tr.,
as a synonym, and recognized pallida, Tutt, nanus, Haw., and ambigua,
Hb. The figures are too much of the general colour of the plate and
certainly quite large enough, and very little help for identification.

Barrett says of the Variation :—

‘* Not very variable, but rather so in the presence or absence of the
reddish-brown dusting of the ferewings, which sometimes is so dense
as to obscure the drab colouring ; in some specimens the subterminal
line shows itself as a faint series of minute yellowish cloudy spots; in
others the other lines, which are always obscure, disappear, and in
those of darker dusting the reniform stigma becomes very indistinct.”

He records a specimen ‘‘ of which the thorax and forewings are dark
oreyish-brown.’’

Another ‘‘ Nearly black.’’

Another having ‘‘ The first and second lines strongly marked, com-
posed of rows of black dashes on the nervures.”’

\

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (289)

One from Neath, S. Wales, ‘‘ When fresh flushed with a beautiful
lilac tint.’’

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
cruda, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 77.
pulverulenta, Esp. (1782-67), Schm. Abbild., III, 356, plt. 77, 5-6.
[cruda, Hb., l.c., 172] not this species.
ab. ambigua, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 173.
ab. pusillus(a), Haw. (1903) (1909), Dep. Brit., 124 and 244.
ab. nanus(a), Haw. (1903) (1909), U.c., 123 and 244.
[ab. irroratae, Greg. (1888), Young Nat., 121-2.]
ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 154.
ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c., 153.
ab. haggarti, Tutt, Ent. Rec., XIV (180), 183 (1902).
ab. nigropunctata, Whrli. (1917) [Drdt.-Stz., Paul. Noct. Supp., III, 116
(1931) ].

Note.—It may have been as Tutt suggested that the names were inverted
and that 173 was cruda and 172 ambigua was Hb.’s intention.
There is no doubt that fig. 173 is cruda = pulverulenta.

Note.—I presume in this case the brownish-grey form figured by Hb.
173 should be called ab. ambigua and not ab. cruda (a prior in-
valid specific name of the species).

Tutt dealt with (1) the dark reddish-grey pulverulenta, Esp. (type) ;
(2) the dull grey pusillus, Haw.; (8) the pale reddish-grey nanus, Haw. ;
(4) the brownish-grey (cruda) = ambigua, Hb.; (5) the pale greyish or
echreous-white pallida ; (6) the bright red rufa; (7) the irroratae, Greg.,
= pusillus, Haw.

ab. haggarti, Tutt, Ent. Rec., XIV (130), 183 (1902).

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ ¢ anterior wings uniform dark brown; the costal
edge narrowly yellowish, the outline of the reniform and orbicular, and
the hind marginal line yellowish, inclining to orange; the cilia distinctly
divided into a dark basal area and a rather paler outer area by a longi-
tudinal line. Posterior wings very dark grey, the basal area perhaps a
little paler than the outer area; the cilia grey, intersected by a longi-
tudinal line separating the inner and darker from the outer and paler
part. Thorax almost of the tint of the forewings but with a number
of grey scales intermixed; the abdomen of the same dark grey colour
as the hindwings.’ Galashiels; four examples in all,

ab. nigropunctata, Whrii. [Seitz-Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 116
(1931) ].

Oric. Drescrip.—Reference in Seitz incorrect [‘‘ is a form with dis-
tinct transverse lines and dots.’’ Switzerland. ].

Taeniocampa, Gn. (1839 ?) (1852), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot.
[Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Steph., Dup., Frr., H.-S.: Monima,
Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., Warr., Meyr.] miniosa (Schiff.), Fb. (1787).

bt
(240) ‘ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/V1II/1940

Schiff., Verz., 88 (1775), was the first author to use the name miniosa
for a Noctua with a larva feeding on oak: the ‘‘ Galleichen-Eule.’”’ But
in this there was no description nor even an ‘‘ indication.”’

Fab., Mant., 11, 145 (1787), described this species from specimens
in the Schiff. coll, under the same name, hence, this being the first
description, has priority standing, the typical form being “‘ pale red-
dish; unicolorous.”’ .

Illiger, New. ausg. Verz. (1801), said that the Noctuid described
under the same name by Iab., Ent. Sys. emend., II (2), 48, was the
Noctuid referred to by Schiff.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 155 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 74 (1896): Barr.,
Lep. Br. I., V, 194, plt. 208, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., Iifed., 201 (1901):
Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 418 (1905): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 239, plt. 45, 3
(1906): South, M. Br. I., I, 328, plt. 158, 8 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal.
Noct., III, 91, plt. 22d, e (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 63, plt. 49, f. 17
(1914): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 144 (1928).

Esper, Abbild., III, 381, plt. 75, 3-4 (1781-?), described and figured
as a Bombyx a species he called rubricosa. The figures are quite recog-
nizable as a banded form of miniosudgpale reddish with darker reddish
central band.

Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 18, fig. 411 (1790), gave four
figures much too ornate in marking and colour.

Hb., Samml. Noct., 174 (1800-3), gave a good figure of a reddish-
grey specimen with a red band, marking distinct, and a complete post-
discal row of dots on the hindwings.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 138, plt. 81, 6 (1826), gave a good figure of a
somewhat dark typical form. In his Cat. (1844) he gave the genus
Orthosia.

Frr., Neu. Beitr., IV, 85, plt. 340 (1842), gave a good figure, grey
ground slightly reddish with a clearly marked reddish band, outlined by
fine dark lines margined by a narrow white line; nearest perhaps to
ab. virgata, Tutt.

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., Il, 201, fig. 637 (1852), gave a figure of a very
pale ochreous form of this species with strong markings, referred to in
the Appendix to vol. ii. .

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 356 (1852), took the prior authority as
Schiff. .

Stdgr., Cat., I[led., 201 (1901), took the descripticn of Fb. in the
Mant. as typical.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 418 (1905), gave prior authority to Schiff.,
1775, but used the genus Monima. .

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 239, plt. 45, f. 3 (1906), gave an almost un-
recognizable figure with very pointed forewings.

South, M. Br. I., I, 328, plt. 158, f. 8 (1907), gave a pretty good
figure of the unicolorous pinkish-red form with the band scarcely ex-
pressed.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct.,. III, 91, plt..22d,e¢ -G910). Authority, Fb.
Genus, Monima. They recognized the rubricosa, Esp., pallida, Tutt,
and virgata, Tutt. There are four figures—¢ and 2 miniosa, ab. rubri-
cosa, and ab. pallida, all of which are poor in colour, partaking too
much in the general brown of the plate.

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THE BUFF FORM.OF BISTON BETULARIA.

THE BUFF FORMS OF BISTON BETJULARIA, L., AB. LOMASARIA,
COTTAM, AND AB. DECOLORATA N.AB, THEIR HISTORY AND
GENETICS,

By E. A. Cocxaynz, D.M., F.B.C.P, F.R.E.S.

The original account of the buff forms of Biston betularia is worth
reading again in the light of modern genetics. A correspondence in
the Entomologist of 1889, initiated by J. T. Rodgers (p. 49) and con-
tinued by Joseph Chappell (p. 162), resulted in an account of the origin
of the strain and its subsequent history, which was written by John
Thorpe. I give most of it in his own words.

‘* In 1874 Thomas Lomas and Jonathan Fielding captured near Heaton
Park a buff female in cop. with a black male. After depositing ova
the female was sold to a London dealer, the ova being taken great care
of, and the larvae fed up well. Many buff forms were expected to turn
up from the brood that emerged from the pupae in 1875, but the breeders
were disappointed, for not a single buff variety turned up, alk being
black or ordinary forms. Being thus disappointed and having no idea
the buff forms might reappear, they gave to several collectors virgin
females to cross with black males, which were being bred very freely
at the time in Middleton. This cross was so favourable to the buff
variety that no less than seven collectors, who had had virgins given to
them to cross with black males, produced the buff variety in 1876, the
proportion being about 10 per cent.

‘‘ Many of these collectors crossed them again with poor success.
Lomas and Fielding, who had the greatest number, did not try cross-
ing again, but bred them in and in, and from this breeding no less
than 80 per cent. of buff moths turned up in 1877. In these moths of
1877 there was every form of variation, from pure buff to the ordinary
type. After that vear they gradually grew weaker, and in the course
of three years following, the strain was totally lost, and not a single
buff variety has been produced since.

‘These varieties were exhibited at the monthly meetings of the
Middleton Society in May and June for severdl years, many of them
being alive and in copulation. Any amount of evidence can be obtained
from collectors who saw them while being bred and exhibited alive as
proof of their genuineness. They were never kept secret, every speci-
men being shown to any entomologist who wished to see them. Mr
C. S. Gregson of Liverpool came several times.

‘‘ After some time a certain London dealer came over very late one
Saturday evening; the day following I myself took him to see Fielding’s
lot of buff varieties. At this time the great bulk were in the hands of
Fielding and Lomas. After much persuasion and promises of some
extraordinary foreign butterflies for ‘‘ picture making ”’ the dealer got
every specimen that Fielding had got, but when the case of foreign
butterflies arrived they were not worth the cost of carriage. This so
disgusted Fielding that he gave up collecting.

‘‘ Some years after I purchased Lomas’ collection, including every
specimen of the buff variety, with the exception of two I understood
he had sold to Mr Bond. With the exception of two or three speci-
mens in several collections in Middleton and a few I have given to ento-
_mological friends in different parts, including two to the British Museum

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /TX/ 1940

collection, I have the whole of what remains of these varieties. This
form has not since been bred and seems to be quite lost.”’ (Entomologist,
1889, 162). In 1923 R. Cottam obtained an independent account
from John Taylor of Oldham, which differs in some respects from that
of Thorpe. He says that from the original pairing typical, inter-
mediate, and black specimens were bred in 1875, but no buff ones. The
individuals of this brood were allowed to pair up amongst themselves
as they liked, with the exception of a few females, which had been taken
out and mated with black males brought specially by Taylor for the
purpose of strengthening the strain. The female specimens, which had
been mated, were taken to a meeting of the local entomological society
by Lomas, and he allowed certain members to take some of them away.
Nothing came from a specimen taken by Rodgers, but some time after
he raised two buff examples from larvae, which had been given to him.
Only three buff examples appeared from Taylor’s brood, while Lomas
failed to produce any from his specimens. A large number of buff speci-
mens were bred by Fielding and Scholes (brother-in-law of Lomas) and
these would appear to have come from females that had been allowed to
interbreed. This rearing of Letularia took place in 1876, and after that
year no further examples were bred because that particular strain had
died out. Specimens of betularia from buff and melanic strains were
exhibited periodically at monthly meetings for many years, but it must
be noted that no living examples of the former were shown after 1876.

Taylor says that Gregson failed to obtain any from collectors in
Middleton and later showed a box full of betularia bleached by chlorine.
Although he did not say that the Middleten specimens were faked, sus-
picion fell on them; the strain was allowed to die out in consequence,
and Wielding himself gave up collecting.

The accounts given by both Thorpe and Taylor effectually dispose of
any doubt about the genuineness of the buff forms.

The genetics of the buff forms have never been dealt with, and it
is interesting to see how far these two accounts written before Mendel’s
Law was rediscovered elucidate them. Taylor’s statement that all three
forms of betularia, black, ab. carbonaria, Jordan, intermediate, ab.
insularia, Th-Meig., and typical betularia, appeared in the first gene-
ration is difficult to accept. These three forms are allelomorphs, car-
bonaria dominant to both the others, and insularia to typical betularia.
The genes for two only can be present in one individual. The result
can be explained only if the buff female was insularia and both it and
the black male parent were heterozygotes. Using the symbols
C = carbonaria, c’ = insularia, and c = betularta, Cc x c’c would give
2 carbonaria (Cc’, Cc), 1 insularia (c’c), and 1 betularia (cc). Both
accounts, however, say that the original buff female was typical in mark-
ings. Another objection to Taylor’s account is that so far as I know
no buff intermediates were bred iater, though they should have been as
numerous as typical ones from the indiscriminate pairings obtained.
Thorpe’s statement that the first generation consisted of carbonaria and
typical betularia is much more likely to be true.

In any case buff appears to be recessive to black coloration, and there
are two buff forms, one in which buff replaces the black speckling of
the typical form, and the other, in which it replaces the black of car-
bonaria, giving a unicolorous buff insect. The buff colour is due either

i

THE BUFF FORM OF BISTON BETULARIA. 95

to a great diminution of the melanin content of the scales or less pro-
bably to the substitution of some other pigment. Jt is determined by
a gene independent of the one which governs the number of black scales.

Accepting Thorpe’s account and using the following symbols :—
C = carbonaria, ¢ = typical betularia, B = black scaling, and b = buff
scaling, the original pair captured by Lomas and Fielding were CcBB,
the blacla male, and ccbb, the buff female. From this pairing the ex-
pectation is that the brood would consist or equal numbers of carbonaria,
CcBb, and typical betularia, ccBb, but all would be heterozygous for
buff. Coming to the next generation there is a serious discrepancy be-
tween the two accounts. Thorpe states that virgin females were given
away to be paired with black males. If that were true no buff forms
would have appeared in this generation. Taylor’s account is much more
likely to be the correct one. He says that the members of the first
generation paired indiscriminately amongst themselves and presumably
some eggs were laid in the cage and the broods must have been mixed.
If both parents were black, CcBb x CcBb, the offspring would show
a9: 3 : 3: 1 ratio, 9 carbonaria, 3 unicolorous buff, 3 typical
betularia, and 1 speckled buff. With one parent black, CcBb x ccBb,
a quarter of the offspring would be buff, half of them unicolorous and
half of them speckled. From these two pairings all four forms would
be produced, carbonaria, typical betularia, unicolorous and speckled
buff, which agrees with Thorpe’s account. The fact that only 10 per
cent. were buff instead of the 25 per cent. expected in the F, genera-
tion may be due to the greater delicacy of the buff forms, if the figures
are correct. According to Taylor, some females were taken away and
paired with unrelated black males, which would account for the failure
of Lomas to breed any buff forms, but, on the other hand, Thorpe says
he did breed buff ones. Both agree that Fielding was successful, and
Taylor says he appears to have used inbred specimens. Taylor himself
only bred three buff specimens but he may have had eggs from both
sources, inbred and crossed with an unrelated black male. Both Thorpe
and Taylor agree that the buff form reappeared in 1876, but Thorpe
says that the strain was carried on and gave 80 per cent. of buff speci-
mens. Two buff moths paired should give all buff ones in the third
generation, but it is not unlikely that he had some eggs from pairings
between buff ones and heterozygous normal ones. Such a mixture of
broods might well give 80 per cent. of buff forms. It must be remem-
bered, however, that the account was written twelve years after the
event, and Thorpe’s memory may have been faulty. Taylor indeed says
that no such broods were ever reared.

Whether the strain was carried on or not is relatively unimportant
from the genetical aspect. There can be no doubt that none of the
offspring of the original pair, the black male and the buff female, were
buff, but that paired inter se they gave buff forms, speckled and uni-
colorous and a much larger number of typical betularia and carbonaria,
This is quite in accord with expectation, if buff is recessive. I accept
Thorpe’s account of the four forms appearing in the 1876 generation
and Taylor’s statement that they were produced from pairings between
male and female offspring of the original pair. Since heterozygous
carbonaria and typical betularia were present in the brood the pairings
may have been of three kinds.

96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ITX/ 1940

Cottam (Lancs. and Cheshire Nat., 1923, 21) figures a buff betu-
laria (fig. 2) and a buff carbonaria (fig. 4) and names both forms ab.
lomasaria. Although buff is determined by a single gene, if my ex-
planation is correct, it seems advisable to restrict the name ab.
lomasaria to the typical betularia with buff instead of black speckling
and to give a separate name to ab. carbonaria with the black replaced
by buff. For this unicolorous form I propose the name ab. decolorata
n.ab. Ochracecus buff (Ridgway) matches the colour most closely,
though by no means perfectly.

Ainslie Hill (Entomol., 1901, 180) attempted with little success
to make a census of the buff forms in various collections. The follow-
ing list gives those of which I know:

4 (2 Rodgers Coll.) Taylor Coll.

2 Thorpe Coll. (Corporation of Middletan}.

2 Ainslie Hill Coll.

2 lomasaria (R. Adkin Coll.), 1 lomasaria (Bankes Coll.), 2 lomasaria
(Christy Coll.), 1 lomasaria and 1 decolorata (Stephens Coll.), 4
lomasaria and 3 decolorata (Rothschild Coll.), all 12 in the British
Museum.

2 (R. South Coll.).

2 lomasaria and 2 decolorata (F. J. Hanbury Coll.), the former, I believe,
were purchased by Burton and the latter by Barrett.

7 lomasaria and 5 decolorata (Baldock Coll.) and 1 lomasaria and 2
decolorata, all 12 in my collection.

This gives a total of 43. There are none in the National Museum of
Wales, the Porritt collection in Huddersfield, or in the Rait-Smith col-
lection, and very few are mentioned in the cavalogues of the big sales.
Although the list is incomplete, it shows that the number in collections
is by no means large and supports the story given by Taylor rather than
that given by Thorpe.

OXYNA (TEPHRITIS) PARIETINA, L., IN N. KENT.
By H. W. Anprews, F.R.E.S.

In November last I went to the Thames Marshes at Stone, near
Dartford, to search for galls of the Trypetid fly, Paroxyna misella, Lw.,
on Artemisia vulgaris, L. (mugwort). I did not find the particular galls
for which I was looking but on slitting up some of the stems of the
Artemisia I found Trypetid larvae which I suspected might be Oxyna
parietina (although there was no trace of any gall or swelling on the
stems), as Artemisia is one of the host plants of this species. I took
some stems home and my anticipations were realised when O. parietina
began to emerge at the end of May this year. As they did not come
out in any numbers and I wanted examples for my correspondents I went
again to Stone on June Jst and found the flies out in abundance. They
were not obvious either on the Artemisia or on neighbouring leaves and
flower-heads and those taken were all obtained by sweeping.

Although parietina has been on our British List at least from the
days of Walker’s Insecta Britannica (circa 1852), which states ‘‘ not

\

OXYNA (TEPHRITIS) PARIETINA, L., IN N. KENT. 97

rare,’ I have only been able to find one authentic record of its occur-
rence in this country, given me by Mr Collin, who has in his collection a
single female taken by Dr W. J. Fordham at Clifton, Yorks, on 6.vi.19.
It has been recorded in local lists from Somerset by Mr Audcent, and
from Warwickshire by Mr Saunt, but both these gentlemen after compar-
ing examples of parietina I sent them, tell me that their records should
have been referred to Oxyna proboscidea, Lw. (nebulosa, Wied.) and
not to parietina. I also wrote to the British Museum authorities as to
Walker’s record and Mr R. L. Coe has kindly looked into the matter
and found in the ‘‘ general ’’ collection 3 ¢¢ and 1 2 under the name
of parietina, presented to the Museum by the Entomological Club in 1844
and labelled ‘‘ England.’’ He refers to a further record by Walker in
a paper ‘“‘ Descriptions of the British Tephritites’’ (Ent. Mag., ILI, 57,
1836), where the species is stated as occurring in the ‘‘ South of England
during the summer and autumn,’’ and thinks that this statement prob-
ably refers to the Entomological Club examples. On a re-examination of
these specimens, however, he finds that they are not parietina, but
O. flavipennis, Lw., as ‘‘ they agree completely with Collin’s diagnosis
of that species’? (Hnt. Record, Vol. XXVII, p. 57, March 1915), thus
leaving Mr Collin’s 1919 specimen from Yorkshire the solitary record.

Both Oxyna flavipennis, Lw., and proboscidea, Lw., closely resemble
parietina. In Mr Collin’s 1915 paper referred to above (‘‘ Variation in
the Wing-markings of Tephritis (Oryna) flavipennis, Lw.,’’ illustrated
with plate) he gives, among other characteristics, the following useful
distinctions for separating the three species :—

flavipennis has three pairs of dorso-central thoracic bristles and
normally four scutellar bristles, one lateral pair and one apical
pair:

proboscidea, two pairs of dorso-centrals and one pair lateral scutel-
lars, the apical pair being absent in this species.

partetina, two dorso-centrals and four scutellars, lateral and apical
as in flavipennis.

Variation in the intensity of the wing-markings of flavipennis, illus-
trated by the plate accompanying Mr Collin’s paper, is also noticeable
to a certain degree in parietina.

The larvae of parietina are recorded as living in the stems of various
species of Artemisia (in the case of A. vulgaris from which my flies
were bred, without any external signs of habitation): those of flavi-
pennis in fleshy galls on the roots of Achillea millefolium, L. (Milfoil or
Yarrow): and those of proboscidea (nebulosa) in galls on the root-stocks
of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, L. (Ox-eye daisy). Proboscidea is,
I believe} fairly widely distributed in this country, but both flavipennis
and parietina are normally very rare. In Mr Collin’s paper he states that
over forty years’ collecting by the late Mr Verrall produced only two
specimens of flavipennis, but in 1904 and again in 1911 Mr C. G. Lamb
found the species in abundance in a limited area at St Merryn, Corn-
wall; and as stated above, I was fortunate enough to find parietina also
in abundance this year at Stone. Seguy, in ‘‘ Dipteres acalypterates,”’
records all three species as common in France.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1940

ON TRAVELLING LARVAE,
By An Otp MortTH-HUunNTER.

July 14th. To-day I found, on a piece of waste ground, a larva of
Amphidasys betularia, L., feeding upon Spotted Persicary (Polygonum
persicaria, L.). It was a marshy spot of some five acres between a river
and the goods yard of a railway station. The plant was some ten yards
from the river, which is about sixty feet wide, and on the far bank were
a pollard willow and two hawthorn bushes. I searched the persicary
thoroughly and then the adjacent plants; but there were no more
larvae—of that I am certain.

-A. betularia is a prolific egg layer. Recently a large black female
was brought to me—she had fluttered down to the pavement in our little
town from a lime tree, having been disturbed, possibly, by a bird. I
put her in a cage lined with oak bark, and for five nights she laid eggs.
She laid an incredible number. Never would I have believed that a
moth could lay so many. It was impossible to count them, for they were
packed in clumps, I might even say lumps, in holes, cracks, fissures,
chinks, crevices—in fact in every concealed spot into which she could
insert her ovipositor. There must have been thousands of them.

How, then, did the larva which I found to-day come to be all alone,
and on Spotted Persicary? In other years I have found the caterpillars
of this moth on oak, elm, birch, sallow, blackthorn, hawthorn, apple,
and wild rose, and I have heard of them occurring on beech, poplar,
bramble, and goodness knows what other deciduous trees and shrubs.
But Spotted Persicary—I refuse to believe that any self-respecting female
betularia would condemn its larvae to eat such a lowly plant.

Then how did this highly original larva come to be feeding in solitude
on persicary ?

I doubt if it crossed the river unaided. The Elephant Hawkmoth is
said (teste Albin) to be a strong swimmer; but then, elpenor’s food-plant
often overhangs a stream, therefore swimming is a necessary accom-
plishment for one who risks a ducking whenever the stormy winds do
blow. A. betularia. afloat—-and J’m not sure he would float—would be
merely ridiculous. No: I’m sure he didn’t cross the river under his
own motive power. A boat? There are very few boats and they don’t
stop at this unsalubrious spot. I couid wish there had been an ash on
the opposite side of the river, shedding its whirligig seeds; for then I
could well have believed that my larva had been practising as a para-
chutist. But there were only willow and hawthorn, and neither of these
plants could provide an apparatus capable of wafting a half-grown A.
betularia larva for thirty-five yards and more. Surely a bird could not
have played the part of a Daedalus?

The station goods yard, then? That must be ruled out, because there
was a wide water-filled ditch in between; and there are no trees or
shrubs on that side. The five acres of waste ground is virtually an
island.

Let me hark back for a moment to those piles of eggs laid by the
black female moth. Several thousand of them hatched simultaneously,
having been subjected to mechanical shock (that is a matter IT am not
going into here), and started out to see life on my writing table. In a

ON TRAVELLING LARVAE. 99

brace of shakes the table was covered with minute A. betularia, going
flat out, in different directions. JI timed one over a measured inch.
He covered the course in 5 1/5th secs. Six inches took him (he ran wide
four times, and once, when [ applied the whip in the shape of a camel
hair brush, he turned on his back and kicked) exactly 35 seconds. If he
could have kept up this rate of progress he would have covered more
than fifty feet in an hour. In six hours he would have travelled a
hundred yards—and he was only 3 mm. long. But as to how far he
could actually have travelled without refuelling is another matter; his
output of energy was so great that he must have been burning fuel
rapidly. However, that is a physiological problem and outside the scope
of this paper.

The newly hatched larvae of certain species must cover considerable
distances before they reach their fodder. Recently I dropped two baby
Tiparis salicis, L., on the carpet of my dressing-room (J keep larvae
everywhere). Two days later I found one on my bedroom ceiling twenty
feet away. He must have traversed sixteen inches of woolly carpet
before ne reached the wall. He was none the worse for his journey,
except perhaps that he was a little footsore. He ate a good meal and
went to sleep. Next day he was as active as ever.

1 sovaetimes find ova of Himera pennaria L., on the trunks of large
oaks, from five to seven feet from tie ground. These young larvae must
be as active as A. betularia (and indeed they are) if they are ever to
reach the leaves. Even slugs like Thecla quercus, L., cover the ground,
or rather branches, at a surprising rate. I say ‘‘ surprising ’’ because
if you take your eves off a full-fed one that is on the move and busy
yourself elsewhere for a few minutes, then turn to look at T. quercus,
you will probably be surprised to find that he has disappeared. A search
will reveal him several inches away. He is a stealthy beast, is T. quercus,
and for all his dignified progression he is a bloodthirsty brute where his
brethren, pupating, are concerned. Trust him not a yard.

Some day, if I can overcome my incorrigible laziness, I shall buy a
stop-watch and time larvae over a measured mile, so to speak. The
results would I am sure be interesting. Arctia villica, L., in their third
stadium would hold their own against all comers—provided you could
induce them to keep up the short sharp rushes in which they indulge
when you try to push them into a teaspoon. Greased lightning is not
the word for it. Even Cosmia trapezina, L., scenting blood, could not
hold his own with A. villica, and as for that Jack the Ripper, Scopelo-
soma satellitia, L., who in the dark of night rushes with terrible swiftness
along a branch searching for his meat—he would be left far behind.

S. satellitia is the only larva T am acquainted with who is conscious
that he bears the brand of Cain. Flash a torch on him while he is
slithering along with uncanny lubricity of foot and he will stop dead
in his tracks, looking at you with an air of injured surprise. And if you
don’t put out the torch he will turn, offendedly, and retire with digni-
fied steps. ‘‘ I may be a cannibal,’’ he seems to say, ‘‘ but dash it all I
don’t eat caterpillars in broad daylight, like trapezina; one must draw
the line somewhere.’’

But what about that betularia larva which I have just found feeding
on Spotted Persicary: how the dickens did he come to be there? [Wind
blown as a very young larva on a silk thread.—E. A. C.] .

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /1TX/ 1940

AN APPEAL FOR THE INSECT HOUSE AT THE ZOOLOGICAL
GARDENS.

The Zoological Society, in pursuance of its policy in keeping the
amenities of the Gardens available to the public as fully as possible
during the war, in spite of operating at a serious loss, has now re-
opened the Insect House, which was closed on the outbreak of hostili-
ties. This involves an additional burden of approximately £250 per
annum, but Council felt that the educational value of an insect col-
lection warranted this.

In regard to the larger animals in the Zoo, an Adoption Scheme
is now in operation by which the cost of feeding a particular animal is
defrayed by a well-wisher, and material help has been obtained in this
way. This would clearly be impracticable with insects, and it is ac-
cordingly suggested that entomologists might be interested in helping
to ‘‘ adopt ’’ the Insect House as a whole. One well-wisher has already
given £25 for this purpose.

Anyone interested in helping further with this scheme should send
contributions to Mr N. D. Riley, Keeper of Entomology, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7, who will transmit
them to the Zoo authorities.

PHILOPHYLLA HERACLEI, L, (DIPTERA, TRYPETIDAE), BRED
FROM SMYRNIUM OLUSATRUM, L. (ALEXANDERS).

In his ‘‘ Notes on the Food Plants of British Trypetidae,’’ Mr Nib-
lett gives five host plants, all Umbelliferae, for P. heraclei. This year
another Umbellifer, ‘‘ Smyrnium Oiusatrum,’’ has been added to the
list by Mr Audcent who towards the end of May took mined leaves from
a patch of this plant at Clevedon, Somerset. Mr Audcent also sent some
of the leaves to Mr Niblett and myself and we both bred the fly from
them, the dates of emergence ranging from 18th June to 3rd July.

Three points of interest in connection with this record are :—

(1) The fact that although those specimens of heraclei originally
captured by Mr Audcent on the plants of Olusatrwm which led him to
look for mined leaves later, comprised both the light and dark forms,
yet out of about 100 specimens bred between the three of us, only one
could be considered as definitely of the dark form (centaurae): a certain
number might be termed intermediates, but the majority obviously con-
sisted of the light form (onopordinis). This suggests an interesting line
of investigation as to different species of host plants producing differ-
ing forms of a given species. Mr Niblett tells me that he has not had
much experience of breeding P. heraclei, but that a few bred from
Heracleum Sphondylium were again all of the light form.

(2) The unusually long time it took for the colouring of the wing
pattern to develop. Mr Audcent writes, ‘‘ On emergence the wings were
almost clear, the markings appeared gradually but were never so dark
as in the captured specimens.’’ I had the same experience though I
kept my specimens 12 hours before killing them. Mr Niblett also

IODIS LACTEARIA, L. 101

notieed the long time the wing pattern took to develop, but he kept his
specimens 48 hours before killing, and says ‘‘ some retained hght mark-
ings, others had them very intense.’’ He also suggests that this delay
in development of markings may be due to the larvae leaving the mines
before they were full fed.

(3) The larvae seem impatient of confinement. To quote Mr Aud-
cent again, ‘‘ When the leaves were placed in a glass covered jar many
left their mines and crawling up the sides of the jar gradually shrivelled
and died.’’ I had had a similar experience once before when trying to
breed this species, and this time when I opened the tin in which Mr
Audcent sent me the leaves, I found a large number of larvae out of
the mines and on the sides of the tin. I then put the leaves on a layer
of bulb-mould in a cardboard box covered with leno, and though they
quickly dried up I bred some 30 specimens of the fly mostly from pupae
on the dried up leaves. Mr Audcent’s larvae mostly pupated on the
soil in the jar where they were kept, some on the leaves, none buried
themselves.—H. W. ANDREWS.

IODIS LACTEARIA, L.,
By (the late) Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S.

Although I am calling the species under consideration Iodis lactearia,
it is only right to point out that Staudinger, in his Catalog (1901, p.
264), has rejected the genus Jodis and placed lactearia in Thalera,
Hiibner with fimbrialis and certain other ‘‘ Emeralds,’’ which do noi
occur in Britain. Mr Prout writes me: ‘‘ You have probably noticed
that Staudinger has now merged the genus Iodis in Thalera (type fim-
biialis) though Lederer, whose system he usually follows, maintained

them as distinct. . . . But the union is clearly impossible even on
imaginal characters—leg structure, wing form, I think antennae—
probably neuration, etc., ete.’’ Upon this point I can give no opinion,

as I do not know the details which constitute or rather differentiate
either genus, and not possessing a specimen of Thalera fimbrialis, I am
not able to examine and compare the structural differences or agree-
ments existing between them. I notice also that Meyrick in his Hand-
book, p. 249, likewise rejects Iodis, and places lactearia in EHuchloris
with Phorodesma smaragdaria, Comibaena pustulata, and Geometra
vernaria, a position which may appear reasonable from the writer’s
point of view, but yet most unsuitable from my own. Leaving the
question of genus with a humble suggestion that many entomologists
would probably welcome an up-to-date Catalogue of Genera, with a
diagnosis table, I must pass on to the specific name.

Again I am indebted to Mr Prout for kindly giving me the informa-
tion upon which he is an expert and a master. He writes, ‘“ Linné’s
type specimen is extant but—as you can guess—hopelessly discoloured.
Yet it seems that authors have correctly determined it. Moreover, his
disciple Clerck in 1759 figured the same species under the same name.
It must have been one of the usual whitish specimens even to begin
with as no mention is made of any green shade. Werneberg (Beitrége,
T, p. 253) maintains that Linné himself, in the Fauna Suecica of 1761,

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/TX/1940

redescribed his lactearia from a greener specimen as vernaria, and that,
therefore, that name should be preferred as drawn from the original
(? natural) condition of the species. But I more than doubt whether
Tinné’s vernaria was lactearia, and in any case, the law of priority is
inexorable and Werneberg’s proposal has met with the neglect it merited.
At any rate the early authors on the Continent muddled up the ‘ Emer-
alds’ well, failed to recognise one author’s description and so on, and
this species (lactearia) was long known by Schiffermiiller’s (and Hiib-
ner’s) name of aeruginaria.’’

Beautiful though this little Emerald is on its first appearance from
the pupa, it is unfortunately the more liable to fade of the eight species
of the group commonly (for we must not ignore Thalera fimbrialis) found
in Britain. The delicate blue-green is the most fugitive of all and
differs from the rest in becoming absolutely white. Would that someone
could find a method of preserving the delicate colour unchanged. I
suppose the only remedy at present is to renew one’s series year by
year (if one can), and on no account to subject the specimens to any
treatment which can possibly affect the colour. JI would therefore sug-
gest chloroform (some samples of chloroform are sometimes likely to be
injurious) and prick with tobacco juice. J say ‘‘ renew if you can”
advisedly, for although a common species, whose food plants are uni-
versal, it is not in all places. During the ten seasons I have coilected
in Mucking and neighbourhood I have only recorded it twice. In 1906
not more than two specimens, and in 1907 only one. This,: when I was
keenly desirous to get eggs, shows how rare it must be with me. Mey-
rick gives for its range “‘ Britain to the Clyde. Ireland. Common.’’
T have but one record for my six seasons at Rainham. So putting two
and two tegether I have come to the conclusion that it is more of a
wood than a marsh insect, thus verifying the note of Linné’s com-
mentator, ‘‘ Habitat in EKuropae nemoribus.’’ I have gathered together
a large number of records from the magazines, etc., and I see that my
idea is strongly supported, as the only capture I have so far found
noted which suggests the species frequenting marshes is a note by
Mr A. J. Hodges, who took it in such a locality in the Isle of Wight,
20th June 1891 (Entom. Record, Vol. II. p. 160). Probably in this case
the woods were not far off, and the marsh not such in the Mucking
sense. Mr Edelsten says ‘‘ common in the Norfolk Fens.’’ One other
fact seems to show that it is not always ‘‘ common everywhere ’’ as
Stainton would say (which, however, he does not say of this species) ;
this is, that though T have begged for eggs for two years or more, only
one friend, Mr Edelsten, has been fortunate enough to secure some,
and kind enough to send them on to me. A further difficulty arises in
inducing females to lay, as a passage in a letter of Mr Prout’s would
suggest, ‘‘ T have long been meaning to rear this insect, but have never
induced a female to lav more than two or three eggs, so have not
thought it worth while; I wonder whether my experience is general with
this species.’’ The habits of the female are seemingly very retired for
the vast proportion of the insects captured are males.

Thanks to Mr Edelston I received some newly laid upon hawthorn
leaves, which were, I believe, laid the day they were posted to me: at
any rate I dated the oviposition’ as follows :—

IODIS LACTEARIA, L. 103

Ova laid, 4th July 1907.
Hatched, 14th July = 10 days.
Ist Moult, 20th July = 6 days.
2nd Moult, 30th July = 10 days.

Pupated, 20th August = 37 days from hatching. As the larval life
is so short there is no apparent reason why, as suggested by Mr C.
Nicholson, the species may not be double-brooded in favourable
seasons (Hntom. Record, 1896, p. 200). Yet amongst all the notices of
captures I have collected, the latest date is 9th July 1899, at Dorking,
by Mr Carr (Mntom. Record, 1900, p. 23).

This is an exceedingly pretty and easy larva to rear, which process
can be well carried out in a large sized glass-topped metal box. It
feeds quietly and contentedly upon hawthorn, and its own old skins,
I suppose, for I could never find one about, and had to give up record-
ina the moults for this reason. Stainton and St John give birch as the
only food-plant, and were this so, the fact would sufficiently explain
or account for its rarity here at Mucking, where birch scarcely occurs.
Newman gives oak only. Quail (Hntom. Record, Vol. II, p. 232) sup-
poses that he beat the larvae from oak in Epping Forest, and Birchall
(Kntom., 1868, p. 127) definitely states that he beat them from this food-
plant. I do not know from where I got my information but 1 find in
the margin of my Stainton a note of Hornbeam as pabulum. On the
strength of this I offered my larvae some leaves of this plant, which they
ate without much demonstration of delight or the reverse. As Meyrick
adds ‘‘ etc.’”’ to birch and oak, it is quite possible that hornbeam is a
known food of the insect. It seems that the larva is not at all freely
beaten even in its chosen haunts. Possibly it attaches itself too tightly
to its food-plant.

The full grown larva is wonderfully protected by its colour—pecu-
liarly stick-like, and rigid when on guard. Meyrick’s description is
good as far as it goes, ‘*‘ Larva dark green, 5-9 (1 being the head) with
purple posteriorily ochreous-edged dorsal diamonds. 10-13 with purple
dorsal line. Head red-brown, bifid.’’ Feeding completed, the larva
draws together a leaf or leaves quite loosely, and pupates protected
by a few threads attached by anal hooks to a rather large pad of silk.
Pupa bright green, slender, antenna cases, one pair of legs, eyes, palpi,
and some of the veins of forewings olive brown. Thus it remains, as far
as we know, all the winter, emerging at the end of May and onwards.

To be continued.

COLLECTING NOTES.

Earty Staces oF A British EarRwic, APTERYGIDA ALBIPENNIS,
Mrcerie.—As so little is known about the early stages of our earwigs
the following may be of interest. In November 1939 Mr R. M. Green-
slade, of the East Malling Research Station, Kent, sent me five females
of the local earwig Apterygida albipennis, Megerle. Each earwig was
placed in a cage with earth at the bottom and was given pieces of
-apple for food. Early in February they dug into the soil, constructing

104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TX/1940

a cell about one inch below the surface, slightly longer than the ear-
wig itself, and about 2 inch diameter. Above the cell the earth was
solid, there being no passage leading to the soil surface. In March
these cages were opened and only two of the earwigs were found alive;
these were replaced and they dug themselves in again. One cage was
carefully opened and I was able to watch developments. On 19th April
ova were first seen (about 15) and the female watched over and cleaned
them. These ova hatched on 3rd May. The second earwig also hatched
ova and the young ones were seen crawling about the cage on 6th May.
From these observations it is clear that pairing takes place in the
autumn and cva are deposited in April.—E. E. Syms.

DevayYED EMERGENCE oF Hy.orcus pinastRI, L.—A female of this
species emerged in my cages on 30th May. It had lain three winters
in the pupal state, the larva having gone to earth in August 1937.
From twenty ova (the product of a Hampshire female and a Suffolk
male) given to me by my friend, Mr Clifford Craufurd, I obtained
nineteen pupae, one larva becoming a casualty. Sixteen moths emerged
from these in 1938, two in 1939, and the last one as above. I found
this species very easy to rear—possibly the Hampshire-Suffolk cross en-
sured robust offspring—and if my solitary experience is usual, with
care one should obtain one jundred per cent. of imagines. But I have
not yet succeeded in equalling Tutt’s record (Ent. Rec., iv, 117)—from
a dozen eggs of A. saucia he bred 13 moths!—P. B. M. Auan.

THE DisTRiIBUTION oF Gonta FAScIATA, Me. [Dipt. Tacurnipar |].—In
view of Mr H. W. Andrews’ note ante p. 81, I feel that I ought to record
the capture of an individual of this species on 15th April 1934 at High
Halstow, Kent (WK). The fly was seen slowly walking across the road
in the late afternoon sunshine. J have also in my collection two speci-
mens taken by my friend Mr K. M. Guichard at Mill Hill, Middlesex
(MX) on 19th March 1938. C. Morley and E. A. Atmore record the
capture of G. fasciata in Suffolk by Lt.-Col. C..G. Nurse at Tud-
denham, Timworth, Culford, and Ampton in the months of April and
May in Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Hist. Soc., 1915 Sup., p. 98.—
I.. Parmenter (F.R.E.S.), 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Sur-
rey.

PSYCHE VILLOSELLA, OcHs., aT Pootr, Dorset.—Having been evacu-
ated from Southampton to Poole since the beginning of the war, my
attention has naturally been drawn to the local fauna, and especially
to the insects on the vast heaths that lie to the north and west of Poole.
If I have failed completely to find cases of Psyche opacella, H.-S.,
which species surely must still occur in this district, I have none the
less succeeded in finding Psyche villosella cases in far greater
numbers than I have ever known them to occur in the New Forest.
Unfortunately, every heath I have visited so far has been extensively
burned in past years, and it is a common sight this year also to see
a vast pall of smoke rolling over the heathlands, where yet another fire
has been started by irresponsible youths.

I began my search for cases of Psyche villosella in the autumn of
1939 and found a few in scattered localities still unburnt. However,

COLLECTING NOTES. 105

towards the end of April I searched a very broken piece of ground near
the Kinson potteries and quite close to rows of new bungalows. Here
the cases were in large numbers and at the end of April the males
began to fix their cases for pupation. The sites chosen were very
varied. Sometimes a piece of dead heather or bracken was selected,
sometimes the tip of a dwarf gorse shoot or a spray of living heather,
frequently a piece of old iron among the many such that litter the
neighbourhood of human habitation—at least in these parts. Several
times I found two cases fixed on the same twig and twice three close
together were found. I estimate the number of male cases seen on six
visits to this restricted piece of ground alone at more than three hun-
dred. The female larvae were to be seen feeding all this time and did
not begin to fix their cases for pupation until about May 14th, a full
fortnight after the males. By this date all the male larvae had finished
their feeding. Presumably, since emergence of males and females must
coincide, the males need a longer period for their development than do
the females.

It is quite easy to differentiate male and female cases, for the latter
are cylindrical and longer, with a less hirsute appearance, and lack the
long silken tube that serves to grip the male pupa when emergence takes
place. Moreover, the males fix their cases low down, while the females
prefer a fence or tall stem, and are often to be found four feet above
ground level.

Much has been written about the difficulty of breeding good male
specimens for the cabinet. My own solution of the difficulty has been
to keep male pupae separate and in the dark, so that the freshly emerged
insects do not at once begin to fly and to batter themselves to pieces.
Kven so a careful watch must be kept, especially in the early evening,
from about 5 to 8 p.m. summer time, when males usually emerge.—

Wo. Fassnivgk (M.A., F.R.E.S.), at 127a Longfleet Road, Poole, Dorset.

MNESIPATRIS FILICIVORA, Mryr., IN ENGLAND.—On the evening of
26th May 1940, in my garden in Bournemouth, I netted a species of
Tineina which was new to me. Next evening a more detailed examina-
tion of the spot revealed the moth in abundance flying around a clump
of male ferns, Dryopteris filix-mas. This fact narrowed down its identi-
fication, and I was able to identify the moth as Mnesipatris filicivora,
Meyr., named and described by E. Meyrick in the Entomologist, Vol.
LXX, p. 194, from specimens taken in Co. Dublin, Ireland. At the time
of writing, 26th June, the larvae are abundant mining the fern leaves,
and if any reader would like some larvae I shall be pleased to send some.
—S. C. Brown, Bournemouth. [Delayed in publication. ]

CHRYSOCLISTA RHAMNIELLA, ZELL., IN Hants and Dorset.—The dis-
tributio1 of this species is greater than that given by Meyrick (Rev.
Handbook Brit. Lep., p. 654). He gives East England to Sussex and
Westmorland. I have bred it from larvae found in the Southampton
district and from Cranborne and Parley in Dorset.—S. C. Brown,
Bournemouth.

CoLEOPHORA CONYZAE, ZELL., IN DEvon.—While on a holiday at Tor-
quay in early May, I found a few larvae of C. conyzae feeding on Inula

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TX/1940

conyza, DC. This appears to be a new record for the county, as Meyrick
(Revised Handbook British Lepidoptera, 1927, p. 761) cnly gives Kent
to Dorset and Oxford for its distribution —S. C. Brown, Bournemouth.

A ConiectiIng Note on Diprera.—In connection with my note in the

July-August number of this magazine, I have had the following in-.

teresting confirmation from niy friend Mr Audcent, who wrote to me
as follows :— :

‘My experience confirms what you say, though I cannot give pre-
cise details except in one case. In 1919 we spent part of a summer
holiday at Tickenham, close to Clevedon, The place was swarming
with Asilus crabroniformis; I have seen as many as six at a time on a
patch of cow-dung. My sons, lads of 7-9 years of age, caught them by
hand and our host, a market gardener, brought them to me in nuin-
bers. Since then I have re-visited the spot and have seen either none
or just an odd one. Last August I called on the market gardener, and
he said ‘‘ Do you remember them big waspies? I dunno as I have seen
one since.’’ Another case which comes to mind is Eulalia (Odontomyia)
tigrina, which were so plentiful on Shapwick Moor in June 1921 that
I ceased catching them. Since then J have re-visited the spot several
times in June, and have come across odd specimens only.’’—H. W.
ANDREWS,

CURRENT NOTES.

Mr B. J. Lempke (Amsterdam) has sent part IV (recently published)
of his ‘f Cat. of Netherland Macrolepidoptera.’’ This comprises the
Noctuidae and all the species have a few notes and references attached
to each of the forms which have been recognised in Holland so far.
These aberrations are shortly diagnosed. There are also a considerable
number of newly-recognised forms and in some species the nomenclature
is criticised strongly; some names in general use are rejected and new
ones inserted. This pamphlet of 68 pp. is very well produced and
thoughtfully worked out and should prove of great value for future
workers.

The Society for Brit. Entomology continues to issue its Transactions
very regularly, and demonstrates the great amount of investigation
which the younger students of Biology are giving to the ‘‘ other Orders,’
as they used to be called by those wedded to the more popular Orders,
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Part 5 consists of Notes on ‘‘ Insects as-
sociated with cultivated forms of Rubus,’ by G. H. L. Dicker. Part 6,
by J. L. Willams (Pennsylvania), ‘‘ The Occurrence of Spermatophores
and their measurement in some British Lepidoptera.’’? About 30 species
are dealt with, well distributed over the Order, from P. rapae to Bork-
hausenia pseudospretella, and with numerous diagrams. Part 7. The
Rev. E. J. Pearce and G. A. Walton have a paper, ‘‘ A Contribution
towards an Ecological Survey of the Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Hemip-
tera-Heteroptera (water-bugs) of the British Isles.’’

The Journal, Vol. II, 1, of this Society contains a large number of
small contributions covering most Orders, with four plates and a num-
ber of text figures.

ae

OBITUARY. 107

We cull the following extract from a letter recently received :—‘‘ Is
the Swallowtail butterfly about to emulate the Comma and extend its
range? A pupa found near Tilford was bred out here two days ago,
and I have this morning (5th August) been informed by a correspondent
that two were seen yesterday on the South Downs ‘ settling upon a
round barrow just above the Long Man of Wilmington.’ ’’—E. W.
Swanton, Haslemere Educational Museum, Surrey.

The first Paper in the Report of the International Congress of Ento-
mology at Madrid deals with the evolution of wing-pattern in the Palae-
arctic Satyridac. The author, B. N. Schwanwitsch, of Leningrad
University, endeavours to establish two principles:—(1) Dimorphic
radiation, by which any single pattern diverges in different directions
in different species; (2) Parallelism, by which the occurrence of a given
modification in different morphological environments is meant. The
combination of these two principles, it is suggested, is responsible for
the existing diversity of wing patterns. Diagrams illustrate these two
principles. In the former case the position and variation in the first
media (transverse line) and the latter the oblique position of the media
and also by the basipetal dislocation of the 5th eye spot, in the various
species,

In the same Report L. Berland, of Paris, refers to the little work
which has been done in ascertaining the fauna and flora of the atmos-
phere by airplane and anticipates a surprising record if suitable
methods of research are adopted and more continuous investigation
carried on.

OBITUARY.

Siz THomas Hupson Beare, B.A., B.Sc., LL.D., M.Inst.C.E., F.R.S.E.,
DT, FEELS... ete.

On 10th June last Sir Thomas Beare died at his residence in Edin-
burgh, at the age of 81. He was born at Adelaide, South Australia, on
30th June 1859, being a younger son of the late Mr Thomas Hudson
Beare, of Netley, Adelaide, Australia. Educated at Prince Alfred Col-
lege, and the University of Adelaide, he was awarded the Fife (Australia)
Scholarship in 1880, and came to University College, London. Jn 1885
he married a daughter of the late Mr Alexander Newman, who survives
him, and to whom we tender our deepest sympathy. In 1887, when only
29, he became Professor of Engineering in Heriot Watt College, Edin-
burgh. Two years later he obtained the oldest engineering chair in
Britain—that of Mechanical Engineering in University College, London.
Jn 1901 he was awarded the Regius Professorship of Engineering in the
University of Edinburgh, and in 1914 he became Dean of the Faculty
of Science. He was knighted in 1926, and in 1936 he was given the
honorary degree of LL.D.

To mention only a few of Beare’s numerous activities—many years
ago he was a Captain in the Forth Volunteer Division of the Royal
Engineers, and in 1914 he did a great deal to encourage recruiting:
for many years he was Chairman of the North Edinburgh Unionist As-
sociation ; an original member of the Miners’ Welfare Committee; and

108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1940

a member of the Sanitary Protection Association. He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London in 1896, of which
he was a Vice-President in 1910, 1932, and 1934, and was three times
elected on the Council; he was also a Vice-President of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh.

I first met Hudson Beare nearly 50 years ago when he was living at
Richmond; and we spent very many happy days together in the past
collecting beetles all over England and Scotland. He was an authority
on the British Coleoptera and also studied a group of the Scarabaeidae.
He wrote many notes and papers on Coleoptera to the various Entomo-
logical publications, and was the author of the latest Catalogue of British
beetles—‘‘ A Catalogue of the recorded Coleoptera of the British Isles,”
London, 1930. The one before that, ‘‘ Catalogue of British Coleoptera,”’
London, 1904, he wrote in collaboration with the writer. He amassed
a fine collection of British Coleoptera in which, like the writer, he only
kept his own captures. He was instrumental in adding the following
species of Coleoptera to the British List :—

Thanasimus rufipes, Brahm, which he was the first to capture in Britain
in some number at Nethy Bridge [Ent. Mo. Mag., 48, 255 (1912) ].

Aulonium trisulcum, Geoff., first taken by C. J. C. Pool at Enfield [Ent.
Record, 16, 310 (1904)].

Amischa scotica, Elliman [ Ent. Record, 21, 33 (1909)], and

Olophrum assimile, Pk. [Ent. Record, 20, 255 (1908)], taken in com-
pany with the writer (the last named species in some numbers) in
flood-refuse on the banks of the Spey near Nethy Bridge in 1908.

Aulonium ruficorne, Ol., and Hypophloeus fraxini, Kug., also in com-
pany with the writer in Dean Forest in 1922 [Knt. Mo. Mag.,
58, 193 (1922)].

Anaspis hudsoni, Donis., was named after him by me on a beetle taken
hy me when staying with him at Nethy Bridge in 1908 [Ent.
Record, 21, 60 (1909)]. Further specimens were subsequently
taken by himself.

It were difficult to find many people who have spent a more useful,
energetic, or fuller life. Farewell!
Horace DonIstTHORPE.

CoRRECTIONS.—Page 18, line 138, for ‘‘ stagnota’’ read ‘ stygnota.’’
Page 80, line 8, for ‘‘ Papilis”’ read ‘‘ Papilio.’’
Page,85) \line 10,\for {fag ’oreadetow.”

We hope by the close of the present year to have finished dealing
with the last 6 species in Tutt’s Vol. II of British Noctuae and in the
new year to add the original descriptions of the new forms which have
been announced since the revision has been in progress. It would be
very helpful if our readers who know of any aberrations not dealt with
in our notes would forward the references and (or) the descriptions for
our use. The 6 species to complete are .Orthosia lota, O. macilenta,
Anchocelis helvola (rufina), A. pistacina, A. Tunosa, and A, litura.

There will be a diagrammatic plate to illustrate the article on Jodis
lactearia.

» Zoology Bie
OCT 8 1940
LiBR @a

Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 63, plt. 49, f. 37 (1914), gave an excellent
figure of an almost unicolorous red form. Prior authority Fb.

Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 115 (1934), used the genus name
Monima and gave the aberration rufa, Dnhl.

‘

13 @A0
bce? OAL
! THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES.

Of the Variation Barrett says :—

‘‘ Usually but little variable though occasional specimens are paler
or have the reddish tint over the buff partially replaced by a greyish
shading ; but in the West and particularly in Herefordshire, the opposite
tendency is displayed, so that specimens are not only of a deeper red
but have the colouring of the central band coarser and deeper, and the
upper stigmata darker and more conspicuous, especially where, in some
specimens, the squared spot between them is of a pale orange colour;
in these there is a waved, slender, smoky-black line across the hind-
wings.”’

He reports a specimen ‘‘ Having the thorax and forewings entirely
of a pale ochreous yellow.”’

Another ‘‘ Having them of a smooth, brownish-slate colour tinged in
the middle of the wings with orange.’’

Another ‘‘ Wholly of a rich, deep brick-red, except that the lines
and stigmata are faintly outlined with orange.”’

A New Forest specimen ‘‘ Is darker, and the orange lines are broad
and distinct.’’

Another ‘‘ Has the central band of the forewings broadly and strongly
dusted with smoky-black, the first and second lines more distinctly
tinged with the same, and a small degree of similar dusting over the
remainder of the forewings.’’

The Names and Forms to be discussed are :—
mintosa, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 88.
miniosa, Fb. (1787), Mant., IT, 145.
ab. rubricosa, Esp. (1782-?), Abbild., ITI, 381, plt. 75, 3-4.
ab. virgata, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., TI, 155.
ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), l.c., 156.
ab. rufa, Dnhl. (1925-6), Ent. Zts., XXXIX, 180.

Tutt dealt with (1) miniosa, pale reddish, unicolorous; (2) rubricosa,
Esp., pale reddish, with dark red central band; (3) virgata, dull
greenish-grey, with red central band: (4) pallida, pale ochreous-grey, uni-
colorous.

ab. rufa, Dnhl., Ent. Zts., XX XIX, 180 (1926).
Orte. Drscrip.—‘‘ Uniformly dark red-yellow, not only the central
area. (sea TOL;

Dyschorista, Led. (1857), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot. [Orthosia,
O & Tr. (816-25), Wrr., Gn., Meyr., Meyr.:/Caradrina,. Ochs. &-~ Tr.
(1816-25): Amathes, Hb. (1821), Hamp., Warr.] suspecta, Hb. (1814-7).

Tr., Schm., V (2), 271 (1825), described a species under the name
_iners, but certainly not a suspecta as most authors agree. It was placed

(242) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1940

in the genus Caradrina, with blanda, alsines, ambigua, etc., and it is
not the iners, Dup.

Gn., Hist. Nat., V, 360 (1852), discussed the figures, names and de-
scriptions, congener, Hb., 617 and 862, iners, Tr. & Dup., and suspecta,
Hb., 633, which last figure he called the type, and congener, Hb., 862
(non 617) as a form (A), and which =iners, Dup. (nec Tr.). He said
that congener differed from the type, being testaceous and more uni-
form, scarcely tinged with reddish; and the markings less clear except
the stigmata, which are well marked.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 487, treated the iners, Germ., Fn. Ins. Eur.,
XVI, 24 (1837 corrected), as prior to suspecta, Hb. (1827), with congener,
H.-G., and laevis, Dup., as synonyms, and suspecta he placed as an ab.
of iners, Germ. He placed it in the genus Amathes, Hb. Hamp. gave
the wrong date for iners, Germ., viz. 1817.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 153, plt. 37k and 38f (1910), treated this
species as iners, Germ. (=congener, H.-G.). In this he followed Hamp-
son and also in his treatment of suspecta, Hb., as an aberration of mers.
[Hampson took the wrong date for Germ., XVI. It should be 1837 and
not 1817. Hb. 633 suspecta is 1814-17, hence much prior. Hence the

imers, Dup. (1836), should not be iners, Germ. (1837).] (Teste Index
Litterae of Horn, etc.)

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 156 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 64 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 304, plt. 222, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., [1Ied., 204 (1901):
Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 245, plt. 45, 29 (1906): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 487
(1906): South, M.B.1., IT, 7, plt. 7, 2-3 (1908): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct.,
III, 153, plt. 37k, 38f (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 74, plt. 52, f. 12 and
13 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 124 (1928).

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 65, plt. 76, 5 (1826), described an insect under
the name laevis, which is a suspecta. form. Tutt said in his short diag-
nosis that this figure had its central area grey. This is not so. The
figure in my copy is a more uniform blackish-red with marking tending
to suppression in the ground colour, but Tutt is correct to the text of
Dups, (p. 65.

In l.c. Supp., IIT, 293, plt. 27, 2a-2b (1836), Dup. described another
insect as ners. Each figure depicts a form of swspecta. Neither figure
is ‘‘ pale ochreous, almost unicolorous,’’ as Tutt said. Fig. 2a agrees
better with the text of Dup., but the forewing is divided into two areas,

costal and inner marginal areas, the latter quite pale grey ochreous,
the former dark clouded.

In l.c., f. 2b, there are slight light bands on the inner margin with
ground more or less otherwise unicolorous red, marking not emphasized,
cf. laevis.

Hb.-G., Samml. Noct., 862 (1836-8). This was called congener but is
a suspecta form, very clearly marked on a mixed grey and red ground,
the red being irregular transverse band-like on a grey ground: h.w.
very blackish-grey.

Hb., l.c. (618 error), 617 (1814-7), congener is usually recognized as a
festiva form. It is certainly not suspecta.

Hb., l.c., 633 (1814-7), suspecta, practically unicolorous dull brown
with marking almost suppressed: h.w. slightly lighter at base.

‘

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (243)

Frr., Neu. Beitr., III, 26, plt. 209, figs. 2-3 (1839), gave 2 figs. cer-
tainly wrong in shape of wings, one a grey form the other with partial
red colouring.

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 267 (1847), said that Hb., fig. 862, was very
good for congener but the wing was a little short; he said that Frr.,
New. Beitr., fig. 209, 2-3, congener was incorrect in shape, but not un-
recognizable. H.-S. put a query before swspecta in his list doubting the
identity of the two forms. The badiago, Tr., is given by H.-S. as a
congener.

Stder., Cat., I[led., 204 (1901), noted that the congener, Frr., was
not the congener, H.-G., 862, which was a paler grey suspecta.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 245, plt. 45, fig. 29 (1906), has an irregularly
banded figure comparable to that of Hb.-G. 862.

South, M.B.J., II, 7, plt. 4, figs. 2-3 (1908), gave two good figures,
fig. 2 has blackish-red coloration in the costal half of the forewing.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., l.c., took his aberrations from Tutt, viz.,
pallida, grisea, nigrescens, rufa and variegata.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 74, plt. 52, 12-13 (1914), gave 2 very good
figures, 12 a red-banded form and 13 a more uniform grey figure ‘‘ some-
what violet ’’ and considered iners, Germ., as a form, pale ochraceous
with markings only just traceable.

Of the Variation Barrett says :—

‘‘ Variation is considerable, the ground colour of the forewings rang-
ing to rich, dark purple-brown and blackish-purple, and, on the other
hand, to a mixture of purple-brown with tawny-red, or chestnut, or
reddish drab; while the forms having the costal half of the wings of the
darker colour are shaded over the dorsal and hinder portion with these
paler tints. The most extreme variation in both directions seems to
occur in Scotland, some examples from that country being of a brilliant
light chestnut-red, or of a mixture of black and glowing red, or orange-
red, or even silvery-grey. In S. Yorkshire, forms almost or quite as
richly coloured are found, and some even pale vellowish-brown marbled
with bright light red.”’

He records specimens, ‘‘ Of a pale rosy-grey mottled with dark rosy-
grey.’’

Another ‘‘ Head, thorax, abdomen and forewings sooty-black, with
only the edges of the stigmata paler.’’

Another ‘‘ Has the basal half of the forewings buff with dark mark-
ings and the stigmata and hind margin equally pale.’’

_ Another “‘ Of a brilliant glowing dark red, with black marbling and
pale hind margin.”’

The Names and Forms to be considered : —
suspecta, Hb. (1814-7), Saml. Noct., 633.
mers, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Schm., V (2), 271.
ab. laevis, Dup. (1826), Hist. Nat., VI, 65, plt. 76, 5.
imers, Dup. (1836), Hist. Nat. Supp., III, 293, plt. 27, f. 2a.
imers, Germ. (1837), Fn. Ins. Eur., XVI, 24.
congener, Hb.-G. (1836-8), Saml. Noct., 862.
congener, Frr. (1839), nec Hb., New. Beitr., IIT, 26, plt. 209, f. 2-3.
ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., 157.

(244) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/ 1940

ab. variegatia, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. nigrescens, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. nigrescens-variegata, Tutt (1892), lc.

ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. grisea, Tutt (1892), U.c., ef. Dup., Hist. Nat. Supp., Ill, plt. 27,
f. 2b. [Tutt had Vol. 1V, f. 26, in error. |

Tutt dealt with the forms:—(1) Pale reddish-grey, almost unicolor-
ous, pallida. (2) Pale reddish, outer area and inner margin ochreous,
congener, Hb.-G. (3) Bright red, almost unicolorous, rufa. (4) Bright
red, with central area grey, laevis, Dup. (5) Bright red, outer area
bright ochreous, variegata. (6) Dark blackish-red, almost uniéolorous,
nigrescens. (7) Blackish-red, with the outer area pale, nigrescens-varie-
gata. (8) Pale ochreous, almost unicolorous, iners, Dup. (9) Dull
brownish, almost unicolorous, suspecta, Hb. (10) Dark grey, almost
unicolorous, grisea.

Tutt remarked, l.c., 157, ‘‘an attempt to classify the principal
varieties.’ Kveryone who has dealt with it has found the species very
difficult to deal with.

Dyschorista, Led. (1857), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culoi.
[IIadena, Shrnk. (1802), Dup.: Polia, Och. & Tr. (1816-25), H.-S.:
Orthosia, O. & Tr. (1816-25), Tr., Frr., Gn., Meyr., and others: Sidemia,
Stdgr. (1892), Hamp., Warr.-Stz.] fissipuncta, Haw. (1809): ypsilon,
Schiff. (1775): cortices, Esp. (1788-?).

Hufn., Berlin Mag., III (1766), described a species of Noctuid under
the name zpsilon, which Rott. (1776) and all subsequent authors wrote
as ypsilon. Schiff., Verz. in section N. (1775), referred to a species un-
der the name suffusa, which Borkhausen fully described, Naturg.: (1792).
This was the Agrotid, which has been dealt with under the name ipsilon,
Hufn. (ante IT, p. 11). But Schiff., l.c., section M. (1775), dealt with
a Noctuid, whose larvae were attached to the ‘‘ white poplar W? (and
other poplars and willows) under the name ypsilon (nec Rott.).

Ilhger, in the New Ausg. of the Verz. (1801), called attention to the
statement made by Schrank in Fiies, N. Mag., II, 212, in which'he said
that ypsilon in the Schiff. collection was the female of dissimilis, Knoch.
Beitr., I, plt. 4, f. 4 (=suasa, Bork., 1V, 457). Tlliger goes on to say that
a certain amount of trust must be placed on this statement as Schrank
himself saw the Schiff. collection.

Esper, Abbild., IV, 463, plt. 145, figs. 2-3, gave two figures which he
labelled corticea. These have been doubtfully considered to be the
ypsilon, Schiff., by some authors, particularly by Werneberg, Beitr.
The figures, in my opinion, are not to be recognised as a form of what
we now call fisstpuncta. It is said that fig. 2 shows the curious bifur-
cation of the claviform extension and that fig. 3 is a variegata form with
scattered lighter spots and marks. In view of the opinion of Schrank
and the remarks of Illiger, it seems better to ignore corticea or, as
others (e.g., Tutt, Warren-Stz.) have done, to give it only a limited
recognition.

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BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record and
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(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Double-
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac-
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NEW GPNERIC NAMES FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA—IODIS LACTEARIA. 109

NEW GENERIC NAMES FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

By T. Barinsricce Fiercuer, R.N., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.5 of Com
b) ) p) A Pars
Ag Zoology %
\ DEC 2 1940

To, S20 (Continued from page 19.)

The following new generic names are required to replace homgniymms a Ri

and are now given :—

Pelochareila (Oecophoridae) for Pelochares, Meyrick, Exot. Micr., iv,
367 (1933), type dryophthalma, Meyrick, nec Pelochares, Mulsant
and Rey, Hist. Nat. Col. Fr., Piluliformes, p. 161 (1869), Ann.
Soc. Linn. Lyon, xvii, 361 (1869) (Coleoptera).

Petalostomelia (Oecophoridae) for Petalostoma, Meyrick, Exot. Micr.,
iv, 123 (1931), type lygrodes, Meyrick, nec Petalostoma, v. Lidth
de Jeude, Rec. fig. Vers. intest., Preface, p. 2 (1829) (Verm.
Cest.), nec Petalostoma, Keferstein, Zts. wiss. Zool., xv, 438 (1865)
(Verm. Geph.).

Philagraulella (Tineidae) for Philagraula, Meyrick, Exot. Micr., i, 554
(1930), type punica, Meyrick, nec Philagraula, Hulst, Tr. Amer.
Ent. Soc., xxiii, 310 (1896) (Lep. Uraniadae).

Pompostoleila (Tineidae) for Pompostola, Meyrick, Exot. Micr., 11, 325-
326 (1927), type charipepla, Meyrick, nec Pompostola, Hiibner,
Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 120 (1819) (Lepidoptera).

Sphenaspella (Oecophoridae) for Sphenaspis, Meyrick, Iris, xlvii, 38
(1934), type droseractis, Meyrick 1934, nec Sphenaspis (pro
Sternaspis, Otto 1820), Verrill, Proc. Amer. Assoc., xxii (1873),
No. 2, p. 367 (1874) (Verm. Polych.), nec Sphenaspis, Jakovlev,
Trudui Russ. Ent., x, pp. 68, 72 (1877) (Hemiptera).

Syncrotaulella (Yponomeutidae) for Syncrotaula, Meyrick, Exot. Micr.,
v, 142 (1937), type strepsicentra, Meyrick, 1937, nec Syncrotaula,
Meyrick, Exot. Micr., iv, 378 (1933) (Crambidae).

Taeniostolella (Glyphipterygidae) for Taeniostola, Meyrick, Exot. Micr.,
li, 326-327 (1920), type celophora, Meyrick, nec Taeniostola, Bezzi,
Mem. Ind. Mus., ii1, 119 (1913) (Diptera).

Xylodryadella (Cryptophasidae) for Xylodryas, Meyrick, Exot. Micr.,
11, 151 (1925), type cryeranthes, Meyrick, nec Xylodryas, Turner,
Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral., xlvi, 285 (1922) (Geometridae).

Corrigendum.—Page 18, line 13, for ‘‘ stagnota”’ read stygnota.

IODIS LACTEARIA, L.,
By (the late) Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S.

Concluded from page 103.
(Plate VIT.)

The perfect insect is taken quite commonly at light, but I can find
no record of its attraction by sugar, although I cannot convince myself
that I have not taken it thus. Birchall records its capture at dog-wood
flowers (Entom., 1883, p. 186). But the net is the usual instrument
of capture—as it flies freely at dusk, and is easily beaten out in daytime.

110 ENTOMOLCGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1940

It is however but rarely that captured specimens are worth boxing.
As to the variation to which the species is subject, I know little. The
Linnean type is described thus: ‘‘ Linn. (1758, Sys. Nat., 519) Phalaena
Geometra pectinicornis, alis angulatis albis immaculatis, antennis apice
setaceis. Habitat in Europa.

Staudinger gives but one ab. norbertaria, Réssl, and describes it as
‘‘densius squamata, viridior.’’ It came from Bilbao. I can learn
nothing more about it. The description would probably apply to a
bred specimen. The lined form becomes a good aberration :

1. lactearia, L. = without markings.
2. ab. linea n.ab. = with 2 distinct pale transverse lines on both fore
and hindwings.

But I really know so little about the species—having met with it so
seldom of late years—and question so*much whether, if bred on a large
scale, more definite forms of variation might be discovered, that it is
impossible for me to presume to say more about the matter. It is to be
noticed that this little Emerald shows both the transverse lines upon
the under wings.

My diagram will explain itself. My specimens are this time suffering
a little from one of the mistakes into which the most careful will some-
times fall. The pickle in which they were preserved had too much
ammonia and this has distended, and somewhat disorganised the struc-
ture. This indiscretion on my part is not altogether to be regretted,
as this distension has served the purpose of bringing out details.
The egg is large as usual—coarsely reticulated, but, I think, much flatter
than those which I have previously had before me. Our observation,
when examining the young larva of Nemoria viridata is borne out in
that of Iodis lactearia. When first hatched (Figure I) there is again the
complete absence of the special organs, which in Phorodesma smarag-
daria and Comibaena pustulata led me first to study this group of in-
sects. The lateral flange is present but much less developed than in the
species we have previously examined. The hairs or processes are much
more uniform in shape and size and belong mostly to the balloon type,
though here and there appear departures from the general form, which
the material at my disposal is insufficient. to investigate thoroughly.
In the specimen which I have depicted, the first abdominal segment
bears upon its lower edge posteriorly—a divided process, and the sixth,
in the same position, one which appears to be more solid and darker
than the rest. These hairs are enlarged on my plate (f. 1). The tactile
hairs upon the second thoracic and eighth abdominal segments are
highly developed, while the strong hairs or spikes which we observed
in Hemithea aestivaria project from the forward edge of the first
thoracic segment, in the direction of the eyes, and are not visible to me
here. Otherwise there seem to be no points about this larva which call
for attention. The evident unfitness of the rounder processes to hold
silken threads or clothing is borne out by the habits of the larvae,
which do not spin threads about their bodies, nor do such attach itself
to them. Precisely the same observations hold good as to the larva in
its second instar (Fig. II). Everything is as regular and orderly as
could be. I have for the sake of uniformity drawn three of the most

IODIS LACTEARIA. aN ig |

marked hairs from this stage (f. 2), which may be accepted as samples
of the whole. There is but the slightest trace in the thickening of the
lower hair on 6th abdominal. The larva has throughout appeared some-
what granular in surface structure, but not until the third instar
(Fig. IIT) has there been any marked development. Now, however,
we perceive a resemblance to the same stage in Nemoria viridata, with
a difference. There we saw ridges of plates or leaflets of clear skin or
chitin, here we have to do merely with small points or roughnesses,
varied here and there with tables or flattened surfaces. The side view (h)
strikingly recalls a South African landscape with its ‘‘Table Mountains’’
on the horizon. The frontal projection on the first thoracic segment
is very marked and strikingly bifid, and the division of the head
extreme.

There again the hairs are strikingly uniform in shape. That upon
the sixth abdominal, which I noticed previously is still abnormal, being
now a beautifully developed y, darker and stronger than its neighbours.
Reversing the slide I find that the corresponding hair has the same
shape, so that I must not regard it as a mere deformity. I have drawn
three hairs—one being the last mentioned, from this instar also (f. 3).
On the whole I fear that I have come to the conclusion that this is a
most uninteresting larva. Perhaps I am tired of the group, perhaps as
my larvae become less specialized I lose interest. Yet I shall always
be grateful to lactearia for putting me on a new “ track.’’

It will be noticed that in each of my figures of the whole larva—in
each stage I have shown, above the anal claspers, an organ which I
think deserves attention. Its presence naturally excited a good deal
of interest and prompted more careful investigation. This organ is
most delicate, jointed, pointed, perhaps with one or two hairs upon the
apex. It is situated centrally beneath the anal passage. .Measure-
ments are not possible without special preparation—perhaps dissection
of the larva, but comparison with the scale attached will give an idea
of the size. I have (8) drawn these objects on a larger scale from each
of the three instars. I have no knowledge whether attention has been
drawn to this organ previously. That it is present in all Lepidopterous
larvae I cannot assert, but that it is general in some groups is certain.
I have carefully examined my whole stock of mounts of young larvae,
54 species, often several mounts of each, with this result :—

Butterflies, 2 species, no organ detected.
Bombyces, 6 species, no organ detected.

Noctuae, 8 species, no organ detected.

Geometrae, 38 species, organ detected in 13 species.

Of these 13 Geometrae possessing the process or organ, 6 belong to the
group which I am studying, namely, Nemoria viridata, Hemithea
aestivaria, Geometra papilionaria, Iodis lactearia, Pseudoterpna pruinata
and Hemistola chrysoprasaria. That is to say, in 6 of our Hemitheinae
out of eight. I have not detected it so far in Huchloris smaragdaria or
Comibaena pustulata. The other species in which I have found it are
Rumia luteclata (crataegata), Angerona prunaria, Biston (Amphidasis)
strataria, Hrannis marginaria (Hybernia progemmaria), Oporinia dilu-
tata, Phigalia pedaria (pilosaria), and Biston (Amphidasis) betularia.

Fi ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /X/1940

I should take more interest in these observations did I know that I
was treading upon new ground. We know that considerable pains have
been given to the study of larval structure, and even to the detection
of rudimentary imaginal organs therein. I can scarcely imagine that
these have escaped notice. J have read over carefully Tutt’s remarks
upon the sexual organs in Lepidopterous larvae (Brit. Lepidoptera,
Vol. I, p. 59), the Jatest authority to which I have access, if any later
exist. I find that the rudimentary organs are detected in certain
species, and read ‘‘ but up to the present time there appears to have
been no external openings, in connection with the sexual organs, dis-
covered in any Lepidopterous larvae.’’ The species examined were the
larger Bombyces and Pieris brassicae, not a single Geometer. The
conclusions to which I have myself come with regard to these organs
are :—

1. That absence from my mounts does not of necessity prove absence
from a species, inasmuch as the organ may be withdrawn, or
concealed in a particular specimen.

2. That though the organ is sometimes absent from one mount of
a species and present in another, it is not safe, for reason 1, to
conclude that this is a sexual organ. (In my mounts of Nemoria
viridata it is not to be detected in all of 1st instar.)

3. That although only detected in the Geometrae, there is no reason
to infer its absence from the rest of the Lepidoptera.

4. That while one is forbidden to think the organ sexual, there
exists no reason why it should not prove urinary.

As I am now happily drawing near to the end of my assigned task there
can be no harm in “ showing my hand.’’ Therefore for my own satis-
faction (being, like the novel-reading lady, too impatient to wait for the
end) I have drawn carefully to one scale the first abdominal segments
of each of our 8 ‘‘ Emerald ’’ moths in the lst instar. The result to
me is startling. I had no idea, until I started the work, what my
measurements really meant. I can understand now the reason of my
difficulty when I took in hand Hemithea aestivaria after the larger
larvae. JI was so startled with these drawings that I imagined at first
that I had been led astray by shifting of the instruments, and was not
content until I had again measured the first drawing and convinced
myself that no error had thus arisen. .

I must finally note that I have had this time to depend largely upon
free-hand drawing, an art in which I am not an expert. This may atone
for the errors as well as account for the greater tidiness of the drawings.

COLLECTING NOTES.

KupHypRYAs AauRINIA, New to SNowponza.--On 28th September last
my wife, Mr A. J. Merchant, Mr S. H. Brocklersby, and myself were
collecting on one of the more Southern mountains of the Snowdon
range. At an elevation of 750 feet my wife found a nest of E. aurinia
larvae. Further search by the four of us produced about a dozen nests
confined to an area of not more than half an acre. As the only other

CURRENT NOTES. 113

North Welsh locality is over fifty miles away, on low-lying ground, we
hope this discovery may yield a new local form of this Butterfly. Is
it possibly the highest recorded altitude for awrinia?—J. ANTtoNy THOmMP-
son, M.A., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., Roe Wen, October 1.

For those who are so situated as to be able to communicate or obtain
more recent biological facts of Jodis lactearia than those in the belated
account given in the Burrows paper we are publishing, we give the fol-
lowing list of references, localities, etc., from the copious notes com-
piled by the author. Burrows and Raynor took this species at Brent-
wood from the beginning of May to mid July. Burrows reported ova
laid 7th July which hatched 14th July. He also took it at Wanstead,
Bentley, Rainham and Mucking on various dates in June and his last
date for Mucking was &th July. Among localities within reach of the
Metropolis are Epping Forest, Chingford, Loughton, Bushy Heath,
Horsley, Dorking, Oxshott, Reigate, Bexley, Ashdown Forest, Guild-
ford, Wimbledon, Darenth, and, further afield, New Forest, S. Devon,
I. of Wight, Abbots Wood, Winchester, etc. In 1901 Dollman recorded
it at the end of May and again on 13th September. This is suggestive
of a second brood, as is Nicholson’s observation.

October is the time when the lepidopterist perforce has to limit his
activities mainly to the three major methods of collecting—Sugar, Ivy,
and Pupa-digging. In present circumstances the two former are pre-
cluded and the last is so hmited by chance and ill fortune that many
will not risk the discouragement of oft repeated failure for one long-de-
layed lucky dig. Not only does chance determine results, but mice,
ete., are often active competitors in the search and usually early on the
job. Abundance of many species of Hupitthecia can be obtained now
by beating the flowering stalks of ragwort, yarrow, golden-rod, Angelica,
etc., into an umbrella. Where plenty of garden aster, michaelmas
daisy, is grown, one can be sure to get larvae in plenty. For the micro-
lepidopterist, this is the time to collect seed heads of many plants—wild
carrot, rush, yarrow, Suaeda maritima, Umbellifer heads, Hypericum
stems, sea aster, Artemisia, Luzula, golden red, Centaurea, etc.
Mined leaves of many trees and shrubs should be obtained now. The
mines of the beautiful Lithocolletids can be obtained in quantities in
leaves of cak, elder, birch, poplar, sallow, etc., and are easy to breed
if put into « large flower pot covered with leno and placed outdoors with
very little shelter, exposed to all weathers. The Nepticula mines can be
collected in a similar way, but require a certain amount of shelter from
the direct influence of the weather. Birch, oak, beech, nut, hawthorn,
rose, Pyrus, Rubus, elm, agrimony, poplar, etc., will give plenty of
mines, but as pupation does not take place in the mines the leaves must
be obtained early, just before they fall.

CURRENT NOTES,

The Hon. Treasurer thanks those subscribers who have paid as a
result of hig recent circular, but would urge those whose subscriptions
-are still outstanding to help him in the increasingly difficult matter of

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1940

financing the magazine by forwarding their subscriptions as soon as
possible. Circulars were sent to- all outstanding subscribers at their
last known address.

In the Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiv, 117 (1887), the late Dr Holland,
in a note on Pyrameis cardui, wrote:—‘‘ The primal decree on, account
of sin was that the earth should bear ‘ thorns and thistles,’ and so
wherever there is earth there are thistles, and wherever there are thistles
there is the thistle butterfly.”’ yo

It is a pleasure to record the wonderful care of our postal officials
in dealing with communications of various kinds. The other day I re-
ceived a small consignment of papered moths captured at light by my
friend Mr Sneyd Taylor, of Graef Reinet, S. Africa. They were packed
in a thin cardboard box suitable for handkerchiefs, gloves, etc., and
measuring 7 in. by 9 in., with a layer of wool and thin paper covering
them. There was an outer covering of brown paper and thin string.
In fact, the package was so frail that one could crample it with one’s
hand. Yet there was not the slightest harm to any of the 35 specimens
contained. This is not an isolated case, as other similar consignments
have reached me equally cared for from time to time. It is really won-
derful.

Until quite recently one of the most neglected sections of the Rhopalo-
cera was that of the Hesperiidae of the Neotropical Region. This Family
is exceptionally abundant in species in the Americas, especially some of
the groups which contain numerous species whose facies are marked by
characters greatly similar. Thus, while the other families of Rhopalo-
cera in America contained some of the most attractive insects of the
globe, collectors could not be induced to obtain the unknown less out-
wardly attractive species of the ‘‘ skippers.’”’ Less than twenty years
ago our cherished friend and correspondent, Kenneth J. Hayward, after
several years residence in Aswan, where in the intervals of his profes-
sional work he studied the scanty local lepidopterous fauna, accepted
an engagement in a firm in the Chaco forest region of the Argentine
Republic. There he took the opportunity to work at the Lepidoptera
in an area which contrasted strongly with the desert around Aswan.
Gradually he has taken up the problem of the Hesperiidae and we have
received from him during the last few years quite a number of separates
describing many new species and forms, and containing figures of some
species with many diagrams of the critical portions of the genitalic struc-
tures. Lately Hayward has gone outside the Argentine for his material
and our Ecuador correspondent, Mr Clarke MacIntyre, has sent him
new species for study, and other consignments have reached him from
Paraguay and Brazil. The three separates lying before us deal with
about twenty new species with taxonomic notes on many others.

The Royal Entomological Society of London continues to publish a
large amount of matter each year. For the present year so far there
lies before us thirteen numbers of the four series that are brought out.
The Transactions consist of 4 parts (4 separate papers), of which “‘ A
Comparative Study of the Larval Morphology of Leaf-mining Lepidop-
tera in Britain ’’ is the most interesting to us. Species from 10 Fami-

CURRENT NOTES. 115

lies are discussed, illustrated by many diagrams. Of the Proceedings A.
“The insect fauna of the waste area of Tilbury Dock,’’ by H. M.
Edelsten, is a very useful record of natural colonisation on made-up
waste ground. Mr Edeisten also announced the occurrence of a new
British species of Coleophora, C. otitae, on Silene nutans in Kent. Dr
Blair recorded the history of the excessively rare black form of Cicindela
campestris, of which one of the British examples was taken by the late
Dr Chapman in 1858. Mr C. N. Hawkins discussed the occurrence of
ventilation (?) holes in the cocoons of Hriogaster lanestris and of Hip-
parchus papilionaria. Of the Proceedings B (Taxonomy), there are 6
parts, with 26 items mostly of Exotic interest, including the decription
of a new S. American Plume-moth, by T. B. Fletcher. Then we have
part 7 of ‘‘ Generic Names,’’ comprising those of the British Hydra-
dephaga (Col.) by Prof. W. A. F. Balfour-Browne.

The London Naturalist for 1939 appeared in 1940. The entomolo-
gical items in this Annual are rather less in quantity than in previous
reports and are contained in about 8 pages. Mr Burkill gave his usual
survey on British Butterflies in 1939. There is a useful series of Notes
on British Asilidae (‘‘ robber flies’’) in Surrey by L. Parmenter and
H. Oldroyd, and Notes on two species of Dolichopodidae, by Li. Par-
menter. Mr Burkill contributes Records of Plant Galls for 1939, and
Mr R. W. Robbins the Lepidoptera of Limpsfield Common. This last-
mentioned area is being surveyed in all its aspects during the past three
years as a definite item of the Society’s work, and many members are
taking part individually and by various field meetings of the Society.
The whole report, as usual, is admirably produced.

An abbreviated Congress of the S. Eastern Union of Scientific Socie-
ties was held in July this year in London in the rooms of the Linnean
Society. The only entomological item was the Annual Report of the
Insect Immigration Committee to the Zoological Section. The main
item of this report was the remarkable influx of Pieris brassicae and
P. rapae in 1939 into southern England, the ‘‘ larvae of which caused
more extensive damage than for the past 20 years; but so large a per-
centage of the larvae were parasitized that past conditions are not ex-
pected to result this year.’’

The Annual Report of the S. London Entomological and N.H. Socy.
for the year 1939-40 was issued in July. It consists of a volume of
104 + xx pp. and 6 plates. The Proceedings—Reports of the 18 evening
meetings—occupy 24 pages and contain records of the exhibits and
short notes. The Reports of Field Meetings, of which there were 15,
are contained in 15 pages of additional records of observations and
captures made at the places visited. The Annual Address by the Pre-
sident, Harold B. Williams, LL.D., F.R.G.S., was devoted to ‘‘ Pre-
liminary Observations on the Genus Gonepteryx,’’ well illustrated by
specimens and drawings. Perhaps the most outstanding Memoir in the
_ Transactions section was that on ‘‘ Hybrids’’ by Dr KE. A. Cockayne,
a masterly summary of what is known of hybridization trom a deeply
scientific point of view, with an appendix containing a list of purely
British hybrids and another list of hybrids of species on the British List
having one or both parents of Continental origin. Gynandromorphs,

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1940

Parthenogenesis, Prothetely, Cytology, Mendelian Segregation, etc., are
some of the detailed subjects comprised. Dr Cockayne in another paper
described two new species of British Geometers with a plate. Mr C. N.
Hawkins gave detailed records of two broods of the [ycia hybrid wallacei,
illustrated by two plates. The interests of the Micro-lepidopterist are
not overlooked for there is a most useful and practical article on
‘‘ Breeding and Setting Micro-lepidoptera,’’ by L. T. Ford. Baron de
Worms discussed ‘‘ Sugaring.’’ Mr C. Niblett recorded Gall-causing
Insects and their Parasites. The whole Report affords a volume of
valuable material in the study of entomological science and a fine con-
tinuance of the long period of such work from the year 1872. The
frontispiece is an excellent picture of the ova of Aglais urticae by A.
W. Dennis. There is a beautiful plate of aberrations in the collection
of Rev. J. N. Marcon, and another of a striking aberration of Polyploca
flavicornis in the de Worms collection.

Dr Karl] Jordan contributed an attractive article to the International
Congress of Entomology held at Madrid in 1935, of which the Report
has only recently been published. ‘‘ Where Subspecies Meet ’’ contains
thoughts induced while on the excursion to the Picos de Europa, ar-
ranged under the auspices of the Congress committee. While some
enjoyed the scenery of, to them, a new country, others took the oppor-
tunity to collect and observe, the actions of the members being inexplic-
able to the native people. He goes on to say, ‘‘ The reason for the in-
quisitiveness of the excursionist goes back to the far-away time when
Adam, young and inexperienced, lost his estate in consequence of a con-
fidence trick, and all the contents of the Garden of Eden became scat-
tered over the arth; some species, too weakly after the soft life in the
garden of plenty and too disgruntled with the rough conditions they
encountered outside, died out, while others, of a more robust nature,
or more cunning and accepting the new life as they found it, appro-
priated the various countries in which they happened to settle and be-
came the founders of new races, as did Neah’s sons, Shem, Ham, and
Japhet. The story must be true in the main, for we find indeed that
the majority of spécies consist of two or more, sometimes dozens of races
each living in its own country, and that every district has its own races.”’
The author goes on to record the gradual increase in the number of races
and subspecies in proportion to the number of new species described,
and to the general acceptance by biologists of this line of research, and
also to record the results achieved by this more intensive study of geo-
graphical variation. Finally the author’s study of the mouse-flea in
various more or less closely joined Continental areas is brought in to aid
in the reply to his title statement ‘‘ Where Subspecies Meet.”’

In the Report of the Madrid Meeting of the International Congress
of Entomology there are in English, in addition to the two papers which
we have already dealt with, five others: 1. H. F. Barnes, ‘‘ Fluctuations
in Insect Numbers.’’ 2. F. S. Bodenheimer, ‘‘ The Ecology of Aphids in
a Subtropical Climate.’’ 3. C. H. Kennedy, ‘‘ Definitions of the Animal
Family and the Animal Society.” 4. KE. P. Mumford, ‘‘ Taxonomic
Notes on Insects of the Marquesas Islands.’’? 5. W. Pospelov, ‘‘ Fertility
of certain obnoxious Lepidoptera in connection with Meteorological
Conditions.”’

4

3” Zooloay ihe
BEG 2 1940
245

LisRAt

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIE

[3,30

Borkhausen, Scriba Beitr., II, 128, plt. 9 (not 8 as Werneb. said),
fig. 6 (1791), described a species as ypsilon, which was figured under the
name nunatrum. The figure is that of hepatica, L., as is the description.
The colour is certainly hepatica as well as the marking. Cf. Werneb.,
Beitr., U1, 258 (1864). This, Bork. admits, Naturg., IV, 505, when he
redescribed ypsilon, Schiff. (1792).

Haw., in Lep. Brit. (1809), described this species under the name
fissipuncta, which name, in place of the confused and uncertain use of
the name ypsilon, has been used by many authors, including Warr.-Stz.,
Pal. Noct.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 158 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 64 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 299 (1899): Stder., Cat., IIT ed., 204-(1901): Splr.,
Schm. Eur., I, 246 (1906): South, M.B.I., II, 8 (1908): Hamp., Lep.
Phal., VII, 445 (1908): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., HII, 179 (1911): Culot,
Net G., 1 (@), 74.(1933):, Meyr., Rev. Hand., 124 (1928).

Hiib., Samml. Noct., 136, gave a figure of ypsilon which is not readily
recognized as such, although H.-S. (Bearb., II, 262) considered it good.
It is one of those forms which may come under ab. variegata, although
not a pale example.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 135, plt. 81, 5 (1826), gave a fairly large good
figure of ypsilon. In his Cat., 131 (1844), he placed it in Hadena, Bdv.

Frr., New. Beitr., 1V, 64, plt. 329 (1842), gave a figure of this species,
which H.-S. (l.c.) described as ‘‘ quite unrecognizable.’’ Shape and
arch of forewing are correct, and the bifurcation of the claviform is well
developed, as well as the submarginal line. Otherwise the figure is bad.

Gn., Hist. Nat., V, 361-2 (1852), took the name ypsilon, Schiff. (1775)
for this species.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 246, plt. 45, f. 30 (1906), gave a good figure
showing a well developed bifurcation of the claviform and the ypsilon
mark quite plainly.

South, M.B.I., II, 8, plt. 4, figs. 4-5 (1908), gave two figures of the
nondescript, indefinitely marked examples of this species, in which the
usual characteristic markings are present, but more or less indefinite
in expression and hidden by absence of portions and irregular expan-
sion and suffusion. A most difficult species to delineate.

Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 445 (1908), adopted the name ypsilon, Schiff.
(nec Rott.) (1775).

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 179, plt. 411 (1911), treated ypsilon,
Schiff., and nun-atrum, Scriba, as synonyms. They placed Tutt’s nigres-
cens as var. A of Haw., and gave six figures, fissipuncta, ab. corticea 3
and 9, ab. orenburgensis, and ab. conjuncta gS and 9.

They used the genus Sidemia, Stdgr., placed next to Crymodes, the
genus of erulis.

Culot, NV. et G. (1913), I (2), 74, plt. 52, figs. 14 fisstpuncta, 15 oren-
burgensis, gave two excellent figures. 14 is darkish grey-brown, 15 has
a very pale ground with well expressed marking.

Of the Variation Barrett says :-—
“‘ There is variation of the ground colour of the forewings to paler
- brown, more rarely to light yellowish-brown, and still more in the various

(246) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X / 1940

black markings, which sometimes are much emphasised, in others are
partially or wholly obliterated.”

He records a specimen ‘‘ Combining both phases, being of a pale
tawny colour, with no trace of the black markings about the claviform
stigma and at the back of the ee a and is only with difficulty
recognized as belonging to this species.’

Another whose ‘‘ Colour is pale and the central black markings are
absent, but along the hind margin is a row of black bars arising from
the ee enae black spotty and of these, one arising at the anal angle
runs far into the wing.’

Another pale specimen from Shoreham ‘‘ Is shaded with yellow and
in some degree with red.”

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
[ipsilon, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., ITI, 416.]
ypsilon, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 78 (nec Rott.).
[ypsilon, Rott. (1776), Naturforsch., TX, 141, No. 99.]
ab. ? corticea, Esp. (1788?), Abbild., [V, 463, plt. 145, 2-3.
[nunatrum, Bork. (1791), Scriba Beitr., II, 128, plt. 9, f. 6.]
ypsilon, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 503-4.
fissipuncta, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 197.
ab. nigrescens, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., 160.
ab. vartegata, Tutt (1892), l.c.
ab. obscura, Favre. (1899), Fn. Macr.-Lep. Valais, 188.
ssp. orenburgensis, Bart. (1902), Iris, XV, 211.
ab. conjuncta, Warr.-Stz. (1911), Pal. Noct., III, 179, plt. 41.
ssp. oberthiirt, Roth. (1920), Nov. Zool., XXVII, 38.
ab. cinerea, Heinr. (1923), Deutsch. ent. Zt. Beth., 87.
ab. obsolescens, Lenz. (1927), Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 321.

Tutt dealt with (1) the pale greyish fissipuncta, Haw. (ypsilon,
Bork.); (2) the reddish-ochreous corticea, Esp.; (8) blackish fuscous
nigrescens ; and (4) dark, variegated with paler variegata.

ab. obscura, Favre., Fn. Macro-Lep. Valais, 188 (1899).
Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ Much darker and more brown.’’ Martigny, etc.

race orenburgensis, Bart., Iris, XV, 211 (1902).

Orntc. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of forewings very light, grey, suf-
fused reddish, with black, distinctly prominent markings. (These con-
sist of a basal streak and a marginal line to the neighbourhood of the
stigmata, which line in the reniform is only rarely very weakly pro-
duced in black, while in v. orenburgensis 1t mostly stands out very
strongly and only in one single specimen is it weak.) The hindwings
also are paler especially at the base. Colour of body grey, not brown, as
in the typical form. V. orenburgensis shows a much greater contrast
to the type form than the ab. iners to D. suspecta and must therefore
with much more reason be designated by a special name. It is interest-
ing that in the Volga-Ural neighbourhood, according to Eversman, the
usual brown form occurs; Herr Lief collected in the Orenburg Govern-
ment only the grey form, which here is therefore treated as a variety.”

ab. conjuncta, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., 11, 179 (1911).
Fie.—l.c., plt. 41.

a © |

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (247)

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Purplish fuscous, the veins and stigmatal annuli
whitish, the upper stigmata strongly conjoined.”’

subsp. oberthiiri, Roth, Nov. Zool., XXVITI, 38 (1920).

“ Differs from fissipwncta in being much paler, in the markings
being less pronounced, in the submarginal band being much straighter
and less sinuate, and in the postmedial band being well developed in
most specimens and much nearer the reniform.’’ Algeria.

f. cinerea, Heinr., Deut. ent. Zeitschr. Beih. (1923), 87.
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Of a pale ashy-grey ground colour, without any
admixture of yellow.’’ Digne.

ab. obsolescens, Lenz., Schm. Sudbay., IT (2), 321 (1927).

fie e., pit: 16 1d.

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘Of the markings only the traces of the stigmata and
of the submarginal line remain.”’

Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Steph., Gn., Meyr., Barr., Stdgr.,
Splr., South, Culot, Meyr., ete. [Amathes, Hb. (1821), Hamp., South,
Warr. ] lota, Clrek. (1759).

Clerck, Icones, plt. 8, fig. 1 (1759), gave a quite recognizable figure
without text, with the name lota attached. The colour is dark grey,
lead colour, with the conspicuous black spot.

inné, Fn. S., gave the first description, No. 1137 (1761), and a fur-
ther description in Sys. Nat., Ed. XII, 830 (1767).

Orig. Derscrip.—‘‘ Alae superiores cinereae atomis aliquot nigris,
maculisque duabus obsoletis solo margine conspicuis: anteriore orbicu-
lari, postiore cordiformi, ut in rusticis; in macula posteriore ad latus
interius punctum magnum atrum. Striga fulva f. purpurascens latere
postiore albida ; striga haec versus posteriora semel diffracta est. Subtus
alae pallide cinereae cum puncto atro et striga fusca, obsoleta,
armata,’’ p. 302.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 160 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 63 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. I., V, 351, plt. 229, 1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., liTed., 206 (1901):
Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 248, plt. 46, 8 (1906): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 479,
f. (1906): South, M.B.I., II, 12, plt. 7, 5-6 (1908): Warr.-Stz., Pal.
Noce hbk 151, plt::37\d; e€911) :, Culot,, Ni, e&-Gi, 1.(2)5.78,.plt. 53,11
(1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 124 (1928).

De Geer, Mem. Ins., II (1), 419, plt. 7, f. 16 (1771), described this
species Jota under the title ‘‘ Phalene de l’hippophie,’’ ‘‘ d’un brun
luisant roussatre avec une ligne transverse rousse, et un gros point noir’’
(Goeze, Beitr., TIT (3), 252).

Schiff., Verz., p. 76, Fam. IL. (1775), called it the ‘‘ Water-willow
Noctua.”’ ‘

Esper, Abbild., III, 335, plt. 67, fig. 1 (1783 ?), gave a recognizable
fig. rather too large; among the Bombyces.

Ernst. & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 5, fig. 400 a, b, c, gave a very
fair figure of lota under that name. They point out that the specimens

(248) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X/ 1940

figured have purplish edging to the stigmata, they differ from others
that have been figured and are probably figures of a varietal form. —

Hb., Samml., 166 (1800-3), figured munda under the name lota, and
167 lota under the name munda. The lota (167) was too large, too dark
and not leaden at all and had the two stigmata completely filled in with
black, and thus was hardly recognizable.

Haw., Lep. Brit., 122 (1803), described lota as a Bombyx as did most
of his predecessors. However, in (1809) l.c., 242, he placed it as a
Noctua.

Frr., Beitr., III, 60, plt. 111 (1830), gave a figure much better than
all of his contemporaries, with perhaps too distinct marking, particularly
on the underside.

Dup., Hist. Nat., Supp., III, 298, plt. 27 1 (1836), gave an un-
recognizable figure of rich red-brown ground, with two dark transverse
bands, one each side of the black spot. In vol. V1, 80, plt. 111, 3 (1826),
Dup. described and figured (poorly) T. a1wnda under the name Iota, in-
fluenced by the errors of Linn. referred to above.

Gn., Noct., I (5), 362, gave plt. 1381 reference to Frr. It should be
pit: a1.

Splr., Schm. EHur., I, 248, plt. 46, fig. 8 (1906), gave a bad figure
labelled ab. rufa, Tutt, quite unrecognizable as lota.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 478, f. (1906), gave the reference ‘‘ Linn.,
Sys. Nat., Xed., 513 (1758).”? This is iota, a Plusia (Phytometra), and
placed between interrogationis and festucae. It is impossible to suggest
how this error arose. Linn., Sys. Nat., XIled., 830 (1767) gave the cor-
rect description (as a Bombyx) and referred to Clerck’s Icones, plt. 8,
f. 1 (1759). Perhaps Hamp. followed Gn., Noct., V, 362 (1852), ‘who
ignored Clerck. It was then usual to take the XIled. of Linn., Sys. Nat.
(1767), as the official commencement of the Linn. nomenclature.

South, M.B.I., II, 12, plt. 7, f. 5-6 (1908), gave two dark leaden-grey
figures probably referable to the ab. suffusa, Tutt. ‘

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 151, plt. 37 d, e (1910), treated hippo-
phaes, Rossi, as a synonym, added the name subdita for a form from
Amasia, and gave five figures, none of which had the usual dull grey
leaden ground so familiar in Britain, lota ¢ and 92, rufa, Tutt, and
subdita 3 and 9, all poor figures.

Of the Variation Barrett wrote :—

‘‘ Not very variable, but the general colour of the forewings ranges
from pale grey to dark slate-brown and to red-brown, specimens from
western districts being especially liable to red variation ; sometimes the
hindwings have a paler tone from the base to beyond the middle, in
which case there is usually a dark transverse band bounding this pale
colouring, and sometimes a grey-white margin outside it. Rarely the
black spot in the base of the reniform stigma is quite obsolete.’’

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
lota, Clrck. (1759), Icones, plt. 8, f. 1 (no text).
lota, Linn. (1761), Fn. S., 302.
hippophaes, D. Gr. (1771), Mem. Ins., II (1), 419, plt. 7, f. 16.
munda, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 167.
ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 161.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (249)

ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), l.c.
ab. vig, Yutt (1892), tc.
ab. subdita, Warr.-Stz. (1910), Pal. Noct., III, 151, plt. 37 e.
ab. bipuncta, Whrl. (1911) [ Vorb. et M.-R., I, 378].
ab. pallida, Heinr. (1923), Deut. ent. Zt., 88.
ab. frigga, Skala (1929), Zt. Oestr. ent. Ver., XIV, 54.
Tutt dealt with (1) Jota, and ‘‘ munda,’’ Hb.; (2) pallida, a pale
whitish-grey form; (3) suffusa, blackish; (4) rufa, reddish.

ab. subdita, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., LIT, 151 (1910).

Fie -—l.c., plt. 37 e.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The grey ground is duller and paler in both wings,
and the black in lower lobe of the reniform is much reduced.’’ Amasia.
The figure is poor.

ab. bipuncta (Wehrli, 1.1.), Vorbrodt., Schm. der Schw., I, 378 (1911),
Frauenfeld.

Possesses a double black, brown margined spot, which lies on the
basal line between the two stigmata. The bordering joins the two stig-
mata together.

ab. pallida, Hein., Deut. ent. Zeitschr., Beih. 88 (1923).
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Of a very pale grey colour.’’ Digne. This is no
doubt the pallida, Tutt.

ab. frigga, Skala, Zt. Oestr. ent. Ver., XIV, 54 (1929).
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ With a broader, paler marginal band on the hind-
wing upperside.’’ Austria.

Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), most authors [Amathes, Hb. (1821),
Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.] macilenta, Hb.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 161 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 63 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 354, plt. 229, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 206 (1901):
Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 249, plt. 46, f. 9 (1906): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI,
479 (1906): South, M.B.Is., II, 13, plt. 7, 7-8 (1908): Warr.-Siz., Pal.
Woet., VIT, 151, plt. 37 e (1911): Culot, N. ef G., 1 (2), 79; pl. 53, 12
(1914): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 123 (1928): Draudt-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp.,
TIT, 152 (1934), 258 (1937).

Hiib., Samml. Noct., 418 (1808-9), the type figure is of a ‘‘ brownish
(almost reddish) ochreous,’ Tutt. His fig. 688, labelled macilenta, is a
form of circellaris.

Ernst. & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 12, fig. 409 (1790) gave two figures,
of which the forewings of 409 b are good as to marking, size, etc., but
by far too deep (bright) in colour. 409 a, and the hindwings of 409 b,
are ‘‘ roh u. grell ’’ as Werneburg says.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VII, 64, plt. 104, 5 (1827), gave a good figure of
typical macilenta. .

Steph., Il/., II, 148, described this species, and on the same page
dealt with the flavilinea, Haw., which he figured, plt. 19, 1 (1829), and

(250) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X /1940

which he suspected to be a form of macilenta, and in l.c., III, 68 (1829)
is sure of their specific identity.

Frr., Beitrage, III, 150, plt. 141, f. 1 (1830), is not a good figure in
that all the markings are much too emphasised both on upper and under-
sides. In the text, p. 151, Frr. referred to Treit’s conclusion that Hb.
688 was not macilenta. His figure in New. Beitr., III, 80, plt. 251 (1839),
is much better but still too strongly marked. ~

Frr. here referred to Treit, who had described the larva in error,
Schm., V (2), 215 (1825), but subsequently corrected his description,
VI (1), 407 (1827), with which Frr.’s figure of the larva 251 agreed well.

Wood, Ind. Ent., 41, plt. 10, 147-148 (1834), figured both flavilinea
and macilenta as practically identical.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 249, plt. 46, 9 (1906), gave a much too deeply
coloured figure, in fact of little use for identification.

South, M.B.I., II, 13, plt. 7, 7-8 (1908), gave two figures of good
colour but marking should be more apparent for ordinary British speci-
mens.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 479 (1906), quotes Haw., Prod. Lep. Brit.,
15 (1802), the name wnimaculina for this species. Haw. did not use this
name as he had proposed, and there being no description or figure it is
not valid.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 151, plt. 37 e (1910), Genus Amathes,
gave only one aberration, nigrodentata, Fuchs. They illustrated a light
male and a darker female.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 79, plt. 53, 12 (1914), gave an excellent figure
with fitly emphasised black dot and outer submarginal line.

Draudt-Corti-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 152 (1934), added two aberrations,
immaculata, Gauckler, and pallida, Hofer, a brown form and a very pale
form respectively, and on p. 258 was added the ab. rufa, Horhm. (1937).

Of the Variation Barrett writes :—

‘‘ Rather variable in the ground colour, from dull pale yellow to
light fulvous or reddish-ochreous; also in the presence or absence of the
. black spot in the reniform stigma, and of the central shade, these being
most frequently obliterated in specimens from the North of England and
South of Scotland.”’

He records one example ‘‘ Which has the first line distinct, black,
broadly bent, and excessively indented, and the second line also distinctly
black and disposed in sharp crescents, the more usual markings all
present.”’

In all variations the subterminal line remains fairly distinct.

The Names and Forms to be discussed are: —
macilenta, Hb. (1808-9), Samml. Noct., 418.
flavilinea, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 248.
ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 162.
ab. straminea, Tutt (1892), L.c.
ab. straminea-obsoleta, Tutt (1892), l.c.
ab. nigrodentata, Fuchs. (1899), Jahrb. Nass., LIT, 135.
ab. immaculata, Gauckl. (1909), Iris, XXII, 136.
ab. pallida, Hofer (1913), Ent. Zt., XXVII, 16.
ab. rufa, Hérhm. (1936), Ent. Zeit., L, 359.

‘

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (251)

Tutt dealt with (1) the deep yellow or reddish-ochreous with central
dot, mactlenta; (2) ditto, without the central dot, obsoleta; (8) pale
straw with distinct central dot, straminea; (4) ditto, without the cen-
tral dot, straminea-obsoleta.

ab. nigrodentata, Fuchs., Jahrb. Nass. Ver., LIT, 185 (1899).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewing with 3 black spots at the base and two
emphasised black transverse lines, the inner irregularly toothed, the
outer regularly and sharply toothed. In ordinary specimens the trans-
verse lines are only very wavy, the outer parts of the waves marked by
fine black points on the veins which become the points of the teeth, but
they do not coalesce at all.’’

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 479 (1906), describes it thus: ‘‘ Forewing
with the sub-basal, ante-, and post-medial lines black and strongly
dentate.”

ab. immaculata, Gauckl., Iris, XXII, 136 (1909).

Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewing upperside almost without marking; the
reniform stigma with the dark spot wanting; also the reddish on the
inside whitish margined straight: line before the outer margin is want-
ing. The rest of the normal colour.’’ Hardtwald near Karlsruhe, 1903.

ab. pallida, Hof., Ent. Zts., XXVII, 16 (1918).

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour of the upperside of the fore-
wing is a pale ochre-yellow, without reddish suffusion. The fringes of
all the wings, the thorax, and body are of the same colour, in each of
which the absence of the reddish tinge is wanting. The markings are
the same as in the typical form.’’ Near Vienna.

ab. rufa, Horham, Ent. Zeits., L, 359 (259) (1936). ;

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ In this species there are two distinct forms. The
commoner is leaden brownish. The rarer of a bright reddish-ochre. In
this latter ground colour the distinctly brownish median and marginal
lines disappear, while the marginal band following the yellow line stands
out stronger.’’ S. Bavaria.

Anchocelis, Gn. (1852), Stdgr. (1) [Orthosia, Och. & Tr. (1916-25),
Meyr. (1), Barr., Stdgr. (2), Splr., Sth. (2), Culot, Meyr. (2): Xanthia,
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., Steph., Wood: Amathes, Hb. (1821), Hamp.,
Sth. (1), Warr.-Stz.] helvola, Linn. (1758).

In his “‘ Hssai ’? in Anm. S. ent. Fr., viii, 483 (1839), Gn. wrote
Anchoscelis, which some authors have adopted,

Linn. described this species under two names. In Sys. Nat., Xed.,
507 (1758), helvola, and three years later under the substituted name
rufina, Fn. S., 1142 (1761). He treated it as a Bombyx, next to russula.

Esper, Abbild., IV, p. 327, plt. 123, 1 (1786-?), described and figured
a species under the name catenata, as a Noctuid. In a foot-note the
author gives the references to helvola, L., and rufina, L., and stated
that in dealing: with russula he considered rufina to be the 9 of that
species. But since Schiff., Verz., 86 (1775), dealt with it as a Noctuid,
he (Ksper) followed him.

(252) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /X/1940

Tutt, doubtless influenced by Esper’s figure and description, which
gave a definite diagnosis to the second name of Linn., viz., rufina, used
it as a varietal name on account of the rich red coloration of the anterior
wings with reddish fuscous fasciae inclining to purplish (cf. the figure
of Esper), while he took the first name, helvola, L., as the type name.

[Until late in the last century it had been usual to consider the
beginning of the binomial nomenclature to be the XIled. of the Sys. Nat.
of Linn., 1767. The change to the Xed. of the S.N. of Linn. has been
the cause of many troublous tangles with our names. |

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 162 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 62 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 335, pli. 226, f. 2 (1899) >" Sider.) Cat.) iiteds, (206
(1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 249, plt. 46, f. (1906): Hamp., Lep. Phal.,
VI, 482 (1906): South, M.B.J., II, 15, plt. 9, 1-2 (1908): Culot, NV. et G.,
I (2), 79, plt. 538, 15 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 123 (1928).

Ernst. & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 12, f. 410 a, b, ec (1790), gave fairly
good figures; b, a well-marked form with the purplish tinge, and a, a
bright red form with less marking.

Bork., Naturges., IV, 687 (1792), described a form of this species as
a Noctuid under the name punica, saying that it was the catenata, Esp.,
and in a note on the synonymy said that the ending of Esper’s name
-ata was a Geometrid ending and for that reason he had called his insect
punica. This form was characterized by ‘‘ yellowish-purple colour or a
mixture of purple and yellow.’’ Bork. subsequently dealt with rufina,
L., l.c., 751, and pointed out that Linn. described it as ‘‘ affinis Bomb.
russulae,’’ but that this could not be as the female of the latter did not
have three transverse bands.

Hb., Samml. Noct., f. 184 (1800-03), gave a good figure of the deep
red rufina.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 473, plt. 130, 3 (1827), described and
figured this species under the name rufina. The figure is much like a
copy of Hiibner’s 184. The central band is not elbowed enough nor
does it show the usual break near the dark bottom end of the reniform.
Tt is included in the genus Xanthia.

Wood, Index., 68, plt. 15, f. 376 (1854), gave a grey-brown figure
with no suggestion of red, except that the body was pink!!

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 364 (1852), considered helvola, L..,
catenata, Esp., and puntca, Bork., as synonyms of rufina. -

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 249, plt. 46, f. 11 (1907), gave a good account
of the variation in the species and a very fair figure of a ruddy-brown
form, somewhat dark. He introduced two new forms, extincta and
uniforms.

South, M.B.I., II, 15, plt. 9, f. 1-2 (1908), gave a figure of the deep
red, with distinct bands typical form, and an almost unicolorous red
form, ab. rufa, Tutt. Both are gocd figures. .

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 152, pit. 37 f g (1910), gave a good ac-
count of the variation including ten named forms, of which ab. pallescens
was new. Seven figures were given on the plate, of which none show
the beauty of the fresh coloration: Helvola, catenata, ochrea, unicolor,
sibirica, and ¢ and 9 of the new pallescens. The colour of r. sibirica
is shown of a slightly ochreous pale grey with no trace of the reddish
(purplish) tinge, and with marking absent or only just traceable.

Pie

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BACK VOLUMES OF | oe
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Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXXVI.) Kite

air
Ar PN SS

cet et et

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CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured is
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Double- —
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac- —
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Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—Captures at light—Aberdeenshire ROU
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CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on Ciiehine Abies on hs
VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis- th
ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature— ©
Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth
S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ra
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Anthrocera)—Hybri¢
—Hymenoptera—Life-history of sili hacia derasa, etc., etc., 3h ‘PP.

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By HENRY J. TURNER; F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary.

CONTENTS.

RANDOM NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE, 4. J. Wightman, F.R.E.S. ....c00:. 117

PSYLLIODES NAPI, KOCH, VAR. HIGNETTI, VAR. NOV. (COL. CHRYSOME-’
LIDAE), A VARIETY NEW TO SCIENCE. Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S..,

1 DEE SE CESS SE SUING CIS Rg RE tir pA SIR RE RR ee I RE 120
PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, HUFN., C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.ELS. coccccccceccceeee 121
AP PSYCHID: PROBLEM Hy. J.. Turner, PIRES: FR HS iio icc el 125
HARMODIA (DIANTHOECIA) LEPIDA, ESP. (CARPOPHAGA, BORK.), 4. J.

LSAT SOS Bart aa DES IN CSS aU SL NI Ue taht SLSR NAS oC SE ene sao CAS A RC ERR a 126

' COLLECTING NOTES: Note from North Cumberland, 7. Fred Marriner: Col-

lecting at Light during Moonlight, 4. 7. W.; Heodes phiaeas in the fsle of

an Colonsay, Jack Heslop Harrison: The Occurrence of Miana (Procus) versi-
fact color, Bkh., in Coll, Id.; Maniola jurtina regains its eld ground in Dur-
ham, 7d.; Dianthoecia cucubali, Fuesl., in the Isle of Great Bernera, Id.;:

oy Furthest North for Eumenis semele in Britain, Jd.; Nyssia zonaria subsp.
Panties. Harrison.insthe Eslerol Gunna. Te ei ical coda et ec 1/4 498

Pee meer ope men me sender ere hee spasm mers tbe ever rere es ra sewers ts eeesnsesGar tthe nserver sess eseseessene

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RANDOM NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE. 117

~. RANDOM NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE, lp
Zoology

3. 2320 By A. J. WicuHtman, F.R.E.S. * DEC ig foea ’

CUCULLIA ABSINTHIT, Linn.—In 1938 I had the pleasure ur 4aléiig 8 RY
some full-fed larvae of this species in Dorset.

Apparently this species is not greatly troubled by parasitic flies. At
least none of mine were stung.

Jt appears to average 14 in. full in expanse of forewings when bred
from wild full-fed larvae.

There are two somewhat different forms of wing pattern:

a. Only one dark transverse band reaches inner margin.

b. Both dark transverse bands reach inner margin.

The ground colour varies a good deal. Pale grey and slate-grey
examples occurred, the vast majority of insects being of an intermediate
shade.

"eGR a

LEUCANIA L-ALBUM, Linn.—I have bred this species in bulk and find
there is a very fair amount of variation.

There are several very different shades of ground colour in bred
examples and the markings may be much increased or reduced from
the average, while the /-album mark is in some examples twice as long
as in others. I failed to breed any examples in which this mark is
absent or reduced to a dot (o-album, Milman).

I have selected the following four examples as representative of
what is apparently the ordinary variation one may expect to meet with
when this species is bred in numbers.

A. Ground colour pale bright whitish-ochreous; markings confined
to a dark suffused streak along the median nervure. Some dark shading
on the lower part of outer margin and an acute triangular patch on the
upper part of outer margin. Some small streaks in area of apical patch.
Slight darkened area along inner margin; this is a very yellow looking
example although all these markings, such as they are, are deep brown
tinted grey.

B. Ground colour rather deeper in shade than in A. above. Mark-
ings occupy almost whole area of forewings; the only pale areas being
the costa, a small patch in lower half of basal area, two short pale longi-
tudinal lines in upper part of submarginal area and two longer and
brighter lines along the nervures from the l-albwm mark to the outer
margin; markings in deep hard grey-brown.

This is a dark grey-brown looking insect.

C. Grouna colour pale ochreous-grey ; marking pale grey, very flat,
and without any contrast; /-albuwm mark very short.

This is a very matt-grey looking insect; if faded or worn it would
be nearly unicolorous.

D. Ground colour pale ochreous-brown, marked heavily in red-
brown; short /-album mark, rather wide pale diagonal streak at apex.

This is a warm red-brown insect.

Bred l-album tend to be larger than caught ones. 14 in. expanse of
anterior wings not unusual.

HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA, Schiff.—This species was again about around
the Dungeness area of Kent in 1938 in enormous numbers.

118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1940

I bred several hundred and again failed to get any specially pale
forms.

I did, however, get several which were nearly unicolorous mahogany-
brown and one which is unicolorous blackish-brown.

This species is in some years free or nearly free from the attacks
of parasitic flics. In other years it has been well stung but Dungeness
seems to be an area where it is largely free from attack, while at Gast-
bourne, in Sussex, I have found it to be attacked not only by small
flies but by a large wasp-like species.

From the way in which these larvae feed in company and exposed
one would suspect a much larger number to be stung.

Puusta cHRYSON, Ksper.—This species has in the past been recorded
from various parts of the County of Sussex.

Having had good experience in recent years of finding these larvae
in Hampshire both in the autumn before hibernation and in the spring
when full fed I have tried to use the knowledge so gained to find the
species In Sussex, but without success.

The variation, as far as I can see, is confined to the metallic patch
in forewings which is sometimes more green than gold and sometimes
more gold than green in bred examples; in this the species is like its
congener chrysitis, which also has gold and green patch forms, but, un-
like chrysitis, chryson seems to be otherwise very constant,

AGROTIS VESTIGIALIS, Rott.—This species is easy to take as it emerges
and before it has developed its wings, once the breeding ground is
known.

I have now had a good number of insects through my hands in the
course of the last four or five years, and find that as is the case with
A. cinerea and other allied species each year produces some fresh form
not previously met with in the locality.

It is not surprising to have taken nearly all the forms mentioned
by Tutt, Brit. Noctxae and Vars., Voi. II, 16-20, hut I have also found
in this single locality a number of forms described in recent years from
far distant Continental places, such as albidior, Petersen, olivacea,
Hartig, violascens, Heydemn, and amniensis, Stgr., suggests that the
species produces many forms wherever it occurs and that probably few
forms are confined to special areas. However, I have never found in
the locality I work in Hampshire examples belonging to Tutt’s group D,
page 18, Brit. Noc. and Vars., Vol. II.

HettopHosus opitis, Hb. (wisprpa, Hb.-Gey.). I was lucky enough to
take a nice freshly emerged series of this species by searching in its
haunts during a flying visit to Portland in September 1938, and was
given others taken the same night in a moth trap.

I have for some time had a special desire to find this insect before
it has flown, in order to see if I could detect a violet bloom or tinge,
such as I have been told is present before flight, and also to try and
reconcile the statement in Tutt, British Noctuae, Vol. I. 126, that Port-
land forms are pale (compared with those from Torquay) and the rather
opposite statement by R. P. Demuth quoted by W. Parkinson-Curtis in
Trans. Soc. for British Entomology, Vol. I, Part 2, page 252, that Port--
land forms are dark compared with those from Southants and Studland,

RANDOM NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE. 119

which would suggest a very great difference between Torquay and
South Hants and Studland forms.* The 14 insects taken before they had
flown are very varied in colour and include dark blackish-grey forms,
both with brown-tinged narrow sub-marginal band and the same ground
colour with wide very white sub-marginal band. Many which have
flown and lost scales are of this pattern, but it does occur naturally,
as is proved by the above.

There are also two ab. argentea, Tutt, both gd, and a number of
intermediate forms, all but one of these are ¢ 9.

None of mine is or was violet in the pale areas, but the colouration
of some is such that it is easy to imagine a purplish tint is present,
but a magnifying glass will dispel this idea. The darker markings are
purple-brown, the pale areas ochreous. .

It would, therefore, seem that Portland produces both light and
dark abs:

Mr H. J. Turner, in Noc. and Vars., Vol. I, 126, quotes Count
Turati (Nat. Sicil., Nos. 7-12) as having distinguished three species,
oditis, Hb., hispida, Hb.-Gey., and intermedia, Tutt, chiefly on the
evidence of the differences in the genitalia. This author also says the
fig. of oditis, Seitz, Pal. Noc., III, 29c, is, in fact, hispida and not
oditis, but Dr Zerny has questioned the accuracy of Turati’s findings.

I have seen a note somewhere by Mr Richardson of Portland saying
that he had not noted violet-tinted hispida there until 1889 and had
failed to find any in 1890, so that the violet colour was seasonal. JT
quote this from memory. I cannot trace it now. But it may have been
his fancy. Personally, I should have thought that Seitz, fig. 29c, did
in fact represent our species. It is almost exactly the colour of Torquay
specimens and certainly is not violet on the pale areas as hispida should
be. J am, therefore, disposed to think that the differentiation of our
species as oditis and not hispida is not proved, and that it is at least
possible that oditis and hispida are forms of a single species and that
both forms occur in these islands. Where do the violet marked insects
come from and just how violet are they? Can any one tell me where I
can obtain an example?

Noctua casTANEA, Esp.—This species is very plentiful in the larval
stage around Pulborough, and in late May after a shower of rain after a
sunny day hundreds ot larvae come up to drink, when they may be
taken just after dark on the heather.

I have bred large numbers and find bred examples definitely larger
than those taken wild in spite of the fact that larvae were full fed when
taken. This must in some way be connected with the fact that the
larvae go down in sandy soil and do not pupate until this dries out
(just as with A. ripae).

Wild larvae may be longer getting the right dryness and shrink in
the waiting. This is the only way I can see to account for the larger
size of bred insects.

I found that kept exposed to the sun, the sandy soil soon dried out

*Richardson stated (Proc. Dorset Field Club, XI, 59, 1890) that “ dark and light
forms occur in Portland and figured such forms on his plate (opp. page 47).-—
ALS BAL

120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1940

and pupation took place in June. Kept in covered tins, pupation took
place in August, but when the soil was too damp the larvae died.

All our forms are much alike on the underside, but the upper surtace
of anterior wings may be grey, pinkish-grey, pale pinkish-lilac, dull red,
bright red, deep red.

The reds are in the majority and the pinkish-lilac form the rarest;
the nearest forms I have seen from elsewhere to this colour are from
Aberdeen, but there the colour is more lilac and less pink. ye eee

So far I have failed to find a yellow form, but one red one I bred
had a yellow streak along the left-hand forewing along the inner margin.

PSYLLIODES NAPI, KOCH, VAR, HIGNETTI, VAR. NOV. (COL.
CHRYSOMELIDAE), A VARIETY NEW TO SCIENCE.

By Horace DonistHoree, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc.

Blue, base of antennae and legs yellow, posterior femora black, last
5-6 joints of the antennae blackish. The thorax is furnished with a
distinct tooth at apex of anterior angles, and is covered with fairly close,
small, shallow punctures, the spaces between being distinctly alutaceously
punctured. Elytra with the usual punctured striae. Long, 2.7-3 mm.
Described from seven specimens (six taken by Mr J. Hignett, and one
taken by myself) swept off watercress at Oswestry, Shropshire. Type in
B.M. Coll.

This variety differs from the typical form in the possession of the
tooth to the anterior angles of the thorax. Moreover, in P. napi the
punctures on the thorax are more sparing and not as close together, and
the spaces between are much less alutaceously punctured ; this punctura-
tion being practically wanting in some specimens. On the average napi
is larger, and 6-8 of the last joints of the antennae are blackish.

On Ist June last, when in company with my friend, Mr J. Hignett,
I swept a specimen of a Psylliodes off watercress growing in a small
stream by the side of a road in Oswestry. When set I found it did not
agree with any of the species of Psylliodes in the B.M.; neither in
my own collection, nor in the British and general collections there. Hav-
ing written to Hignett about it, he sent me up six specimens of the form
with the tooth (which agree with mine in every particular), which he
had taken in previous years off watercress (Nasturtium officinale) in this
district, and six specimens of P. napi, which he had swept off hedge mus-
tard (Sitsymbrium. officinale).

It is Just a point whether this insect should be treated as a good
species or not. Perhaps it is safer to describe it as a variety until
more has been learnt about the habits and dissection made of the geni-
talia of freshly captured insects, etc.

I have pleasure in naming it var. hignetti in honour of Mr J. Hignett

who has done, and is doing, such good work with the beetles of Shrop-
shire.

Department of Entomology,
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 24.x.40.

PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, HUFN. 121

PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, HUFN.
By (the late) Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S.
(Plate VIII.)

I would preface my remarks with an apology for the brevity of my
tale about this species, and reminding my readers that I have been so
deeply interested in other kinds of Tails for the last few months, as to
have seriously curtailed my observations on this species.

However, I feel that my readers will bear with me when they reflect
that I have been contributing my little mite to the ‘‘ Tale of Tails ”’
which has so recently been published. [The Genitalia of the Noctuidae
of the British Isles, F. N. Pierce.] Indeed, had it not been for Mr
Prout’s usual kindness and helpfulness, I should feel entirely helpless,
for the common insect, which is my theme, has been strangely neglected
by me.

The type description of Hufnagel’s pruinata reads as follows:
‘“ Phalaena pruinata, Die Reifmotte. Whitish-green, dusted with dark
green, and a white crenulated transverse stripe. In woods. July and
August. Of the second size. Rather rare’’ (Berl. Mag., IV, p. 520,

767). ‘* Second size.’’ (Hufnagel roughly groups the Geometers by
three sizes) = intermediate between large and small.

On p. 625, a note is added :—‘‘ I have sometimes found specimens of
this species which have no green colour, this being replaced in them
by whitish, or even by reddish-grey, but the markings are just the same,
hence I take them to be merely aberrations.’’

Phalaena prasinaria, Fab. (Syst. Ent., p. 626, 1775), not of Hufnagel,
was this species, and has always been recognised as such. The Fabrician
name was retained by Schwarz as recently as 1793, and he figures it as
prasinaria in his work (Beitrage, Pl. IV, figs. 8-9).

Geometra iwmmaculata, Thunberg (Diss. Ent., I, p. 8, 1784).
Werneburg (Beitrage, II, p. 200, 1864) determines this for a small
markingless var. of pruinata, and says that he has himself taken such a
form on the Isle of Sylt. The type specimen of Thunberg is still extant
at Stockholm, and Lampa (Entom. Tidskrift, VI, p. 87) states that this
specimen is not in good condition. At any rate, he says that he cannot
venture to determine the species, but redescribes it, and shows from
the neuration that it cannot be a Pseudoterpna, but should be referred
to Phorodesma, Later, Aurivillius (Nordens. Fjdrilar, p. 198), having also
studied the type specimen, places it in Nemoria, says it is a separate
species, the type specimen remaining unique, and suggests that though
Thunberg supposed it came from Upsala, it may really have been an
accidental introduction. For myself I am content to let mmaculata go,
whether as a synonym, aberration or variety of pruinata, or as a distinct
species.*

The variation noticed in Staudinger’s Catalog. (1901) is as follows :—

1. Ab. (et var.) agrestraria, Duponchel is defined thus: ‘‘ al. ant.
unicolor. viridibus, tantum antice albo-strigatis,’’ which, being trans-

*Prout-Seitz have determined this as a form of Phorodesma smaragdaria, IV, 27.
But in IV, Supp., 219 (1938) it was definitely determined as = chrysoprasaria,
Esp. = vernaria, Hb.

122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1940

lated, reads: Forewings unicolorous green, lined with white (or white
lines on the costa).

‘The British Museum Collection,’’ writes Mr Prout, ‘‘ has a pretty,
almost white 9 from Dantzic,’’ thus labelled. It is in exquisite condi-
tion (?bred) and certainly not solely a discoloured specimen. The lines
and discal mark are normal. The sub-terminal, faintly discernible, be-
ing clearer white. A Dantzic 3 would also belong to the same form,
though slightly more tinted with green, and one or two more, without
precise locality (‘‘ Europe ’’) are mixed in the series.

2. Var. simplex, Alphéraky.*

3. Var. virellata, Krulikowsky (Soc. Hnt., XXIII, p. 11 (1908)),
described from Eastern Russia as ‘‘ lazger, darker, more unicolorous, or
less speckled with white than the type.”’

T have not myself been very happy in my dealings with the species—
although so common and generally distributed. I have, therefore, reason
to thank Messrs Harrison and Main for the opportunity of examining
the very fine series which they bred, and noting the various forms
exhibited by the 37 specimens to the best of my ability.

a. Forewing pale bluish-green; the two transverse lines darker. The
SUbpbeTMma. Mies Dale: scene ee ean eee ee ee 5 specimens.
H.w. central dark line and discal lunule; subterminal line pale.

b. Darker, bluish-green. The two transverse lines darker, enclosing
datker hands}! sasren Se pci: eels dade ae a eee 8 specimens.

A banded specimen was sold at Machin’s sale and, with 5 smarag-
daria, brought £2. Entom., 1895, p. 132.

Mr Nicholson records the capture in Epping Forest of another
banded specimen, Hnt. Record, 1895, p. 68. One does not know the
extent of this aberration and is unable to compare the specimens
with those in Harrison and Main’s series.

ec. Almost unicolorous blue green.
1. With pale subterminal line.
2. Without pale subterminal line.
' d. Almost unicolorous dark green.
1. With pale subterminal line.
2. Without pale subterminal line.

seiityd 8 i HES EAS) 21 Nemr: ales Sete tel Sabie Dus aay Sion ORR RAR LE UR 3 specimens.

f. Diseoidal cell comparatively pale.

Besides these forms, which I think include all that I have observed,
I find certain others recorded.

g. Brown. Bred by Mr Goulton, from Ranmore (Entom., 1905, p. 30).
Rich yellow-brown. Bred by the Rev. E. Tarbat, from Mortehoe,
Devon (Entom., 1905, p. 318).
Brown. Taken by Mr Cockerell at light at Chislehurst, 13.vii.83
(Entom., 1885, pp. 20-56).
Arkle (Entom., 1889, p. 292) refers to the idea that this brown
colour is brought about by emergence in wet weather, and Cockerell

*A species, Prout-Seitz.

PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, HUFN. 123

(Entom., 1889, p. 3) says, ‘‘ We know that the green pigment in
Geometra papilionaria is first brown, and in Pseudoterpna pruinata
the final change to green frequently does not occur, producing the
well-known brownish form of the species.”’

h. Unusually green. Taken by Mr Heasler in the New Forest. It
would be interesting to know whether this specimen is still in exist-
ence. The intensification of the green is not unusual in the
“Emerald ”’ group.

i. Blue. Major Robertson records (Entom., 1893, p. 132; Hnt. Record,
1893, p. 48) the capture of some ‘‘ quite blue ”’ specimens at or near
Swansea. No further information is given as to whether the speci-
mens were pure blue—as appears to be implied—or only blue-green.
This appearance of blue in the ‘‘ Emeralds ’’ is quite usual; there
appears to be a bluish form of most of the species.

j. Grey. Pseudoterpna coronillaria.*

As I have remarked before, I must for the present leave the division or
separation of these forms or aberrations for further study.

But for convenience, I transcribe Meyrick’s description, which I
consider correct and as concise as can be needed.

‘“ Head, white mixed with green, face black. Forewings dull green,
sprinkled with white, first and second lines dark green, waved, irregular,
subterminal line cloudy whitish, a darker green, discal mark, tips of
cilia whitish. Huindwings as forewings but paler, more whitish basally,
markings more indistinct, first line absent, termen rounded.’’ I would
add that, as is so usual, the lines vary much from mere dotted threads
to distinct waved bands. and that the outer dark line in waving invades
the outer margin and tends to throw out dark lines along the nervures.

P. pruinata is another species in which the pattern of the forewings
is more or less continued on the lower wings. The outer dark line is
generally distinctly continued, and there is generally a similar darker
discal mark. The whitish subterminal line is also when present on the
forewings also found on the lower. I have remarked with some surprise
how clearly the outer dark line is shown on the underside.

When dealing with ‘‘ Emeralds,’’ it is always necessary to speak
about the fading. I have three ancient specimens of pruinata, which
will, I think, convince the greatest sceptic that this species does not
fade to a brown or yellow.

The larva is said to be described by E. Newman in the Entomologist
(1865, p. 223). But one notices that he does not republish the descrip-
tion in his British Moths, so I give Meyrick’s description: ‘‘ Larva
green, white spotted, dorsal line darker, subdorsal pale yellowish-green,
spiracular rosy-white, purple edged beneath, with a branch down the
third leg. Head and second segment bicuspidate, tips dark red.”’

Edward Newman gives the oval period at 15 days, and I have a note
of 11 days. The only food plants I can find recorded are Genista anglica,
Furze and Broom, though one would expect the larvae to take to allied
species. As a rule the young larvae hibernate, but I find one record of
a larva feeding up bagged in the open, and producing an imago on
6th September (Taylor, Entomologist, 1896, p. 315). Normally the larvae

*A species, Prout-Seitz, IV, 14.

124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XT /1940

lie up when, I suppose, in the third instar, and begin feeding again in
late April or early May. They pupate in a slight cocoon amongst the
twigs of the food-plant, or even upon the ground. Mr Bell,
proving the response of the pupae to these surroundings, exhibited at
one society’s meeting, 5th June, 1894, three pupae, one of a greenish
tint, the larva having spun up in a leaf; one suffused with very dark
grey, the larva having pupated in a cocoon on the surface of the earth;
the third, normal (?), although the larva had mingled particles of earth
in its cocoon.

The imago appears from the end of June right on into August (17th,
Mucking; 21st, Newlyn, Penzance). I have found no second brood re-
cord of the wild insect. It flies at dusk, comes persistently to light and
even to sugar. This is my experience, and it is recorded by Mr L. S.
Hodson (N.F., Entom., 1904. p. 119).

It appears to be generally distributed, if not always common, through-
out Britain. Meyrick says: ‘‘ Britain to the Clyde—Ireland, rather
common.’’ JT have found records from Kirkcudbrightshire, Isle of Man,
Kerry, North and South Wales, North Cornish coast, Mortehoe, North
Devon, South Dorset, Co. Cork, Ashdown Forest, Hawick, Mucking,
and S.E. London.

The egg, Figs. I and IT, which is laid upon the food-plant, or as one
observer says, even upon the grass leaves growing amongst the food-
plant (J. H. Burnett, Hnt. Record, 1898, p. 229) is as usual in this
group. (My measurements are .66 x .45 mm., oval and flattened.)
T have not detected the micropyle. It is covered with the roughly hexa-
gonal sculpturings, which in this species appear to contain an irregular
ornamentation of dots, Fig. III. When freshly laid the ege is dark,
becoming darker before the emergence of the larva.

The young larva upon emergence (Fig. IV) is pale yellow. It
measures 1.9 x .283 mm. Whether T have kept my specimens too long,
and whatever may be the cause, I found the greatest possible difficulty
in making out its characteristics. JI cannot even detect anything par-
ticularly instructive except that the subsegments (a) are unusually dis-
tinct and appear to intersect the lateral flange, which is here broken up
and shows transversely to the body. Each segment appears to exhibit a
more or less circular enclosed space alongside but not encircling the
spiracle, and lying between the sub-segmental ridges. There are no
special organs—for the attachment of covering materials—and the hairs
whether tubercular or not are small and difficult to distinguish. They
appear, however, to belong to the more or less bulbed form, but squared
off at the top, which feature I have scarcely done justice to in my draw-
ing. I have drawn the first abdominal segment, Fig. V, to a larger
scale in order to make my remarks about the sub-segmental arrangements
plainer. It will here be seen how the lateral flange (b) is broken up or
modified by the transverse ridges. I have also represented the anal seg-
ments, Fig. VI, on a larger scale to show the presence of the sub-anal
organ (c), which TI introduced to notice in my paper on Jodis lactearia.

The tactile hairs upon the second thoracic (d) and eight abdominal (e)
are very distinct.

The bifurcations of the head and first thoracic segment are not very
distinct at this stage, but in the anal segments are quite extensively

A PSYCHID PROBLEM. 125

developed. My Figure VII represents the young larva well-developed in
the second instar and quite arrived at its adult form. Again the hairs
are small and not remarkable, still retaining the truncated bulbed shape.
The two exquisitely fine tactile hairs (f) upon the first thoracic segment
which we observed in the larva of Jodis lactearia are again in evidence,
while the second and third thoracic also have single and coarser hairs
of the same description. J appear to have missed that upon the eighth
abdominal—if it exists.

There are now distinct bifurcations of the head and first thoracic
segments—the cleft being deep and well marked. Fig. VIII.

The drawing of the first abdominal segment, Fig. IX, gives an impres-
sion of the general appearance. The granules, or spicules, are again re-
presented (g), but are much smaller and more insignificant than in any
species before examined. Moreover, they appear to be more or less
yellow, instead of, as usual, pure white. These, I imagine, produce the
lateral stripes of the larva.

I have drawn Fig. X, a portion of the dorsal margin of my specimen,
to show how markedly this differs from the irregular plates of Nemoria
viridata and the special and tabular elevations of Iodis lactearia. I
regard the clear semi-circles (h) upon the margin itself as side-views of
some of these yellow spots, and as such contributing to the subdorsal
line. And this view is supported by my drawing of a portion of the
spiracular region of the first abdominal segment, Fig. XI. These spots,
under higher amplification, appear to be (1) irregular circles of highly
transluscent and thickened chitin, in the centre of each of which lies a
slightly opaque spot.

T have not carried my investigation of the larvae further than this.

A PSYCHID PROBLEM.
By Hy. J. Torsne, #7R.E.S.,. hR-E.S.

Sometime before his death, Rev. C. R. N. Burrews handed me the
following notes appertaining to his study of the Psychides.

It may be remembered that in his early youth he was practically an
invalid and went out to the Cape to collect Lepidoptera and for health
reasons. The results of his stay in the Colony were published in the
Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., December 1875, ‘‘ On a collection of Lepi-
doptera from Southern Africa, with new Genera and Species,”’ by A. G.
Butler, F.L.S., ete.

One of the descriptions of new species was that of a supposed Psychid
to which the name Cryptothelea tuckert, n. sp. was given.

Mr Burrows note was as follows :—

‘‘ IT captured the specimen on the inside of a shop window in West
Street, Durban, on March 10th, 1875, just before my return. JI was
struck by its resemblance, although on a larger scale, to our Epichno-
pteryx pulla (radiella), but had not at that time come across so large a
species. I, perhaps naturally, considered it a Psychid. I deposited my
South African captures at the British Museum on my return to Eng-

‘land the same year. A. G. Butler, it is shown by the paper quoted,

126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1940

adopted my opinion, accepting it as a Psychid. When at the Museum
at different times I have had a look at the specimen, which for a time
stood alone. Later I found that it had been joined by several others,
and by females. These proved to be fully winged, and as far as my
memory serves, resembled the females of Zeuzera. I naturally foresaw
a modification of Butler’s decision, but am unable to find a record of
such. I should be very glad to be informed as to what has been done in
the matter, as it trenches upon my enquiry as to the affinities of the
Psychidae. The placing of the genera Cossus, Zeuzera, etc., at the end
of the Tineina, may be connected with this question, and perhaps con-
firm my suspicions that this may be the true relationship of the

Psychides.-—C io Ny Bs

Subsequent to receiving the above note I visited the Museum and
with the help of Mr West and the remarkably correct and perfect
Museum records the actual specimen, was found under the name Metar-
bela tuckeri, Btlr., with the subsequently obtained females from Natal.
Tt was not a Psychid, but had been placed between the Psychids and the
Cossids in the Fam. Teragridae (Arbelidae).

One would like to know upon what basis the present position was
arrived at.

HARMODIA (DIANTHOECIA) LEPIDA, ESP, (CARPOPHAGA,
BORK.).

By A. J. WicutTman, F.R.E.S.

T have recently rearranged the material I have bred from the county
of Sussex and the adjoining area of Dungeness, Kent, during the last
20 years, and the following notes are an attempt to give an idea of the
variation occurring in these areas.

The species is plentiful in many localities, especially on the coast
and among the downs, and is easy to breed from ova or small wild larvae,
while in some areas the pupa may be dug during the winter.

The variation is so great that I am only able to deal with it in a very
general way.

The forms vary from examples marked as, or as much as, in the
typical form through a number of less heavily marked forms to examples
in which the markings are largely absent.

In all forms the true ground colour is either white, pale ochreous, or
ochreous.

The markings vary in colour from palest ochreous through yellow,
reddish-ochreous and brown to deep hard brown, and from palest grey
through many phases to deep slate. All Sussex browns are rather hard,
due probably to some grey in the make up.

Normally the markings in any given example are of one colour in
various shades, but in some cases several colours are found in the same
insect.

From first to last I have never found, in Sussex, examples which
agree exactly with the deep ochreous brown forms which are normal in
parts of Devon, or the grey-brown forms from Wales (capsophila or
capsophila-like) : our colours are as deep, but not of the same shade.

a

a ee ee

‘

HARMODIA (DIANTHOECIA) LEPIDA, ESP. (CARPOPHAGA, BORK.). 127
I have divided the Sussex material into the following groups :—

A. Marked as in the typical form (‘‘ dark ochreous, mottled with
darker ’’).

B. Marked as in the typical form, but central facia darker than rest
of wing, giving a slightly banded appearance.

C. Marked as in the typical form, but markings less heavy (dense) and
so more true ground colour showing, giving a variegated appear-
ance.

D. As above, but the markings reduced to skeleton form, the ground
colour much in evidence.

K. Certain areas of wing devoid or almost devoid af markings, and
bars in cilia and dots on outer margin absent, giving the insect a
most specialized appearance.

This last Group, E, is the only Sussex one of which I propose to give
further detailed description.

El. Marking apparently entirely absent, but under a lens slight mark-
ings are seen to be present in a shade of colour hardly deeper than
ground colour.

E2. Only markings outlines of reniform and orbicular, dot representing
claviform. Three longitudinal wedge-shaped marks in area of sub-
marginal and oblique mark on the costa in apical patch region.

EK3. As above, but fine lines representing the inner and outer lines
present.

F4. As above, but inner and outer lines now strongly marked and heavy.

E5. As above, but whole area between inner and outer lines deeper in
shade than ground colour (pale band).

K6. As above, but band now in sharp contrast to inner and outer areas

(dark band).

K7. As above, but some mottling on inner and outer areas, the only
unmarked area being submarginal and cilia.

E5 and K6 differ more than in depth of colour contrast. E5 has dark
markings of central facia enveloped in pale shading, which is itself
much deeper than ground colour. EK6 has an almost solid and one-colour
dark central band.

The greatest contrast is in examples with white ground colour, when
band may be red-brown or grey-brown. In examples with ochreous
ground colour, the dark band is usually pale purple-brown.

Examples belonging to all the Sussex groups occur in all localities
in the county, but some localities are specially prolific in the more
striking forms (Group E).

The only area I can deai with out of Sussex is that of Dungeness, as
I lack the necessary material from other areas.

From what I have seen in other hands I imagine that, while few
areas give anything like as wide a range as Sussex, variation in this
species is very great in many other areas, where many forms not found
in Sussex occur.

128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X1/1949

In the Dungeness area of Kent, a most peculiar form occurs. In its
most highly marked examples it is very similar in appearance to typical
lepida, but it produces many ill-marked forms in which the true mark-
ings are similar in quantity and design to the Sussex Group E, but
here the areas, which in the Sussex specimens would exhibit the ground
colour (white, pale ochreous, or ochreous), are much peppered with the
finest possible atoms in grey, greenish-grey, or metallic bronze. Those
with white true ground colour are silvery in appearance, those with
pale ochreous ground colour appear greenish, while the ochreous ground
colour examples appear golden.

Another peculiarity of this group is the fact that the central area
is never darker than the rest of the wing and is often the palest area.
An opposite tendency to that found in Sussex. Also in this group the
cilia bars and dots on outer margin are strongly marked. There is no
tendency to obsolescence as in Sussex, Group E.

I always find reference to published figures helpful, and so give the
following :—

Ed. Newman’s British Moths, page 385.

Fig. 1. If the dark shading on and from costa, the veins and the
line along outer margin be deleted, this figure is a good one of K2 Group
with white ground colour.

Fig. 3. If the area from submarginal to outer margin were free
from any shading or marking this would represent E7 with white ground
colour, but if this figure were without the shading in basal and outer
areas it would represent K6.

Fig. 4. If central fascia a little darker it would belong to Group B.

Figs. 2 and 5 belong to Group A.

South’s Moths of British Isles, Vol. I, Plate 124, Fig. 9, represents
a Group B form with less than usual contrast.

Fig. 10 represents a Group C form.

Seitz Palaearctic Noctuae, Vol. III, Plate 17.

Fig. i—1, 2, 3 and 4. Group A (typically marked).

Fig. 5. A small example of E3 with pale ochreous ground colour.
Usually in these forms the markings are sharp and clear and much
darker than in this figure.

Fig. 6. If this were peppered with fine bronze coloured atoms and
the markings proper, more in contrast to ground colour, and the cilial
bars present and strong, it would come near the Dungeness form, of
which IT have never seen an illustration.

COLLECTING NOTES.

Note rrom NortH CuMBERLAND.—1940 has in some respects been a
wonderful season in this Easton area. Sunday, 12th August, was an
outstanding day. We had friends from Tyneside and went for a stroll
in the afternoon. It was a fine, hot day, and in a dip of the road we
saw on the wide road verges 12 peacock (i0) butterflies, 5 cardui, dozens
of phlaeas, wall (megera), whites (Pierids), and small tortoiseshell
(urticae). It was a wonderful sight for Cumberland. V. io has been, I

ee |

COLLECTING NOTES. 129

believe, unknown here for over 20 years, and cardui is very rarely met
with. We have had a good season for Lepidoptera though Huchloé car-
damines was rather scarce, and I never came across the common blue.
The Red Admiral (atalanta) was late and not so numerous as usual.
I saw the small blue (minima) twice. This and io are new to my Easton
List. The water ermine (Spiiosomu urticae) turned up again in the
same place in which the caterpillar was found last year. Hemiptera
have been plentiful. Picromerus bidens, the. Shield bug, was common
all over the area, and Tettigonia viridissima, L. and Euacanthus nervosus,
L., both scarce in former years, were got commonly when sweeping.
Sirex gigas, the ‘‘ wood wasp ”’ was again plentiful in the Border weods.
I have quite a lot of Hymenoptera as yet unidentified, together with
numerous Diptera. I had almost forgotten to add Hipparchus papilion-
aria (the ‘‘large emerald moth’’) to my list. Curiously enough, Coleop-
tera have not been found in numbers and I do not think I have taken
anything new to the area. Chorthippus bicolor was the commonest grass-
hopper, and two Alewrodidae—Aleurodes rubicola and A. phillyrae—were
fairly common.—T. FRED MaARRINER.

CoLLecTING at LigHT puRING MooniicgHt.—On 30th and 31st May
1939, I went to my cinerea ground, in spite of a full clear moon, to search
for Qs. I put a lamp and sheet at dusk and then began my search.
I was amazed on returning to the sheet to find that although the full
clear moon made night almost like day ¢ cinerea were coming ireely to
the light. The time was 11.30-0.30 (suimmer time); the weather was
calm and, for a moonlight night in May, very warm—49°.—A. J. W.

HODES PHLAEAS IN THE ISLE oF CoLtonsay.—For many seasons I have
collected Lepidoptera in the Inner and Outer Hebrides, but never until
this year have I seen the ‘‘ Small Copper ”’ on any of them. However,
whilst studying the Flora of Colonsay during September, I captured a
single example near Scalasaig. This, I believe, supplies the first record
of the specics from any Hebridean island, either Outer or Inner. The
only other species of Lepidoptera noted were larvae of Bombyx rubi,
which really swarmed, and of Acronicta rwmicis, which occurred spar-
ingly.—Jack Hestop Harrison, Gavarnie, Birtiey, Cc. Durham.

THE OccURRENCE or Miana (PRocUS) VERSICOLOR, BKH., IN CoLL.—
In the February number (page 19) of the Entomologist’s Record I drew
attention to the fact that I had captured specimens of this species in
the Isle of Raasay in 1935-6. Although the bulk of the examples taken
by myself and others occurred at rush flowers, odd individuals were
found on ragwort. At that time I was unable to report the occurrence
of the species in any other Hebridean island. This year, however, my
father, Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison, secured an additional ex-
ample, also from ragwort, near Arinagour on the Isle of Coll.

In connection with this, I should like to draw attention to a paper
in the Entomologist (Voi. Ixxin, March 1940) entitled ‘‘ A New British
Noctuid: Procus versicolor Bkh.’? May I point out that this species
was not then new to the British list as my specimens had already been
recorded: (1) in 1937 in the Proceedings of the University Philosophical!
Society, Vol. x, page 314, (2) in 1940 in the Ent. Record, Vol. lii, page

130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1940

19? Both of these records antedated Dr de Worms’ record, the former
by three years. Further, I should lke to emphasize the fact that my
father supplied the necessary references to pertinent continental litera-
ture. The failure to note my previous captures, and the earlier record,
seems difficult to understand, as all the persons concerned had been
supplied with copies of the 1937 paper.—Jack HeEstop Harrison.

MaNIOLA JURTINA REGAINS ITs OLD GRouND In DurHAM.—When I
first began to take an interest in the Lepidoptera, this species failed
entirely in large areas in North and Mid Durham, although it still
occurred on the coast. Gradually, however, it began to appear as
isolated individuals in stations where, my father assured me, it had
once possessed strongholds. This year, it has been observed in large
numbers in habitats, well worked in the past, where it certainly was
not to be taken by collectors who worked these counties forty years
ago, when many of our then-existing grass-feeding butterflies began to
show signs of decadence.—JAack HeEstor Harrison.

DIANTHOECIA CUCUBALI, FUESL., IN THE ISLE oF GREAT BERNERA.—
Owing to the fact that there are several Bernerays and Berneras in
the Outer Hebrides, it is necessary to point out that the present Bernera
is that lying to the west of the Isle of Lewis. In July 1939 Dr W. A.
Clark and myself camped on Great Bernera to work its Flora when, in-
cidentally, I also collected Insecta. Late one evening a specimen of
the present species flew into our tent, thus providing the second Outer
Hebridean record. The first recorded capture was made by my brother.
Dr G. Heslop Harrison, in Mingulay in 1937.—Jack Hrstop Harrison.

FurtHEst NortH ror HUMENIS SEMELE IN Britatn ?—In 1937 I spent
a considerable time investigating the Flora and Fauna of Sutherland-
shire, when I camped out near Durness on the northern coast, no great
distance from Cape Wrath. There magnificent sand dunes occur which
I feel certain will produce much more than my limited efforts secured.
The most interesting butterfly I captured was Humenis semele, which
flew in small numbers with a fine form of Maniola jurtina and occa-
sional Pieris brassicae and Aglais urticae.—Jack Hestor Harrison.

NyYSsIA ZONARIA SUBSP. ATLANTICA, HARRISON, IN THE ISLE OF GUNNA.—
Last year I recorded this interesting race of Nyssia zonaria from seve-
ral new stations in various islands in the north of the ‘‘ Long ”’ Island.
This season (1940) one of our parties observed larvae on Gunna. Gunna
is a peculiar island, famous for its grazing (and its wild birds!) lying
between Coll and Tiree. It is broken into two distinct ecological divi-
sions, one wholly heather moorland and the other providing extensive
sand dunes. In spite of careful sweeping, no larvae were found in the
former area, all being restricted to the mats of Lotus corniculatus found
growing amongst the dunes. This is the more surprising as in some of
the Islands, for instance, on the Isle of Rhum, the species passes to the
moorlands, and may be found in such areas up to a considerable height

as on Ard Nev and Ruinsival, in the latter case reaching 1300 feet

above sea level.—Jack Hegstorp Harrison.

——————

CURRENT NOTES. 131

CURRENT NOTES,

The Short Notes in our present number, in answer to our appeals, we
gratefully welcome. Other Notes have just come in and we hope that
many readers will furnish such for each number during the coming year.

The South London Entomological and N.H. Society has cancelled its
Annual Exhibition but wishes to obtain particulars from all those, who
would have exhibited, so that there may be no break in the yearly re-
cords of varieties and important captures. Last year the records were
published in this magazine and subsequently in the Transactions of the
Society. In the circular just issued by the Society it is stated that ‘‘ it
is hoped to do the same again.’’ Details of these proposed exhibits can
be sent to Mr H. G. Denvil (Minuting Secretary), 4 Warwick Road,
Coulsdon, Surrey, or to Mr S. G. Castle-Russell, ‘‘ Cotswold,’’ Forest
Gardens, Lyndhurst, Hants. The latter gentleman will again prepare
the matter for publication.

May we again ask for short notes from our subscribers’ note books,
memories, collections, observations, any special characteristics of their
own locality, comparisons of localities, etc., etc. Also ‘‘ Current Notes ”’
of interest to others.

The Royal Entomological Society of London issued in September the
second portion of its usual yearly output. Parts 5-14, completing the
Transactions for the year, comprise over 600 pages with numerous plates
and a large number of text figures. Parts 7-9 of the Proceedings, A,
General Entomology, 32 pages; and Proceedings, B, Taxonomy, 52 pages,
contain the chief items in the routine work of the Society’s activities
up to mid-September.

The outstanding Memoir is that by Dr Roger Verity, ‘‘ Revision of
the athalia group of the genus Melitaea, Fb., 1807 (Nymphalidae),’’ 112
pp., with 14 pits. There are 253 figs. of imagines on 9 plates and 90 figs.
of genitalia on 5 plates. For years Dr Verity has been working at this
group. Readers of this magazine will recall an article he wrote for us
on this group in 1930 pointing out various facts and errors which had
been corrected by careful examination of the structure of the genitalia.
In his general remarks he writes, ‘‘ The male genitalia afford in no way
always an infallible method of determining single specimens or of dis-
tinguishing between groups of races. As a rule they do so, but there are
species and races which constitute exceptions.’’ ‘‘ They must not be
considered without reference to the other organs of the insect and the
evidence which can be drawn from these and biological data.’’

The opinion of Dr Verity that there are comparatively few cases to
which the term ‘‘ subspecies ’’ can be applied is quite in accord with our
own view. This term has been grossly misapplied in the past on the
most meagre evidence, often based on the few or very few examples of a
species found in a restricted locality, it may be an oceanic island.
Whereas the term ‘‘ race ’’ adequately designates any colony, which may
contain examples with some special facies not found in other colonies,
local populations, or ‘‘ races.’’

~The author is very definite in his dealing with the terms ‘‘ race ”’

* and -“ subspecies.’? He writes, ‘‘ I continue to use the term

132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15; X1/1940

‘race’ em-

ployed in my previous papers to designate the variations, which have
-been recorded in the general, average, aspect of populations from

-» different regions or localities, not because | am convinced it defines at

all exactly the nature of those variations in the hereditary sense, sini-
larly to the one of ‘ breed’ usually attributed to it, but because the
term ‘ subspecies,’ used in the more recent original descriptions and in
the latest catalogues, seems to me still less appropriate in the great
majority of cases. A few of these populations are, no doubt, really
species in the making, as the meaning of ‘ subspecies’ should imply, but
many are, no less certainly, of a totally different nature, which has
nothing to do with hereditary differences, and with sterility iter se,
necessarily connected with the tendency to specific distinctness, if the
term ‘ species’ is to have any definite meaning.’’

This remark suggesting that the genitalic structure should not be the
dominating factor (although a strong factor) in the determination of
specific distinction is a most reasonable statement. The genital struc-
ture must be looked upon as only one of the biologic factors, and not wor-
shipped as the only criterion by which species can be separated with
absolute certainty.

Thirteen species are recorded as members of this Group :—

Melitaea pacifica, Vrty. Transbaikal.

M. ambigua, Ménét. Japan, Amur.

M. deione, Geyer. S. Europe.

M. athalia, Rott. Europe, etc.

M. coreae, Vrty. Corea.

M. mayi, Gndr. Alberta.

M. britomartis, Assm. S.E. Europe, Russia, Asia, Amur.
: . parthenia, Bork. Alps, etc.

9. M. veronicae, Dorfm. Styria.

10. M. asteria, Freyer. Alps.

11. M. parthenoides, Keferst. Alps, Pyrenees, Spain.
12. M. alatawca, Stdgr. Alatau.

13. M. varia, H.-S. Alps.

ND OF oo NO

oe)
=

Each of these species is dealt with in detail with all the ‘‘ races ”’

hitherto recorded. No less than fifty-three ‘‘ races’’ are accorded to
M. athalia above, arranged in three sections, which are again divided
up into groups, and even sub-groups. The figures for the most part
are from examples in his own collection. To M. athalia 93 figures of
imagines and 37 figures of the genitalia are given. The figures are all
very good indeed and will be of the greatest use to students who come
after.

Dr C. B. Williams presents the second part of ‘‘ Analysis of Four
Years Captures of Insects in a Light Trap,’’ of which the first part was
in the Transactions for 1939. The matter is largely statistical and deals
with ‘‘ The effect of weather conditions on insect activity.’? Some of
the statistics are astounding. We read ‘‘ The number caught per night
varied from zero on many nights in the winter months to a maximum
of approximately 73,000 on one night at the end of June 1935. There
were, however, only 13 occasions when the catch was over 10,000 insects
and these were all in 1935 and 1936.’’

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (253)

Foxoa0

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 79, plt. 58, f. 15 (1914), gave a good figuiee Compa
the dull reddish am with Tete = rasciae, helvola, L. Ke "zoology fs ‘

Barrett’s remarks on the Variation are :— DEC It 4940

‘Rather variable in the tint of the transverse bands and centraé RAR
shade, paler to rust-red, darker to very deep purple-red; and in the
colour of the central portion of the hindwings from smoky-whiite to
smoky-black. In S. Yorkshire this becomes of a dull uniform reddish-
buff, of coarse texture, and with only faint traces of the usual beautiful
transverse bands; yet even in this district well-marked individuals
sometimes occur, and farther north, in Cumberland and in both the east
and west of Scotland, the normal borillaaie colouring of the bands is re-
sumed or even exceeded. Specimens also occur in which the ground
colour has a more yellow tint, even almost to pale yellow.”’

He records an example ‘‘ Of this shade, but with the transverse
bands pale purple.”’

Hoffman, Schim. Stierm., IL], 148 (1915), after discussing the various
forms speaks of the variation: ‘‘ Other unnamed forms are somewhat
paler or darker than the typical form with more or less strongly em-
phasized dark markings. The beautiful brown-red of the fresh insect
disappears in the dried example.’’

‘‘ Examples with particularly dark marginal area, discal area, and
basal area I have seen from Guggenbach.’’

The Names and Forms dealt with are :—

helwola, L. (1758), Sys. Nat., 184.

rufina, L. (1761), Fn. S., 1142.

catenata, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV, 327, plt. 123, 1.

ab. punica, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 637.

r. stbirica, Stdgr. (1882), Stett. e. Ztg., XLII, 46 [See Tutt, l.c., IV,
App. |.

ab. pallae, Greg.-Robs. (1888), Young Nat., TX, 122.

ab. ochrea, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 163.

ab. unicolor, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. fuga, Tutt: (1892), t.c:

ab. cinnamomea, Fuchs. (1903), Soc. Ent., XVIII, 3.

ab. extincta, Splr. (1907), Schm. EFur., I, 249.

ab. uniformis, Splr. (1907), l.c.

ab. pallescens, Warr.-Stz. (1910), Pal. Noct., III, 152, plt. 37 g

v. cinerea, Obthr. (1918), Lep. Comp., XVI, 118, plt. 493, f. 4088.

Tutt dealt with (1) helvola, the dull reddish with three dark fasciae;
(2) rufina (catenata), bright red, with fasciae distinct (purplish); (3)
punica, ochreous, with dark purplish bands; (4) wntcolor, dull reddish,
indistinct fascia, almost unicolorous; (5) ochrea, ochreous, with greenish
tinge and reddish fasciae; (6) rufa, bright red, fascia indistinct, almost
unicolorous ; (7) stbirica, paler and lighter, forewing yellowish ; (8) pallae,
pale straw colour, indistinct bands, almost unicolorous. ;

' Tutt gave the Orig. Descrip. of r. sibirica, Stdgr., in the Appendix
to Vol. IV.

Of the form Hampson said, Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 482 (1906), ‘‘ Paler,

forewing yellowish.’’? Altai, W. Turkestan.

oe

(254) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1940

ab. cinnamomea, Fuchs., Soc. Ent., XVIII, 3 (1903).

Orig. Derscrip.—‘‘ Forewing uniform cinnamon-red with no em-
phasized markings. A strong colour aberration, which is distinguished
from other helvola by its very cinnamon-red, bright forewings. Only
slight traces of the markings are present, which the red colour of the
uniform characteristic has not altered.’’

ab. extincta, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 249 (1907).
Oric. Drescrirp.—‘‘ The marking can be almost obsolete.’’

ab. untformis, Splr., Schm. Ewr., I, 249 (1907).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Forms occur with markings almost run together
but very indistinct and without differentiation in colour from either the
central or the marginal area.”’

ab. pallescens, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 151 (1910).

LM te beees|| 2 oo mers ae)

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Specimens from Amasia, though reddish in a few
cases, mostly 2 2, are generally much paler than European, dull brown-
ish or ochreous-grey, with indistinct or obsolete markings; in particular
the hindwings are much whiter with the grey and rufous suffusions
usually shghter and more restricted in area.’’

var. cinerea, Obthr., Lep. Comp., XVI, 118 (1918).

Fie.—l.c., plt. 493, f. 4088.

Ortc. Descrip.—‘: The forewings above are unicolorous and without
markings; the coloration varies from brick-red to ashy-grey.’? Algeria.

The figure has two transverse lines of deeper grey and thus is not
unicolorous without markings.

Anchocelis, Gn. (1852), Newm. [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25),
almost all authors: Amathes, Hb. (1821), Hamp., South, Warr.] pista-
cina, Fb. = lychnidis, (Schiff.) Fab.

This species was first indicated by Schiff. in the Verz. (1775), lych-
nidis, L, 5, on p. 76, and pistacina, M, 1, on p. 77, but without any
description. Fab., Mant., II (1787), gave inadequate descriptions of
both, on p. 146 and p. 175 respectively. In fact, Bork., Naturg., IV, p.
598, lychnidis, and p. 523, pistacina, gave the first adequate descriptions.
However, Fb. must be considered the prior author. Although his de-
scriptions were very meagre they were descriptions, and the first, hence
we have lychnidis, (Schiff.) Fab., and pistacina, (Schiff.) Fab.

Early authors made several species from diverse forms of this insect ;
all but the two main forms were gradually absorbed into these two,
lychnidis and pistacina. Among early post-Linnaean lepidopterists a
tenet of their nomenclature was that the typical form must be a ¢
(teste janira versus jurtina of Linn.), and as the pistacina form was
considered to be ¢ and the lychnidis 9, although lychnidis was first de-
scribed at the end of the last century, the ¢ pistacina form was taken
as the typical one just as the ¢ janira, although not the prior named
form of the species in each case. Thus we have Tr. treating lychnidis

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (255)

as a var. of pistacina in Vol.-V of his Schm. d’Eur. in 1825, among other
similar cases. It is only quite recently that the principle of priority in
nomenclature has become generally apparent and we get such amend-
ments as this.

Tutt, British Noct., II, 164 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 63 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 341, plt. 227 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., Ted., 206 (1901):
Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 475 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 250, plt. 46,
12 a, b (1907): South, M.B.J., Il, 16, plt. 9, 3-6 (1908): Warr.-Stz.,
Pal. Noct., III, 150, plt. 36 k and 37 a, b (1910): Culot, N. ef G., I (2),
81, plt. 54, 1-6 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 123 (1928).

Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV (1), 5224, plt. 156, 1-6, 157, 23 (1788-?).
The first three ¢ and ° of each species (form) are quite recognizable and
distinct, serena, rwbetra and canaria; the last, schoenobaena, 157, 2-3, is
not so definite for identification.

Ernst. & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 2 figs, 397=2 and 398=2 (1790),
gave four figures quite good; the 397 figs. are referred to pistacina, Fb.,
by Werneburg, and although the authors referred 398 a and b to lych-
nidis, Fb., Werneburg did not agree because of the large orbicular
stigmata, but Werne. considered 399 ¢ as pistacina, which seems probable.

Donovan, N.H. Brit. Ins., X, plt. 360 (1801), figured an insect under
the name lineola, which Haw., Lep. Brit., 231 (1809), placed among
what we may term his pistacina group.

Hb., Samml. Noct., 131 (1800-3), 464 (1809-13), 707 (1823-24), gave
figures of three forms. 131 a somewhat lght ruddy brown form, well
marked, pistacina. 464 a darker well-marked form, lychnidis. 707 a
more uniform deep red almost devoid of marking, pistacina. H.-S.,
Bearb. Noct., 11, 200 (1849), remarked on these figures :—131, appeared
to be a worn example, f.w. too wide; 464, aberrant in shape, the vein-
ing no lighter than the ground as it should be for lychnidis; 707, poor
shape, seldom so red.

A very difficult species to figure on account of its unstable shape,
marking and colour.

Haw., Lep. Brit., 230-2 (1809), placed six forms as six species with
the remarks ‘‘ precedenti nimis affinis,’?’ and ‘‘ they may eventually
prove to be one species.”’ The form of venosa, Haw., ‘‘ of a dirty
reddish-brown ’’ appears to be very local, as an extreme form. The
term venosa, Haw., would apply to several other forms in which the
veins are picked out in a lighter shade.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 113, plt. 80, 5 (1826), lychnidis and pistacina,
gave a very good figure of the former, treated both forms as one species
but did not mention the variability.

Steph., /ll., II, 146 (1829), called this multiple formed species pista-
cina, Kb., indicated five forms which had hitherto been considered dis-
tinct species, refused to describe other forms of which he had bred
several from similar larvae.

Tr., Schm., V (2), 239 (1825), treated lychnidis as a var. of pistacina.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 364-6 (1852), stated that the type
(meaning pistacina) had not been adequately described by Fab. from
the Schiff. collection and expressed the opinion that Hiibner’s figure of

it was only poor. He considered that the blackish forms spoken of by

(256) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15 / XI /1940

Tr., and reported from Italy by Dahl, were undoubtedly the form canara,
Esp.

Tutt gave Haw. as the author of f. lineola. It was Donovan (1801)
as given by Haworth himself.

South, i/.B.J., II, 16, plt. 9, figs. 3-6 (1908), gave five figures all
spoiled by the general colour ot the plate, which is far from reddish,
but all forms recognizable by marking; 3, a well-marked lychnidis, with
veins marked; 4, a serina, an ochreous form without the grey mixture;
5, a ferrea, almost uniform, which should be reddish.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 250, plt. 46, f. 12a-12b (1907), gave a good ac-
count of the variation with two figures so bad that the author himself
criticises them strongly.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 150, plt. 36k, 37 a, b (1910), took the
lychnidis, Fb., Mamt., 146, as the prior name, considered schaenobaena,
lineola and sphaerulatina as synonyms; the venosa, Haw., as the form
pistacina; the pistacina, Haw., as the obsoleta, Tutt; and gave 16
figures, all good; lychnidis, ¢ and @, the latter a shade darker all
wings, pistacina ¢ and Q, the former with lighter venation, rwbetra,
ferrea, obsoleta 3 and 9, serina2 g and 2 Q, canaria ¢ and 9, caeru-
lescens ¢ and Q.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 81, plt. 54, f. 1-6 (1914), took pistacina as the
typical form and lychnidis as an ab. in which the veining is just appar-
ent although not emphasised in his f. 4. The figures are all really excel-
lent. He figured pistacina, ab. canaria, ab. serina, lychnidis, ab. rubetra
and a beautiful caerulescens, and in the text he remarked on the fact
that he had figured the chief forms which were connected with every
gradation the naming of which he strongly condemned.

Of the Variation Barrett says :—

‘“ Always and everywhere variable in colour of the thorax and fore-
wings—very pale drab, grey-drab, brown-drab, pale brown, and every
shade of red-drab and red-brown to light or dark tawny and brick-red ;
also in the distinctness of the markings, which fade out in every degree
until they become almost or quite imperceptible; or occasionally become
intensified, the central shade in particular until the latter sometimes
forms a black cloud across the wing; far more frequently, however, it
is only the two stigmata and the costal wedge that become distinct, the
lines and shades remaining obscure. Another phase of variation occurs
in the blackening of the dorsal half of the wing, or portions of it, by
smoky-black clouds.”’

He records a specimen which has ‘‘ The stripe before the subterminal
line composed of regular black sections divided by the pale nervures.”’
Plymouth.

A delicate form ‘‘ Of a very soft grey-buff, with the transverse mark-
ings faintly purple-brown.’’ Essex.

Another ‘‘ Has the ground colour creamy-white, with the lines
bright pinkish-fulvous, and the hinder area clouded with a more dull
tint of the same.’’

Another ‘‘ Is almost uniformly deep mahogany-brown so far as the
thorax and forewings are concerned.’’

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VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio
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EDITED with the assistance of

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4 ¥ CONTENTS.

4 JODIS LACTEARIA—Explanation of Plate VID occ ia 133
. PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, HUFN.—Description of Plate VIIT .........-....... 133

~ NOTES BPROM AN ENTOMOLOGICAT, DIARY: 4 Breeder von. i0s cose sci scees 133

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a THE GENUS ZYGAENA IN ‘THE WESTERN ISLES OF SCOTLAND, J. W.

YY PES STE a O07 OLE ORD Co DR OR BAC PHB ERIBE, OVE RODS ANSE BRDBBE rs er perc Cer ere eroee re Per er eek Ey te 134

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4 | CURRENT MU CUCE Peer te, tee, OL Mehra dues ay 4. vu gs odd oe nes cakaesteraae deadsaas np sche erred 139

IRIE S UAT SC MLS SSO Rea UR ec WORE BSCR oes Meee run Per Maan EGE 141
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PLATE VIl.

VOL. Lil.

N. Burrows.

Nel. C. R.

Py A100.

ARIA, L.

IODIS LACTE

VOL. ET PLATE VIII.

P. 121. Del. C.R. N. Burrows.
PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, Hufn.

IODIS LACTEARIA—PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, HUFN. 133

1IODIS LACTEARIA,
13 S20

a at Compa)

3 =>
z
c

s Zoology a \
JAN 27 1941
LIBRARY

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

a. The egg.
b. The egg, lateral view.

I. The larva, just hatched.
ce. The larva, the lst abdominal segment.
II. The larva, 2nd stadium.
d. The larva, 2nd stadium, the 3rd abdominal segment.
Ill. The larva, 3rd stadium.
e. The larva, 3rd stadium, frontal projection.
f. Hairs from larvae at each stadium.
@. Anal organ of larvae at each stadium.
h. Dorsal margin, 3rd stadium.
PSEUDOTERPNA PRUINATA, HUFN.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII.
Bie ot, The eggs.
II. The egg, side view.
III. The egg, portion more highly magnified.
IV. The larva, first instar.
V. The larva, first instar, Ist abdominal segment.
VI. The larva, first instar, anal segments.
a. The sub-segmental divisions.
b. The lateral flange.
e. The anal organ.
d.ande. Tactile hairs.
VII. The larva, second instar.
f. The fine tactile hairs.
g. The spicules.
h. Plates on subdorsal margin.
1. Plates on spiracular region.
VIII. The head and first thoracic segment.
IX. The first abdominal segment.
X. The subdorsal margin
XJ. The spiracular region, first abdominal segment.

NOTES FROM AN ENTOMOLOGICAL DIARY.
By A. BrreDER.

The larva of Xylina semibrunnea can be beaten from the branches
of ash. If ash tree branches are sugared in early October this species
is sometimes quite plentiful in open marshy country.

Agrotis vestigialis breeds in sand where a carpet of bedstraw and
tangled grasses covers the surface. The main emergence is in September,
_ the Ist-15th, but a few are out in July and August.

134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1940

The larva of Apamea unanimis is abundant among Phragmites and
Phalaris in marshy ground in September and can be beaten out of the
undergrowth until late in October. It pupates under lichens on fences
and tree trunks or in hollow stems in early spring, March and April.

The larva of Monima (Taeniocampa) gracilis is easy to find until the
penultimate instar is reached, tented up in the food-plant, but hard to
find even after dark when nearly full fed. The Red, New Forest gracilis
are ten days earlier in all stages than the Grey forms in the South of
England.

Tholera cespitis, Charaeas graminis, and Anchocelis lunosa all breed
high up in the Downs in dry situations, but also breed in the marshes.

The larvae of Plusia chryson and Cosmia affinis have prolegs of a
ereen colour like the rest of larva normally. Both species, however,
have black prolegs occasionally.

The larva of Abrostola tripartita in the wild state is 997; green and
1% purple. In captivity it soon becomes purple up to 80%, even when
taken wild up to three-quarter grown.

The larva of Acronicta aceris occurs in nature on oak, but less often
than on horse chestnut and sycamore.

Plusia festwcae comes to the flowers of Silene and Iychnis before it
is too dark to recognise it. P. chrysitis is 15 minutes later. If no
Silene, etc., occurs near the festucae breeding ground, cut flowers hung
on barb-wire fences will do.

Larvae of Senta maritima will eat dead pupae, mutton fat, etc., but
must be given water te drink or will go cannibal. The pupa of this
species shows the wing pattern and the form to come can be foretold a
few days before emergence.

The larva of Caradrina ambigua will neglect green food for dead
pupae in which the moth was well formed up, thus behaving much like
that of Senta maritima.

The larva of Dicycla oo feeds in a tight ‘‘ tent ’’ of oak leaves closely
drawn together and sealed up and is impossible to beat except when
changing from an old and emptied ‘‘ tent ’’ to a fresh one, and this it
does after dark. It is not a cannibal; it pupates in earth just below
the surface and emerges in a few days. It is on the wing within an
hour of emergence.

The usual food in nature of Cucullia winbratica is Crepis. The larva
when half-grown leaves the plant and hides till dark.

The pupa of Cucullia lychnitis may lie for one to three years. The
first year emergences are later than those of the second year, and the
third year emergences are sometimes as early as May.

The pupa of C. gnaphali never lies over as some books say it does.

THE GENUS ZYGAENA IN THE WESTERN ISLES OF SCOTLAND.
By Professor J. W. Hestop Harrison, F.R.S.

In 1934, when we first commenced our researches in connection with
the Flora and Fauna of the Inner and Outer Hebrides, we were greatly
surprised to find Zygaena filipendulae occurring in some plenty on the
south-eastern and southern coasts of Raasay. Later, our surprise

‘

THE GENUS ZYGAENA IN THE WESTERN ISLES OF SCOTLAND. 135

diminished when we began to realize that Raasay and its southern
neighbour, Scalpay, for floristic and faunistic purposes, were parts of
the mainland. They have, in fact, been quite recently, geologically
speaking, detached therefrom. However, as our work proceeded, two
other species of the genus, Zygaena achilleae and Z. purpuralis came
under observation, and, moreover, we discovered Z. filipendulae, not
only in the Outer [sles, but also in certain members of the Inner group
where its presence was of considerable zoogeographical importance. It
is now proposed to give some account of the various species as they
occur in the Hebrides, and of their ranges.

Zygaena filipendulae, L.—As already indicated, this species was
originally found on the sea coast of Raasay at Fearns and Eyre Point.
Later, however, it was proved to occur along the whole of the south
coast almost to the pier. From South Fearns, it strikes inland up a
narrow gorge leading to Inverarish, failing on the higher ground to
recur on the moorlands east and north of the Raasay House area
toward Brochel. On Scalpay, it may be noted along the Torridonian
Conglomerate formation in the north. The nearest station to this
known to us on other islands is on Skye near Kyleakin.

Our next encounter with Z. filipendulae was in 1937 on the Isle of
Rhum. where we have described it elsewhere as ‘‘ not very common ”’
on grassy sea banks between Shamnan Insir and Kilmory. Subsequently,
in 1938, when we stayed on Rhum for three weeks, it appeared in thou-
sands in very many habitats. In fact, only on the Torridonian Sand-
stone in the northwest, and in the higher mountains, was it rare.
South of Loch Scresort, the species becomes really plentiful on the coast
near the Bagh na h-Uamha, and then follows a band around the 200
foot contour line until Dibidil is reached, where it penetrates a consider-
able distance up the ‘‘ dil’’-or dale. Southward, it occurs sparingly
on the cliff tops as far as Papadil where, in a cliff-enclosed suntrap, on
red-hot thyme-clad and Lotus-clad slopes, it buzzes in endless numbers.
West of this, it ascends the crags to about 1000 feet on Ruinsival, later
descending to the grassy slopes of Harris at which station once again
its numbers increase enormously. From Harris, northwest to Blood-
stone Hill, the insect flies in sparse numbers. Inland, we only know
it on grassy slopes on Ard Nev.

Throughout Rhum, the form is very large, and many examples are
characterised by the last pair of red spots being confluent.

In the Isle of Canna, it may be found in meadows and elsewhere
near the church, whilst on Eigg we have taken it in quantity on the
moorlands on each side of the path leading from Cleadale to the Har-
beur. Again, in the Isle of Muck, it was equally plentiful, chiefly in
hollows near the coast, but often enough extending some distance in-
land. Jutting out to the north-west of Muck extends Eilean nan Each,
and here once again Z. filipendulac occurs freely.

In the Coll group of islands we have only detected it on ledges
covered with luxuriant vegetation near Rudha Ban on Coll itself. On
Gunna. a very peculiar fact about the species emerges. Although it
feeds there, as elsewhere, on Letus corniculatus, it shuns the well-

- developed sand-dunes with their mats of the food plant, and prefers the

136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XTT/ 1940

scattered Lotus plants growing on the rolling moorlands and cliffs in
the west. So far as we know, the insect fails in Tiree.

In the Outer Isles, we have collected it from Pabbay (Barra Isles),
where it favours the sand-dunes and flies in myriads in a really magni-
ficent form. Next, it was taken on Sandray on which island it neglects
the dunes to turn up on the rocky, heather moorlands near Loch na
Cuille. On Vatersay, where it is catholic in its tastes, it flies on the
dunes and machair as well as on the rocky Meall and in damp grassy
hollows on the sea coast. Eastward, where the massive rock of Mul-
doanich looms high, of necessity the steep moorlands support it, whilst
to the south west it ekes out a precarious existence on the spray-
drenched Flodday. For Barra itself Campbell (Scott. Nat., November-
December 1938) gives only Ben Erival as a locality, and states that
it is not very common. We found it plentiful and far from local, for
it occurred at Castle Bay, Borve, Brevaig, Loch nam Faoiieann, etc.
Further, this author adds the iesser islands of Hellisay and Orosay ;
we can supplement these with Fiaray and Fuday.

Further north, our expedition picked it up on South Uist from
Daliburgh to Howmore, always on the transition zone between the
machair and the moorlands. As far a8 we can say, it avoids the machair
and dunes proper.

Lastly, one of our parties captured it much further north on the
Isle of Berneray in the Sound of Harris. Here the form is exceedingly
tiny.

Tt seems necessary to emphasise that everywhere the insect appears
at a much earlier date than in the North of England, the earliest we
have seen it on the wing being June 6th, 1940, in the Jsle of Gunna.

Zygaena achilleae, Gn.—Our first encounter with this species was
on Raasay on the southward slopes of Beinn na Leac where a series of
cocoons attached to the rocks attracted our attention in 1934. No
imagines were at first available, so dead pupae were dissected to reveal
that the insects they enclosed were Z. achilleae. After this, two very
worn examples were captured and submitted to Dr Cockayne for his
confirmation of our identification. These were more blurred in pattern
than the usual Oban examples, and even than the extracted specimens.

Next, when we visited Eilean nan Each in June 1938, cocoons were
brought home, and these yielded a single Z. achilleae, the majority
being Z. filipendulae.

Finally, in July 1938, on the banks of the Allt Mor na h-Uamha,
Isle of Rhum, two further specimens were captured, followed by a third
on the opposite side of the island between Glen Shellesder and Kilmory.
The facies of all of these, as well as of that from Kilean nan Kach, was
the same as that of the Oban insects.

Zygquena purpuralis, .—When we landed on Rhum in July 1938, the
islanders reported that, whilst working in some districts of the island.
they were being pestered with masses of strange-looking insects. Their
descriptions were such as to suggest that the insect concerned was a
‘Burnet’ and, needless to say, we set it down in our minds as
Z. filipendulae, Nevertheless, to make sure of its identity, we asked

COLLECTING NOTES. uS7

them to bring us specimens. Our surprise may readily be imagined
when the inevitable match box produced Z. purpuralis :

This necessarily provoked a journey to Harris which, tedious and
rough enough in any case, became perfect torture in climbing boots.
However, just about the 1000 foot contour line between Ard Nev and
Ard Mheall, we had our reward, for there appeared countless swarms
of the insect which persisted until Harris was reached, and as far as
we explored east thereof.

Later, as with Z. filipendulae, we proceeded to determine its range,
when we found it to commence on the east near Lochan Dubh at 750
feet, thence to pass to Dibidil and up the slopes of Sgurr nan Gillean.
At Papadil it abounded in the suntrap and westward to Harris again.
On Ruinsival, it ascended high to about 13U0 feet. North-west of Harris,
along the cliffs, it was very rare, but its numbers increased on Blood-
stone Hill, after which we found it no more.

It seems well worth noting that the inhabitants of Rhum insisted
that its advent to the islands was very recent indeed, and nothing we
could say would alter this opinion.

In 1939, one of our expeditionary force was on the Isle of Eigg in
June, and, although not an entomologist, had been well drilled by our
enthusiasm on Rhum. Thus, when she saw a Zygaena fiving on that
island she brought specimens home for our inspection. They proved
genuine Z. purpuralis, and of the form prevalent in Rhum. She ob-
served them freely on thyme-clad banks.

Lastly, on 6th June 1940, also on a flowery slope in the Isle of
Gunna, we were delighted to see the insect flying in the sunshine.

Tt should be made clear that we feel reasonably certain that, if we
could get to Muck, Canna and the southern members of the Outer
Island chain in late June. we could demonstrate its presence there.

COLLECTING NOTES.

EUPHYDRYAS AURINIA NEW TO SNowponrIA.—With reference to Mr J.
Antony Thompson’s query in the October number of the Record, page
113, as to the highest altitude at which FH. aurinia occurs, Colonel C.
Donovan in his Catalogue of the Macro-lepidoptera of Ireland records it
from Mount Gabriel (1300 feet) in County Cork, and the larvae have been
found on some of the foothills of the Sperrin Mountains at over 800 feet ;
an isolated colony of Polyommatus icarus, ssp. clara is found in the same
district, which is remarkable for the number of forms that have been
observed in this high habitat.—THomas Greer, Sandholes, Dungannon.

THE SEASON IN Co. TyrRonE.—The season here has been fairly good
after a hard winter. Plusia bractea was common at honeysuckle and [
again met with Selidosema ericetaria on the Lough Neagh. bogs, but not
the melanic forms intermedia-fumosa and fuwmosa, which, I am afraid, are
now gone owing to all the heather on the bogs on which they occurred
being burnt during a very dry spring a few years ago.—THOMAS GREER.

CaLLOPHRYS RUBI, L., IN THE ISsLe or CoLtt.—Early in our Hebridean
investigations my son, Dr G. Heslop Harrison, detected the Green Hair

138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1I/ 1940

Streak in Coll, when he took it in April. Later, in 1939, I noted it
on the same island in early June. However, both of us imagined it to
he restricted to the moorland scars lying between Arinagour and Arna-
bost. This year, in the last week in May, I broke my outward journey
to stay for a short period on Coll. Then J found that the species was
widely spread in the island, occurring wherever Vaccinium myrtillus
erew on sheltered rocky masses. In particular, the insect was in real
abundance everywhere just behind Arinagour between the village and
Loch Airidh Meall Bhreide.—Professor J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s
College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upou-Tyne.

’ COCCINELLIDAE IN THE ISLE oF BENBECULA.—Considerable attention has
from time to time been directed to the possibility of utilizing the Outer
Hebrides as sources of virus-free potato strains. In connection with
this, opinions have often been expressed that these islands are free from
Aphidids. This is very far indeed from the truth, for many species
oceur, often abundantly. This, in turn, means that insects holding
Aphidids in check must be there too. However, of the Coccinellidae,
I have only seen two species, both of which occur on the Isle of Ben-
becula; these are Adalia bipunctata, LL. and Coccinella 11-punetata, UL.
—-Prof. J. W. Hestor Harrison, University of Durham.

Puusta MONETA, L., IN THE [NNER HeEsBRIDES.—I have already indi-
cated the presence of this species in many Scottish counties as far north
as Inverness-shire, but no record exists for the Western Isles. Moreover,
although its food plants, Monkshood and Larkspur, are grown on the
Isles of Eigg and Muck, search on these very promising islands proved
fruitless. In spite of this, odd specimens were noted on the Isle of
Rhum in 1938 near Kinloch. In addition, in 1939, further examples
were found at Arinagour on the Isle of Coll. During the same year, on
the more favourable Isle of Tiree, much time was wasted in searching
various plants of Aconitum napellus without success. This season, the
same plant on Coll was quite free from larvae.—Prof. J. W. Hrstop
Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham.

BeerLtes New TO THE IstE or Canna.—In 1939 (Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc.
Edinb., Vol. xxii, p. 49-56) parties from the University of Glasgow
published an excellent list of the Coleoptera of the Isle of Canna, an
island lying west of Rhum. For the most part, that list covers our
captures, but we can, nevertheless, supply three additional species,
Philonthus decorus, Grav., Bembidion mannerheimi, Sahl., and 4 gonum
gracilis, Gyll., all taken in the area between the Sanday bridge and the
pier. For the determination of these and our other Coleoptera we have
to thank my friend, Mr G. B. Walsh.—Prof. J. W. Hrstop Harrison,
King’s College, University of Durham.

A Frew LeprpopTera FRoM Locu EriIBoLt, SUTHERLANDSHIRE.—At the
head of Loch Eriboll there are several dense thickets of birch and sallows
from which we beat quite an interesting series of larvae; of these Cerura
furcula was the most important as providing the most northerly record
for the species in the British Islands. Late as it was, a parasitized speci-
men of Polyploca flavicornis demonstrated the occurrence of that species

CURRENT NOTES. 139

on the northern shore of Sutherland. Other species represented were
- Hydriomena ruberata, Gonodontis bidentata, Cabera pusaria, C. exan-
themata, Hadena pisi, Polyploca duplaris, Demas coryli, Pheosia dic-
taeoides, Notodonta dromedarius, Lophopteryx camelina, and Acalla
[Peronea] hastiana.—Jack Herstop Harrison, Gavarnie, Birtley, Co.
Durham.

VesPA AUSTRIACA, PaNz., AT ForREsS.—Amongst a crowd of Vespa rufa
found working on a pine stump on the Culbin Sands near Forres the
slimness of. certain queens and the clearness of their yellow caused me
to single them out for capture. These, on examination, turned out to
be the allied parasitic V. austriaca.—Prof. J. W. Hestor Harrison,
King’s College, University of Durham.

CURRENT NOTES,

A pamphlet has recently come into our hands written some ten years
ago by G. V. Hudson, F.R.E.S. (New Zealand), on ‘‘ Some Aspects of
Modern Methods of Entomology,’’ from which one or two items may
well be reproduced here.

He repeats the warning of Darwin that ‘‘ the characters of larvae,
being highly adaptive, should never be used for purposes of classifica-
tion.’? And yet on such inadequate bases the Order Neuroptera has been
split up into small Orders for Stone-flies, Lace-wings, Mayflies, etc., all
still referred to as ‘‘ Neuropteroid Insects.’’ He states that far more al-
teration in Nomenclature is made by conferences and committees than
were done when individual authorities were followed. He considers that
the least interesting features in modern entomology are descriptions and
figures of genitalia, ‘‘ figures of insects were intelligible to all, figures of
genitalia now substituted interest to but few.’’ He strongly deprecates
the modern tendency to use highly technical terms, where the meaning
can easily be expressed in simple language. An ‘‘ author tries to im-
press the reader with the profundity of his own knowledge.’ He is
strongly of opinion that it is necessary that properly to study specimens
they must be set and not merely mounted anyhow as many workers in
the smaller Orders do.

Finally he compares ‘‘ the present-day paid professional entomo-
legist of the American type ’’ with the ‘‘ old-time unpaid British entomo-
logist, the amateur.’’ He goes on, ‘‘ I think I am right in saying that
the main ideal of the amateur entomologist was the advancement of the
science for its own sake, irrespective of any economic gain to himself or
others. This ideal was materialized in such objects as the formation of
extensive and beautiful collections of insects; the publication of splendid
illustrated books on various branches of entomology, intelligible to the
general reader; the formations of societies for the exchange of views be-
tween advanced workers and beginners, and above all, the enlistment
of entomological recruits, and the fostering and encouragement of a
love of nature for the pleasure it brings to mankind in general. Stainton
may well be taken as typical of the best entomologists of the old school.’’
On the other hand, the modern professional entomologist has none of

140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1940

these characteristics or aims, he has no ‘‘ appreciation of the philoso-
phical and aesthetic side of the science, he carries on in the stereo-
typed groove of his early and special training, his work is restricted to
problems of economic importance, he is often subservient to a chiet
whose opinions, etc., are usually dominant and he fears to criticize the
work selected for him and soon takes but little interest in natural
problems and loses the charm of the study of nature.’’ A report has come
to my table recently of a Society which for years was of the old type,
but which has been ‘‘ captured by the modern professional entomologists
and the Society instead of now being adequately supported by its mem-
bers has to rely upon a Government Department and functions wholly
(from the Report) for economic, business purpose. Let us hope that our
glorious old Royal Entomological Society of London, which its members
in the past could handsomely support and have thus supported for a
century and more, will still attract the lovers of Science and Nature
and will not be captured by the paid professional, whese disabilities
arising from his professional outlook and limitations arising from his
personal resources must influence his attitude towards the broad aims
of a Society thus founded.
‘* Nature never did betray

The breast that loved her; ’tis her privilege
Through all the years of this our life, to lead

From joy to joy.”’ Wordsworth.
By
[The adults of Stone-flies, Lace-wings, Mayflies are easily separable.
13" WWivithipartsrabiemiary 8 S26!4 LIT ee Maryflies.
Mouth-parts-welltdevelaped’® 6.02208. SR ee eae 2
Ot) ara WV itae es Secaimeattod tee. 0) i A EOP ae ASHES Lace-wing Fhes.
Tarsi wit tess Shas’ hy sevinents’ 204! “ova Be ee Stone-flies.

The Mayflies and Stone-flies are both primitive groups, whilst Lace-wing
Flies (and other true Neuroptera) belong to.a more recent group. ]—

tT &.alr:

May we remind our readers of the request published in the November
number of this magazine asking for full details of the exhibits which it
was intended to bring to the Annual Exhibition of Varieties of the South
London Entomological Society had it been possible to hold it as it was
proposed. It will be remembered that last year a fuil report was published
of some very fine varieties, some of which it was possible to exhibit at
other meetings of the S. London Society and illustrations were also
added in the Society’s Proceedings issued later in the year. Particulars
should be sent either to Mr H. G. Denvil, 4 Warwick Road, Coulsdon,
Surrey, or to Mr S. G. Castle-Russell, ‘‘ Cotswold,’’ Forest Gardens,
Ringwood, Hants, who will edit the matter received as he did last year.

CORRECTION.
“ on Cruciferae ’

On p. 120 for the references to ‘‘ watercress ’’ substitute
> in each case.

IBBA0

BONTENTS,OF VOLUME LEI.

ee Zoology

By Hy. J.. TURNER, F.RiE.S.,) F.ROASS.

PAGE

“A. australis, f. ingenua at Sand-
wich, Kent,’ A. J. L. Bowes
Aberrations of (unnamed): C. den-
tatus (Col.), 7; H. nigrita (Col.),
7; A. hyperantus, 53; B. euphro-
SUE Oa eb. GUrINta: 53; F. W-
album, 21; S. pruni in S. London
* Records”
Abnormalities (figured)
Abundance of Lepidoptera in early
August at Nevache
“ Acrididae and Tetligonidae in An-
os, 2 A. Re Balt
Aculeata of Easton, Cumberland
** Appeal for the Insect House at the
Zoo,’ N. D. Riley
Additions to the British Fauna, 7
(Golbne2>. 33, 33. 86, 91, 96 (Dip.),
120° (Cok.).
Apterousness of B. pallida (Cynipi-
dae), The reputed, H. J. Burkill
“ Beetles new to the I. of Canna,”
Prof. J. W. H. Harrison
“ Biotopes in Syria, Iraq and Iran,

eee e rere nese ees eeeseseseesseees

Imsacti By Pe Wiltshire <....5..:..
Blood-sucking Flies, British (Re-
MeN) Peele Wr AME WS .3f5..-.25.-.5
Breeding, for Varieties, 12; of P

heraclei (Dip.), H. W. Andrews,
100; Notes on Breeding

“ British Trypetidae,” M. Niblett ...
“Buff forms of B. betularia, The,”’
Dr Ee. A. Cockayne

“ Caloptilia pyrenaeella,
18 bs Bb. Eletcher
Care of small parcels in the post ...
“€. conyzae in Devon,’ S. C. Brown
“C. eroceus in Hampshire, August
1939,” H. G. Harris

“ Coleoptera at Easton,’ T. F. Mar-
riner
Collecting, O. musculosa
Collecting Notes ... 8, 19, 35, 62, 80,
103, 11 198"

“* Collecting Note on Diptera, A,’ H.
Was HANI [TRE TSW Soe 8 a es ane ae 89,
“Collecting Notes, 1939, January-
May, > A. i. i: Bowes: 533. ditto;
June-September, 76: in October
“Colony of E. aurinia in Snow-
donia, A New,’ A. Thompson,
M.A., 112; Thos. Greer
Congress for Entomology,
Berlin, 23: VIith, Madrid
Corrections 52, 108, 120,
“CC. rhamniella in Hants and Dor-
set,’ S. C. Brown
(atearaioe inde OL Coll, VProt cd. We
H. Harrison

Chretien,

i

Sesiastle = cs ;

Bee w eee rece tee tee eens
eee es

33, 53, 85,

(4)
86

31

114
105

137

106

113

116
140

&
@

e+
JAN 27 1941
LIBRARY

PAGE

“Cumberland, Note from,’ T. F.

Ji Ee Tet AEs Goel SBMA SOR eh ec med Ooh ole 128
Current Notes ... 11, 23, 66, 81, 92, 106,

113, 131, 139

“MatesyioricA. “hispidaria.:) Hy... J).
LETH Gy OVEN Ohne vi taal aie MAR NIRROEN aaa eG x 36

“ Delayed emergence of H. pinastri,’”’

Pe Bs VE ATL meets ae nie son ee 104
Description of the larva of J. lac-

tearia, 110: P. pruinata, 123: Con-

ditions of insect life of Syria,

aay Ce Tr ay 1as 5. ees, thy eee a, 43
“ Diary, Notes from an entomologi-

Calo? As PCCM CT ae ses 5. eo eae 133
“ Distribution of G. fasciata (Dip.),”

Ty, oP AIM M GCI ee ete teeta ae eee 104
“D. pudibunda, ab. bicolor and ab.

concolor,’ Dr EB. A. Cockayne ... 86
“ Drepana binaria: Partial 2nd and

sd. seneralions a iCapta +a sO:

A SOMS. epes.. ch: eee Sa aan enaiics sano 10
Drosera rotundifolia capturing B.

LOM ANKON ALOT Sie (O, BIAOMVIN copecceecocecec 81
** Earthy, ndNotes,’ Bs VV aeeSillsiae6s:

~ Migrants,” H. B. D. Kettlewell 65
“ Early Stages of A. albipennis (ear-

Wit )e4 Bac. Sills: eke eee 103
“EB. aurinia new to Snowdonia,” J.

A. Thompson, 113; T. Greer ......... 139
“*Eclosion of A. vripae from the

pupa-case, Notes on the,’ C. Q.

Rarsonst iCaptt)” .ih.:.cct eee 22
‘Effects of Extreme Wintry Weath-

er on Lepidoptera,’ F. D. Coote 36
Entomological Club (See Societies).

“ BE. semele and M. jurtina on the
Isles of Coll and Gunna, Inner
Hebrides? 7J. “a. Harrison 7. 20

Faunal areas, 8.E. Palaearctic ...... QQ

“ Flashing, of Fireflies,’ M. Burr,
35; “of Glow-worms, Simultane-
ous; 1. SB: “Hletchers 63s aor
Firefiies,’? C. L. Collinette ......... 64

*““Gall-causing Trypetidae (Dip.),”

Mis ANT bNett: 2.2551 SEE 13
Generic-VNamMes. OF cfs pisesa eee ee ee 67
“Genus Zygaena in the Western

Isles of Scotland, The,’ Prof. J.

Wi sHesl0 Pp sHaritSOMm nse tee eee 134
Geographical Features of the Syria,

iraq amd Aranemarcay ees. 2) es eee 4h

Gynandromorphs, 85. (Records of
S.L. (1) = 3, (3), (4).)

“ Harmodia lepida (Dianthoecia car-
pophaga),’ A. J. Wightman ...... 126

Hesperiidae of S. America ......... 67, 114

*“Homonym Rule, The Misuse of
PDOs eV Piso. LUMEMEPIG £05) ee 79

*

142 HNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1J/194¢
PAGE PAGE
“Hybrid Platysamia.’ Dr,» .e »A- New biniilsSh ColLeoprerae. +9 se eee 7
Cockayne... ..t:fks. aks. ee See 8&2 “New Zealand Lepidoptera,’ T. B.
‘7 lactearia.’ the late Rev. C. R. LUCIE yr cs.acktie: Cooke eee 68
iN. Burrows) £2) ee 101, 199.) New ‘Generic Names ‘for Microlepr
Larvae, of O. musculosa, 44; Travel- BAe eee =. = Sunes ey a: whe
NN: | Ra een at OR, oN ee 98 ey ee Hebridean Localities
ee for .N. zonaria,’ J. H. Harrison. 20
“ Lepidoptera, at Nevache, Hautes New var. of Psylliodes napi (Col.) ... 120
Alpes, 1938,” Wm. Fassnidge, 1: ‘Nine’? generations of P. rapae 12
“from Loch Eriboll,” J. H. Har- |‘ Noctuae, Random Notes on Brit-
HIS) 6 (haere i a be A oe ee ea Bae os Sane se 3 138 1st aecAc a Wichtimaine ca 5 45.48 117
Life-History of O. musculosa, 37: I. “Note on, Saturnia pavonia,”’ A, P.
lactearia, 109: P. pruinaia ......... 121 B. M. Allan, 4; “‘ Genitalia of S.
Light, in August at Nevache, 3; saxifragae,’ F. N. Pierce ....-.... 29
SAND) 4 goiscuat brn c elleccepice at cet asetesaccep heen ace 132 | “‘ Notes, on the larva of Tricoptilus
List of, Lepidoptera at Nevache in paludum, Zell., Some,’ -S. .C.
viii.38, 1; Aculeates of Easton ...... mt Brown, 10; from an entomological
Local and rare: L. onobrychiella, 1: Diary,” (ABreedern eee 133
CO DOWCUUS 3a. DUTCROCELLG a) 18 “Notes: from | Hastings, cei Hg
LOCaIIeS, LOM J) OClLCOIIG peso ee 113 Hamm, 19: from Cumberland ... i28
Localities : Ascot, 53; Aviemore, 54: “N. zonaria and a new aberration
Angus, 65: Bernera, inner and of P. lapponaria, A new ssp. of,”
Outer, 20, 134: Berneray, 20: Ben- de Wein lies (Ea EES OM) 28h: oe: eee 33
becula, 138: Cumberland, 1, 128: Obituary: ‘‘ Sir T. Hudson Beare,’’
Coll, 20, 129, 137: Caithness, 22: H. DoOMIsSthorpe: °... 2.415... 4 .¢ee ee 107
Chiddingfold, 55: Colonsay, 129: “Occurrence of A. euphorbiae on
Canna, 138: Durham, 130; Easton, thes rof<Colly Whe wid. alles tar
Cumberland, Te 128: Essex PSO ete ces Ca betes ee dee see 20
Marshes, 75: French Alps, 1: *O. musculosa indigenous in Bri-
Forres, 139; Gunna, 20: Glouces- tain,” Dr E. A. Cockayne and H.
tershire, 35: Great Bernera, 30: BoD, Ketileweliligs:. :e8- ete eee 37
Gunna, 30: Hastings, 19: Hebri- Organ of unknown use, A new lar-
des, Inner, 19, 20, 138: Hebrides, Wallis ~ ssctonsd eeeese teaches ce Raat eae ee 111
Outer, 20, 134: Hog’s Back, Guild- “ Oriental Palaearctic Lepidoptera,
ford, 53: Isles of Lewis, 20; Early Stages of,” E.. P:. Wilt-
Iraq, 43, °69;- Trans 4359693) Kent, shire, 69> A... MSs Ralhouke S25 87
Ti, 89, 96; Lebanon, 69; Mon- *S OLYNG parielinga «(Dips an ENE
tagne de Lure, 29; Mont Dore, Kenitise:. lk WV .9 Amide ws: a basse eee 96
29: Nevache, 1: New Forest, 75: * Pairing of O. parietum (Hym.),’’
Oxfordshire, 83: Poole, 104: Sy- Sa SMaAnSON ise... Bees eee. ae 22
Tides 4S) 694 Sis suGrey., as) 742 “Pairings Habits, Of 4..wstevusee see
Struan, 54, 55: Swanage, 76; Sus- BY ‘lepehe. yrcat cae ane ears 63
sex, 117, 183; Snowdonia, 112, 137: ** Plume-moth, A new Irish,’ T. B.
Sutherlandshire, 138; Tyrone, LECCE ans eerste Siocon een I
117: Wimbledon, 36: Witherslack, ** P. moneta in the Inner Hebrides,”

55: Wales, N., 62: Wye, 74; Wilt- Proteadcs Wa He ame SOne ee. eee 138
SMa Pe Fe ed Phe BOR, sk re ed Oe oe 76 “<P. plumigera in Bournemouth,”’ S.
‘*“Melanic form of JT. w-album in Ch. aR IOWIN, seiat 8 ates acy dente aoe cae cee 80
Essex. A few Notes on a,” Miss ‘* Prolonged Emergence Period of

IME i i Mine eae Be, Be ere 241 A. hispidaria,’’ A. Richardson ... 35
Mevitdea) RNG Gems Pe aise ese eee 132 “< Pseudoterpna pruinata,’ the late
Mere «Collector, Wie. occas Beeleee eee 68 Revs CouR TON ys BELOW Speeceereee eee 121
“IM. ecilis) (Enya) 10 aie 1. yok *“ Psychid Problem, A,’’ Hy. J. Tur-

Wishts7 Jaw. (Saunas 2ecek 2s ee ese 65 1 OVCY Ge Pe ee es CR ee ee ee Be hoc © 125
“M. filicivora in England,’ S. C: ** Psychoda compar (Dip.), Heston, at

BRO Wid 13: o.2E eee OE eee 105 | Heston, Middlesex,’ H. Donis-
Modern methods of Entomology ...... 139 TOROS eer hace oes Reese eae seeeagste 41
“Mont Dore and Montagne de Lure, ** Psylliodes napi, var. hignetti (Col.)

1989,27) is 1G) anarisw terse hs: 29 new to science,’? H. Donisthorpe 120
** Moonlight, Collecting in,’ A. J. W. 129; Pupa of S. pavonia, Experiments
‘“* M. versicolor, in the Inner Heb- WRC pos... ees! scar ae cee on Seeemme aoe staan as 5

TIDES ok) Ge VELA SOnTs memes 49, 129 | *“ P. villosella at Foole,’’ W. Fass-
IN. Vaurella any obebruainyg Assi e- TUS rN ee a ea ee ote wd cee 104

BO Wallen pk. 3: Oe ee ee ee 80 | * Random Notes on British Noc-
Neucations Aberrant. 0c. seees eae 12 | fuUaes? AL des WAGE As ease ce 117

INDEX.

y PAGE
*“Recent addition to the British

PASE a

“ Spilosoma urticae, Esper, in Cum-

Misr. ye. -pyrenacetta;? « Ts:) B: berland,’ T. Fred Marriner ...... et

IEPRCURIN Eee oe oe eee. of. Ee: ak ‘8 ce Spring Diptera,” H. W. Andrews 81
“Records of Odonata, New,” S. ae DRL at. 1930.7 En. A Seeds... 36

SUV O A A oatele eeteia adenalaataie hate 9 sea debe 22 eS. saxifragae in Treland,”’ Be Pe:

-shecords, trom .N.,<,Wales;? A. LEVEL AG YE Ser eee ened oe i PN et ce 61
Richardson, 63: “‘ of hibernating ‘“‘ Subspecies Meet, Where,’”? Dr Karl
species,’ G. T. Bethune-Baker ... 64 TOE Maw Wath Mh Ms. seen eo Be Le 116

Reviews: Publications of the Soc. “Synonymy in the Genus Myopitis
for Brit. Entomology, 24: Generic (Trypetidae),” J. %. Collin ......... fir
Names of British Carabidae, 24; Third generation of D. binaria ...... 9
Simple Science, the Plague of “Two New Aberrations of British
Locusts, Dr Burr, 24: Revision of Beetles,’ H. Donisthorpe ......... fi
the Athalia group of the genus varietal ace rot
echntC de We VOTIbYy 22.5. c22..cgess seas 131 Eg at | oli to mpccleeaaes edi: CARRS a Ue?

Variation in, Cidaria ruberata, 12:

“Season in Tyrone, The,’’ T. Greer .. 137 l-album, 117: H. oditis, 118: P.

Second generation of D. binaria ... 9 pruindta, 122: H. lepida (carpo-

: : - DRGGG) cpascisrccccaste Casitas ene esstean oe 126

“ Sirex gigas in Caithness,’ S. Swan- “Vv. qaustriaca (Hym.) at Forres,”
SNMP a5 5 5s so Sov ch adabve dew cl nepbncees 22 Brot Grow. He carriscae une clos 139

Societies: S. London E.S., 12, 21, 115. Wheeler Collection-The =......0....: 82
ROVE. OF WONMON .....:.0.<:%- 115 Zoology of Oxfordshire (Review),

“Some <Aculeates of Easton,” T. Hy Ss “PLPMer © seen ee 83
LE TREC 0) MANE GI ET 0 (1 2 ea 7 * Zygaena filipendulae, ab. Grunnes-

‘* Specific Names of some European cens,” Dr -E. A. Cockayne... 91
Erebias, Some Remarks on,’’ Rev. “ Zugaenidae in W. Isles of Scot-
(EO: WZLIE GT ORI a eee eee aa een 59 lands: Profs Jd. Wi. Hy Harrisons

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE PASE

Allan, P.M B.,.M.A., F.S.A. . 4, 98, 104 2 OY, VILE ae Ae ne a ES 7 66

Andrews, Ji. W.., EH OR.E.S., ... 81, 84, Kettlewell” “He. B. D:, MGA. MB

89, 96, 100, 106 IBIS CANIN Ps. ea os cet ee einen ee 37, 6

LEHI OAWMeMe Sed Ole © a. ees se enodeoceecees ee 11, 80, 105 CCU SRR Ee Ata re lee ute santa e- eh eee 36

siterclcatl Mme Teer Dee. suse ves oteas saegesceeces dence 31 Marriner Pe Beds. nc .l..s een thy Ae RAS

[BON AG ee ee sph Ge, 4 MEIER IVIISSENVES Bia ako Sipe nae ene 24

EG Va COlMs, FIR GS) c.cscceocencesces 35 Main: Hugh. eB Sep. BR RSS 2 eee. 92

Berne Bryan P., B.Sc:, F-R:E.S. ... 61 INTC OG. MIs Aves eee eet ace 13, 56

Baker, G. T. Bethune, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 64 Parsons.” Capi) Cam@s nose 10e 22

ovate bose AG. OR UEU IBS: - ...sscidees cos 85 Perce: SES Ne Waren Ss ft ree 29

Burrows, the late Rev. C. R. N., IRM RET Tipe IBSIR IB eSis pocdonsdebeorasue 104
BESO ERPIENA Set nay ee cs obawer eens 101, 109, 121 Richardsom. Avis «Ss. eae 36

NGS Ol gene Neg psa eis See eniaie Ne seca enacine noeeesnen'eetns 1383 | Russell, S. G. Castle, (1) Supp. ... 53, 63

Oeil HEN ERB So, owes atesecs sa cnense nes 36 | Riley, N. D., BZS ER ES. oe 100

Cockayne, Dr E. A., A.M., F.R.C.P., SWansOM),. \S., eee nes een anak ee 22
F.R.E.S. ......... Sir oamr ee, 1505 Oh, “PoP Siig ph yh at Rees era. Sea 65

Coline He SaRRBES ees seek as. eaded 77 Sart, 7h Wennse I abe. Fea 65

Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.S., F.R.ES. ... 7, SyaMis Mi Be EE REBES” cule tata 104

10, 107, 120 Se INE OMI ART Wiener tee eee mee 107

Fassnidge, Wm., M.A., F.R.E.S., 1, 105 Turner, Hy. J., F.R.ES., F.R.HS.,

Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., F.L.S., 11, 23, 36, 66, 79, 82, 83, 92, 106,
EE Ze Ss) ol ae eS: iS, abs OD, Gt 107, 113, 120, 131, 139

Be G7, Gb y St< 109.) Dalihiouiles An Moos fein Wee een 69, 87

Meta MNO SEs ioe c sca aninnd ca Wleccssetueteesesbeeanss 137 THOMpSOMs, J Ae MA. (eas)

Hamm, A He, FR.ES., A-LS. ......... 19 I hl Be Sg eae a? CREE pte oF) 112

PEAS WaUS ele on Gener e sore vonndente. peeseeees 21, 29 | Wiltshire, E. P., F.R.E.S., ...... 43, 69, 76

Harrison Wi; Hees. pil. ... 19, 20, 129, 139 Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.R.E.S. 59, 82

Harrison, J. W. Heslop, F.R.S. ... 33, 134 Wightman, A. T., F.R.E.S. 117, 126, 129

144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ Xi1/1940

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Text figure. Genitalia of Stenoniilia saxifragae, p. 28.
Plate I. Locality for M. japygia, L., f. cleanthe, Montagne de Lure, to face p. 29.
Il. Aporophyla australis and f. ingenua, to face p. 33.
III. Aberrations in the Collection of S. G. Castle Russell, to face p. 53.
IV. Early stages of some oriental Palaearctic Lepidoptera, to face p. 69.
V. Aberrations of British Lepidoptera, to face p. 85.
VI. Dasychira pudibunda and ab. bicolor, n. ab., to face p. 86.
VII. Larva of Jodis lactearia, to face p. 101.
VIII. Larva of Pseudoterpna pruinata, to face p. 121.

SUPPLEMENTS.
“‘ British Noctuae and their Varieties,’ Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Vol. II,

pp. (205)-(264).
Records: S. London Entomological Society’s Varieties, etc. (1)-(7) after p. 56,

S. G. Castle Russell.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (257)

Another ‘‘ Thorax and forewings wholly spotless white with a reddish
tinge, and the hindwings also are nearly white, so that it quite re-
“nyestamaetietting pallens.’ ant Compa

The Names and Forms to be considered are :— (js eos tea ®
lychnidis, Schiff. (1775), Verz., L, 5, p. 76. No description\ fish) Belt aie /
£. pistacina, Schiff. (1775), Verz., M, 1, p. 77. No description 4/3 RAK}
lychnidis, Fab. (1787), Mant., I, 146.

f. pistacina, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 174.

ab. serina, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV (2), 522, plt. 156, 2.
ab. rubetra, Esp., l.c., 523, plt. 156, 3-4.

f. canaria, Esp., l.c., 524, plt. 156, 5-6.

ab. schaenobaena, Esp., |.c., 525, plt. 157, 2-3.
lychnidis, Fab. (i793), Ent. Sys. Aug., III (2), 45.

f. pistacina, Fab. (1793), Ent. Sys. Aug., III (2), 109.
ab. sphaerulatina, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 230.

ab. ferrea, Haw. (1809), l.c., 231.

ab. lineola, Don. [ Haw. (1809), l.c.] Don., Brit. Ins., X, plt. 360 (1801).
f. pistacina, Haw. (1809), l.c.

ab. venosa, Haw. (1809), /.c., 232.

lychnidis, Hb. (1809-13), Samml. Noct., 464.

ab. rufina, Hb. (1823-4), /.c., 707-8.

ab. caerulescens, Calb. (1884-8), Iris, I, 254.

ab. metallica, Ckll. (1889), Hnt., XXII, 3.

ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 166.

ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), J.c.

ab. brunmea, Tutt (1892), l.c., 167.

ab. unicolor-brumnea, Tutt (1892), l.c.

v. stlesiaca, Schultz (1905), Jahr. Wien ent. Ver., 35.
ab. sobria, Schwrd. (1921), Verh. z. b. Wien, 157.

ab. alba, Porritt (1923), H.M.M., LIX, 87.

ab. nigra, Salz. (1934), Mitt. Miinch., XXIV, 56.

Tutt dealt with (1) lychnidis, the typical form, bright red with dis-
tinct markings and pale nervures; (2) ab. lineola, bright red, with dis-
tinct costal streaks and stigmata; (8) ferrea, bright red, almost uni-
colorous; (4) f. gistacina, pale reddish-ochreous, with distinct markings
and pale nervures; (5) ab. sphaerulatina, pale reddish-ochreous, with
distinct costal streaks and stigmata; (6) ab. obsoleta, pale reddish-
ochreous, unicolorous; (7) ab. serina, pale greyish-ochreous, with dis-
tinct costal streaks and stigmata; (8) ab. pallida, pale greyish-ochreous,
with faint transverse, costal streaks and stigmata; (9) ab. wnicolor-
brunnea, brown, slightly ochreous, almost unicolorous; (10) ab. brunnea,
brown, with distinct costal streaks and stigmata; (11) ab. venosa, brown,
- with distinct markings and pale nervures; (12) f. canaria, blackish-grey ;
(13) ab. metallaca, each forewing with large blotch of a metallic cast
(cf. Plusia sp.) near the hind margin, reaching from the costa to the
inner margin.

ab. schaenobaena, Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 522-4 (1788-?).
Fie.—l.c., plt. 157, 2-3.

(258) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/1940

Orig. Descrip.—2. ‘‘ Deep mahogany-red, veins showing light as
well as transverse markings and surround of the reniform; h.w. deep
uniform black, no veins apparent, lighter at base; choplies red.”’

6. ‘‘QOchreous, very faint suggestion of red; mottled somewhat;
veins apparent but not light as in Q ; h.w. light fuscous, black veining,
not lighter at base.

ab. caerulescens, Calb., Iris, I, 254 (1884-8).

Orig. Descrip.—*‘‘ The terbe ings bluish-grey or reddish-grey Caine ae
in them are wanting always any brown or greenish tinge; the Baie:
of the forewing resembles that of litwra.’’

[The markings and stigmata in some cases distinct, in others washed
out, and the veins are in some cases the colour of the wings and in
others brighter. |

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 475 (1906), ‘‘ Forewings bluish-grey.”’

Hamp. then sums up the variation :—
ab. canaria—Darker ; forewing more or less suffused with black.
ab. serina—Forewing paler and almost unicolorous.
ab. rubetra—Forewing almost uniform rufous.
ab. rufescens—Forewing bluish-grey.

var. stlesiaca, Schultz, Jahr. Wien ent. Ver., XVI, 35 (1905).

Oric. Descrip.—A very long detailed description in comparison with
ab. canaria, Esp., was given by Schultz which he summed up as fol-
lows :—‘‘ Forewings above black-fuscous, stigmata, longitudinal striae
and transverse markings yellow; hindwings black; below all the wings
very black with yellow fringes ; abdomen deep black.’? Near Heinrichau,
Central Silesia. A number of examples.

ab. sobria, Schwrd., Verh. z.-b. Gesell. Wien, LXXI, 156-7 (1921).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ It has the purple-brown suffused colour of Agrotis
sobrina or Pachnobia rubricosa. The stigmata are not darkened blackish,
not even the costal spot, they are of a darker tone of the purple-red
ground colour. The nervures and transverse lines are not yellow, but
of the ground colour, only somewhat lighter. The transverse band is
present a dark red-brown.’’ Mostar, Bosnia.

ab. alba, Porritt, H.M.M., LIX, 87 (1928).

Fig. te , Lep. Brit. rit ye ra 227, 1 g.

Oric. Deine. —-* The is Sogeceeibaes thorax, and body and
all the wings—white, with the faintest tinge of ane No markings
whatever.’’ Paignton, at sugar.

ab. nigra, Salz., Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesell., XXIV, 56 (1884).

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The forewings are similarly very dark black-
brown, the nervures, the margins of the stigmata, the cross lines stand-
ing out ochre-yellow. The hindwings are darker black-brown than in
normal specimens and in the aberrations known up to now. Head, neck, °
and thorax are the colour of the forewings, definite black-brown, but
very little paler. The abdomen is almost black. The twe examples came
nearest to the ab. canaria, Esp., from which they differ by their par-
ticularly dark ground of wing and the emphasized yellow-marking.”’
Regensburg.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (259)

Amehosselis, Gn. (1839) (1852) (Sth.), Stdgr. [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr.
(1816-25), Curt., Barr.: Amathes, Hb. (1821): Aporophyla, Gn. (1841-
1852), Meyr., Meyr.: Omphaloscelis, Hamp. (1906), South]: lunosa,
Haw. (1809).

This species is a purely Western European species: Britain, France,
Spain, Algeria.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 168 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 58 (1895-6): Barr.,
fep: Br. Is,, V, 348, plt. 228, 2.1899): Sidegr.,; Cat.,, T1Ted., 206 (1901) :
Bamp., Uep. Phaol., Vi, 469, f.161;(1906): Splr., Sehm. Eur., I, 247,
plt. 46, 6 (1907): South, M.B.I., TI, 11, plt..7, 1-4 (1908): Warr.-Stz., -
Pal. Noct., Ill, 149, plt. 36h (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 76, plt. 53,
f. 4-6 (1914): Mevr., Rev. Hand., 117 (1928).

Curtis, Br. Ent., V, 237 (1828), gave a beautiful figure of one of the
lighter forms.

Steph., Zll., II, 147 (1829), said ‘‘ both sexes vary immensely.’”’ He
possessed ‘‘ one specimen with posterior wings nearly fuscous with the
central lunule darker; and another nearly white.’’

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 199 (1849), f. 94 (1845), f. 289 (1847), gave a
good clear figure, 94, under the name newrodes, and a very poor shaped
and marked f. 289 under the same name 2. He used the name suhjecta,
Dup. in his letterpress. He attributed lwnosa to Curtis. Asserted his
f. 94 was agrotoides, Gn., Ess. (1839) and the humilis, H. & Wwd.
The neurodes, Hb., 568, is dolosa, Hb. Apparently H.-S. knowledge of
this species was very limited as it was then only known from Britain.
Tt had just been discovered in France.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V=(1), 367 (1852), when dealing with lunosa,
said that ‘‘ having reared the species in quantity, he saw that it differed
considerably from humilis, Hb., with which everyone confounded it and
of which Bdv. in his Index (1829) considered it a variety.’’ He then,
Essai Am. S. Ent. Fr., 485 (1839), gave it a new name agrotoides, which
appeared almost simultaneously with the description and figure of sub-
jecta, by Dup. to whom he had sent examples. He went on to say that
the name given by Haw., viz., lunosa, should stand. Thus both agro-
toides and subjecta are synonyms of lunosa in his opinion. He under-
stood that the type was of a grey-black with nervures clearly picked out
with yellow, the two stigmata filled in with black and the abdomen simi-
larly tinted. Jn this he overlooked the fact that Haworth’s type was
red or reddish-grey without pale nervures. In fact Gn. described one of
his bred forms devoid of red or reddish, and not Haworth’s form, for
which we must keep his name agrotoides, summed up by Tutt, ‘‘ blackish-
grey, with pale nervures.”’

Turning now to the subjecta, Dup., Hist. Nat. Supp., III, 295, plt.
27, f. 3 (1836). There are two very good figures neither of which is
typical lunosa or agrotoides, Gn. They are said to be ¢, dark grey,
and 9, fawn-grey, quite distinct forms. The striking character of 3a
(3) is the conspicuous submarginal dirty white narrow band and no
trace of a rufous tinge, with veins slightly marked. Dup. makes no men-
tion in his description of this light band. This should be included as
‘one of the named forms of lunosa.

(260) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/ 1940

Newman, Brit. Moths, 368-9, 2 figs. (1869), gave two good b. and w.
figs. One a pale form, the other a dark form with nervures showing well.

Meyr., Handb., 58 (1895), and Rev. Handb., 117 (1928), used the
genus Aporophyla for lunosa with australis, lutulenta and nigra. He
remarked that Aporophyla was ‘‘a true European genus of compara-
tively recent origin.’’

Stdgr., Cat., 206 (1901), placed lunosa as the only species in Ancho-
celis (Anchoscelis).

Hamp., Lep., Phal., VI, 469, fig. 161 (1906), gave a good hb. and w.
figure and erected the genus Omphaloscelis for this species alone. in his
synonymy he added s to Ancho(s)celis, Gn., probably following Stdegr.,
Cat., who put Anchoscelis (r. Anchocelis, Gn.). .

Splr., Schm. Ewr., I, 247, plt. 46, 6 (1907), gave a very fair figure of
the agrotoides form of lunosa and renanied the humilis, H. & Wwd. by
pallida, for the yellowish olive-grey form with pale nervures. It is the
only species he placed in the genus Anchocelis, probably following Stder.,
Cat.

South, M.B.I., II, 11, plt. 7, f. 1-4 (1908), gave four figures. F. 4,
agrotoides, is a good figure of the blackish-grey form; f. 2 is a good
figure of humilis but with veins hardly enough expressed; f. 1 and f. 3
are typical lwnosa, the red (1) and reddish-grey (2) without pale ner-
vures are quite good.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I1Y, 149, plt. 3h (1910), considered the pallida,
Splr., as humilis, H. & Wwd.; accepted subjecta, Dup., to which they
placed neurodes, H.-S.; considered the blackish-grey agrotoides, Gn.,
as an extreme form of the dark brown subjecta, Dup. They gave five
figures of their opinion of what they considered the forms to be., viz.,
(1) lunosa, the reddish-grey form of Haw., but with very pale nervures;
(2) humilis, the brownish-grey with pale nervures; (3) subjecta, Dup.,
which Tutt rejects for the later described neurodes, H.-S. Tutt gave a
difference between these two, the former has slatey nervures, the latter
white ones. At any rate the earlier name swhjecta should be treated as
a recognised form instead of newrodes, which name may perhaps be re-
tained for the white-veined form; (4) agrotoides, the blackish-grey with
somewhat pale nervures comparable to the figure by Dup. of the ¢ of
his subjecta and with the light submarginal band; (5) brunnea, Tutt,
dark red brown with well developed pale veins. All these figures are
good.

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 76, plt. 53, f. 4-6 (1914), gave a very good sum-
mary of the named variations of this species, and gave three excellent
figures of more extreme forms: f. 4, the obsoleta, Tutt; f. 5, agrotoides,
Gn.; f. 6, rufa, Tutt, and remarked on the fact that scarcely ever did
one find two examples exactly alike. He followed Stdgr. in piacing
it alone in Anchocelis, Gn.

The identification of the various descrintions and figures is most con-
fusing and in no way satisfactory ; further confusion arises from authors
placing more than one form under a single name, e.g., lwnosa, Haw. ;
subjecta, Dup.; rufa, Tutt; and still farther by the irregular presence
or absence of the marked nervures.

It would seem that Tutt’s analysis with which Warr.-Stz. closely
agreed, is the best practical identification so far,

‘

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (261)

The humilis, Fb., figured by Hb., Samml. Noct., 170, is not the
humilis, H. & Wstw., but a Central Kuropean Amathes species.

Barrett says of the Variation :—

Its variations are to a great extent the described forms and that in-
termediates between these forms seem to be of rare occurrence, though
in western districts the rich dark forms certainly preponderate.

The Names and Forms to be dealt with are :—
lunosa, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 230.
f. swbjecta, Dup. (1836), Hist. Nat. Supp., ITI, 295, plt. 27, 3a.
ab. humilis, Humy,. & Ww. (1841), Br. Moths, J, 189, plt. 27, f. 7-8
(nec Hb.).
ab. neursdes, H.-S. (1840), Sys. Bearb., II, 199, f. 94, 289 (nec Hb.).
ab. agrotoides, Gn. (1852), Gn., Ann. S. Ent. Fr., VIII, 486 (1839).
ab. lunae, Greg. (1888), Young Nat., IX, 122.
ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), Br. Noct., 169.
ab. raja, Tutt (1892), l.c., 170.
ab. brunnea, Tutt (1892), l.c., 170.
ab. olavacea, Vazq. (1905), Bol. Hist. Nat. Espana, V, 121-2.
ab. rubra, Vazq. (1905), l.c., 122.
ab. pallida, Splr. (1907), Schm. Hur., I, 247 = ? humilis, H.-S.
ab. imtensa, Turn. (1938), Ent. Rec., L., p. 22.

Tutt dealt with (1) lwnosa, Haw., the red or reddish-grey, without
pale nervuresg (2) rufa, ditto, with pale nervures; (3) brunnea, dark
red-brown with pale nervures; (4) humilis, brownish-grey, with pale ner-
vures ; (5) neurodes, dark grey-brown, with pale nervures; (6) agrotoides,
blackish-grey. with pale nervures; (7) obsoleta (slightly reddish), pale
ochreous, without pale nervures; (8) lunae, Greg., a reddish form, with
poorly shown veining (this is in Br. N., Appendix, IV, 120).

ab. lunae, Greg., Young Nat., [X, 122 (1888).
Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ A reddish form with veins, not so distinctly paler
as in the type, which is a cold dark brown.’’ N. England.

ab. olivacea, Vazquez, Bol. Hist. Nat. Espana, V, 121-2 (1905).

Fig.—t.c., 5a.

Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ Differs from the type in the colour of the fore-
wings, which is that of yellow-grey oil, almost uniform. There exists in
the type form a very fine white line bordered by a wide black margin,
which is very little marked in the aberration, in some examples, it is
just traceable, and in others not at all. The well developed light lines
corresponding to the nervures, which are present in the typical form,
have completely disappeared in the aberration as well as the fringes,
and the light lines parallel to the outer margins. The hindwings
differ little from the normal. The thorax and abdomen are of the same
colour as the forewings. The antennae are lighter than in the typical
form and almost of the colour of the wings.’’ Madrid and near neigh-
bourhood.

ab. rubra, Vazquez, Bol. Hist, Nat, Espana, V, 122 (1905).
Fig.—l.c., 6a.

(262) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/ 1940

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ This aberration shows similar characters and dif-
ferences from the normal as in the previous form, but the predominant
colour is a very marked reddish-ochre. The antennae are also somewhat
reddish. It is much more rare than the previous form.’’ Madrid, etc.

ab. pallida, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 247 (1907).

Orica. Descrip.—‘‘ Pale yellowish-olive-green and pale reddish-ochre-
yellowish forms with pale veins.’’ Spuler wished to substitute this name
for humilis, H. & Wstw., which Tutt used.

ab. intensa, Turnr., Hint. Rec., L, 22 (1938).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ A very dark, almost blackish, red-brown forewing,
without the light outermarginal band, with stigmata black, but almost
obsolescent on account of the dark ground colour, and without conspicu-
ous veining as in agrotoides and the hindwing evenly dark blackish sut-
fused.’* Chelston, Devon (captured and communicated by Capt. C. Q.
Parsons).

Anchocelis, Gn. (1852) [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), H.-S., Meyr.,
Barr., Stdgr., Splr. (South), Culot, Meyr.: Amathes, Hb. (1821), Hamp.,
South, Warr.-Stz.] litura, L (1761).

Tutt, Brit. Noct., Il, 170 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 63 (1895): Barr.,
Lep. Br. Is., V, 344, plt. 228, f. 1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., I1Ted., 207 (1901):
Hamp., Lep. Ph., VI, 483, f. 164 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eu¥., I, 251, plt.
46,.£.,.18 (1907): South, ”.B.1., 11, 16, plt. 9, £. 7-9 (908): Culot,
N. et G., I (2), 84, plt. 54, f. 15-16 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 123 (1928).

Esper, Abbild., IV (2), 383, plt. 127 (1787-?), gave a dark almost un-
recognizable figure under the name polluta, which is considered tc be a
litura form. It is of good size. And l.c., IV (2), 686, plt. 177, f. 4-5
(1790 ?), gave a smali dark figure (5), very poor, and fig. 4, a larger
figure with the stigmata very conspicuously outlined in white.

Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 4, f. 399 (1790), gave a rough and
too much marked figure, which Wern., Beitr., II, determined as litura.
Otherwise a good passable figure with lighter basal area.

Hb., Samml. Noct., 127 (1800-3), gave a good figure of litura, with
considerable marking, and Hb.-G., l.c., f. 813 (1827), gave a dark form
as ornatriz ; both good figures.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 104, plt. 79, f. 6 (1826), gave a fairly good
figure somewhat too dark to be typical. In the text he called attention
to the chief characteristics of the species.

Frr., Neu. Beitr., I, 147, plt. 95, f. 1 (1833), gave a good dark figure
labelled ornatrix. This he afterwards, l.c., IJ, 159 (1836), corrected to
‘fa small dark litura.’’ Subsequently, l.c., IV, 76, plt. 335 (1842), he
gave another dark fig. of litwra, and referred to his previous notes, and
to Esper’s figure of polluta, IV, 127, which he quoted to litura with
doubt, and to fig. 187 as litura, ab.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct.. V (1), 369, considered ornatrix and polluta as
the same form, and referred to Freyer who at first treated polluta as a
distinct species but later altered his opinion (cf. appendix).

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (263)

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 251, plt. 48, f. 18 (1907), gave an almost un-
recognizable figure, which he himself said was bad. He described a
northern form, ochreata, from Scandinavia, ochreous in general tone
(figured by Stz.).

South, M.B.J., II, 16, plt. 9, f. 7-9 (1908), gave three good figures
as regards marking and size, but the red-brown tone of the plate is too
dominant. Fig. 8 shows the paler basal portion of the forewing which
characterizes f. borealis, while f. 7 may best represent ab. rufa, Tutt.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 152, plt. 37gh (1910), gave 7 figures,
htura 6 and 9, polluta, ornatrix ¢ and °, rufa, and added a new one,
luteo-grisea, from Amasia. They considered that the saturata, Schultz
was the borealis, Spr.-Schn. The figures are passable as to markings, but
the basal palasin has not the natural delicacy.

Culot, WV. ef -G.,. 1 (2), 84, plt. 54, f. 15-16 (1914), gave 2 excellent
figures, 16 being Mipridiunalis from Tiere. This form is of a pale uni-
form lilac-grey with a strongly emphasized ferruginous shade and apical
spot.

Barrett remarked on the Variation :—

‘Variable in the tone of colour of the forewings to paler or darker
purple-brown, and still more in that of the basal portion, which is often
paler and sometimes pale drab, this frequently extending to the angu-
lated central shade; occasionally the latter is blackened and thrown
strongly into relief, while in other cases it is nearly or quite obliterated.’’

He recorded a specimen which ‘‘ Has the pale blotch yellowish and
divided into two parts.’’

Another ‘‘ Has it almost ashy-white, and the central area rosy-
purple.’’

‘‘ Scottish specimens often are very richly coloured.’’

The Names and Forms to be dealt with are :—

htwra, i. (1761), Fn. Suec., 320.

ab. polluta, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV (2), 383, plt., 127, f. 5.
ab. ornatriz, Hb.-G. (1834), Samml. Noct., 813.

race meridionalis, Stdgr. (1871), Cat., Iled., 117.

race borealis, Sp. Schn. (1885), Hnt. Tids., 74.

ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 170.

ab. rufa-pallida, Tutt (1892), l.c.

ab. saturata, Schltz. (1900), Ill. Zeit. Ent., V, 349.

ab. ochreata, Splr. (1907), Schm. Eur., I, 251, plt. 46, f. 18.
ssp. luteo-grisea, Warr.-Stz. (1910), Pal. Noct., III, 152, plt. 37h.
ab. conjuncta, Hofm. (1920), Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, LXX (173).

Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form described in the Fn. Suec., p. 320
(1761), by Linn. “‘alis canis fascia fusca liturisque quattuor marginalibus
nigris,’’ as “‘ whitish (hoary) with dark transverse lines,’’ and expressed
the opinion that it does not occur in Britain as he had never seen one.
He said it must be “ An extreme northern form, foreshadowed by the
strong pale base in some of our Scotch specimens (f. borealis), the pale
colour extending over the whole wing in still more northern localities ;’’
(2) the purplish fuscous, pale based form, borealis; (3) ditto, withbag
_ pale base, ornatrix, H.B.; (4) bright red, no pale ‘pase ab. rufa; (5)

(264) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X11 /1940

bright red, with pale base, ab. rufa-pallida; (6) the purely continental
dark form of somewhat larger size, polluta, Esp., which Gn. considered
a large ornatriz; (7) meridionalis, Stdgr. Tutt gave the phrase descrip-
tion from Cat., Iled. (1871). We now know this remarkable form from
Culot’s excellent figure of the example in his collection.

ab. saturata, Schultz, Illus. Ent. Zeit., V, 349 (1900).

Ortic. Drscrip.—‘‘ While the typical examples of this species are
marked from the costa to the inner margin of the forewings by the stig-
mata within a darker shade of a curved shape, which, above wide, thins
out below the stigmata; in a few Bohemian specimens this shade is ex-
tended to the outer margin so that the whole of the middle and mar-
ginal area are distinctly contrasted with the prominently pale basal
area by the darker colour.’’

ab. ochreata, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 251 (1907).

Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ In Central Europe there occur yellowish violet-
grey examples which often towards the base of the central shading are
strongly marked with ochreous-white.’’

ab. luteo-grisea, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 152 (1910).

Fig.—l.c., 37h.

Oric. Descrirp.—‘‘ From Amasia, is pale stone colour, with distinct
but not prominent markings, the underside paler.”

ab. conjuncta, Hofr., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, LXX (173) (1920).
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ In which the orbicular and reniform at their
lower portions are united by a cross bar.’’ Klosternenburg, Vienna.

In 1941 Vol. III will be begun and the Appendix to Vols. I and II
will be dealt with. Possibly these may appear in alternate parts.

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BACK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record and
Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most important only mentioned.)
GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured |
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Double-
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on TYaeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac- —
tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphias : y
var. valesina—Work for the Winter—-Temperature and Varn oe ag
notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Life-histories of Agrotis pyrophila,
Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, |

etc., efc., 360 pp. ;

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on (olietiine=* Aitictes’ on
VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio od
campa, opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis-
ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—_
Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, —
S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ran-
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Anthrocera)—Hybrids
—Hy menoptera—Life- history of Core derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. ;

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